Zirconium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. A lustrous gray-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium, zirconium is obtained chiefly from zircon and is very corrosion resistant. Zirconium is primarily used in nuclear reactors for a neutron absorber and to make corrosion-resistant alloys. Zirconium - Notable characteristics. It is a grayish-white metal, lustrous and exceptionally corrosion resistant. Zirconium is lighter than steel an ...

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Zirconium - Notable characteristics Zirconium - Applications Zirconium - History Zirconium - Occurrence Zirconium - Isotopes Zirconium - Precautions

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Zirconium, Zirconium - Notable characteristics, Zirconium - Applications, Zirconium - History, Zirconium - Occurrence, Zirconium - Isotopes, Zirconium - Precautions

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Zirconium is never found in nature as a free metal. The principal economic source of zirconium is the zirconium silicate mineral, zircon (ZrSiO4), which is found in deposits located in Australia, Brazil, India, Russia, and the United States. (It is extracted as a dark sooty powder, or as a gray metallic crystalline substance). Zirconium and hafnium are contained in zircon at a ratio of about 50 to 1 and are difficult to separate. Zircon is a coproduct or byproduct of the mining and processing of heavy-mineral sands for the titaniu ...

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Zirconium, Zirconium - Notable characteristics, Zirconium - Applications, Zirconium - History, Zirconium - Occurrence, Zirconium - Isotopes, Zirconium - Precautions

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Cubic Zirconia (or CZ) is zirconium oxide (ZrO2), a mineral that is extremely rare in nature but is widely synthesized for use as a diamond simulant. The synthesized material is hard, optically flawless and usually colorless, but may be made in a variety of different colors. It should not be confused with zircon, which is a zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4). Because of its low cost, durability, and close visual likeness to diamond, synthetic cubic zirconia has remained the most gemologically and economica ...

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Calcium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal that is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Calcium is also the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Calcium - Notable characteristics. Calcium is a rather soft, metallic element that is purif ...

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This is a shiny silvery, ductile metal that is corrosion resistant and chemically similar to zirconium. The properties of hafnium are markedly affected by zirconium impurities and these two elements are amongst the most difficult to separate. The only notable difference between them is their density (zirconium is about half as dense as hafnium). Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary compound known and hafnium nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides with a melting point of 3310 °C. This metal is resistant to ...

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Hafnium, Hafnium - Notable characteristics, Hafnium - Applications, Hafnium - History, Hafnium - Occurrence, Hafnium - Precautions

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Since 1892 the yellowish, monoclinic mineral baddeleyite had been the only natural form of zirconium oxide known. Being of rare occurrence it had little economic importance. The extremely high melting point of zirconia (2750°C) posed a hurdle to controlled single-crystal growth, as no existing crucible could hold it in its molten state. However, stabilization of zirconium oxide had been realized early on, with the synthetic product stabilized zirconia introduced in 1930. Although cubic, it was in the form of a polycrystalline ceramic: it was made use of as a refractory material, highly resistant to ch ...

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Cubic zirconia, Cubic zirconia - Technical aspects, Cubic zirconia - History, Cubic zirconia - Synthesis, Cubic zirconia - Innovations, Cubic zirconia - CZ versus diamond

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Hafnium (Latin Hafnia for "Copenhagen", the home town of Niels Bohr) was discovered by Dirk Coster and Georg von Hevesy in 1923 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Soon after, the new element was predicted to be associated with zirconium by using the Bohr theory and was finally found in zircon through X-ray spectroscope analysis in Norway. It was separated from zirconium through repeated recrystallization of double ammonium or potassium fluorides by Jantzen and von Hevesey. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik deBoer by passing tetraiodide vap ...

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Hafnium, Hafnium - Notable characteristics, Hafnium - Applications, Hafnium - History, Hafnium - Occurrence, Hafnium - Precautions

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Cubic zirconia is, as its name would imply, crystallographically isometric, and as diamond is also isometric, this is an important attribute of a would-be diamond simulant. Synthesized material contains a certain mole percentage (10-15%) of metal oxide stabilizer. During synthesis zirconium oxide would otherwise form monoclinic crystals, as that is its stable form under normal atmospheric conditions. The stabilizer is required for cubic crystal formation; it may be typically either yttrium or calcium oxide, the amount and stabilizer u ...

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Cubic zirconia, Cubic zirconia - Technical aspects, Cubic zirconia - History, Cubic zirconia - Synthesis, Cubic zirconia - Innovations, Cubic zirconia - CZ versus diamond

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Farming of crops such as wheat takes precedence along the river valleys. In the more arid grasslands, herding of goats, sheep and so on is a traditional method of subsistence. Forestry and hunting are somewhat important in the Da-Xingan (Greater Khingan) ranges in the east. Reindeer herding is carried out by Evenks in the Evenk Autonomous Banner. Inner Mongolia has more deposits of naturally-occurring niobium, zirconium and beryllium than any other province-level region in China. There are also coal deposits. Industry in Inner Mongolia has grown up mainly around coal, power generation, ...

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Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia - Name, Inner Mongolia - History, Inner Mongolia - Geography, Inner Mongolia - Administrative divisions, Inner Mongolia - Economy, Inner Mongolia - Demographics, Inner Mongolia - Culture, Inner Mongolia - Tourism, Inner Mongolia - Miscellaneous topics, Inner Mongolia - Colleges and universities

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Known principally for its thermal baths, the city has resort hotels and casinos. The local soils are rich in minerals and yield thorium, zirconium, and bauxite, which is converted into aluminum there. The city has Brazil's first uranium-ore concentration plant, for use in the Angra I nuclear-power facility in Angrados Reis. Poços is also the home of one of the largest bauxite mines in the world belonging to Alcoa. [1] Bauxite is an ore that contains at least 45% a ...

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Poços de Caldas, Poços de Caldas - Geography, Poços de Caldas - Climate, Poços de Caldas - Economy, Poços de Caldas - Tourism, Poços de Caldas - History

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Naval reactors are pressurised water types, which differ from commercial reactors producing electricity in that: they have a high power density in a small volume and therefore run on highly-enriched uranium (>20% U-235, originally c93% but apparently now c20-25% in western vessels, twice this in Russian ones), the fuel is not UO2 but a metal-zirconium alloy (c15%U with 93% enrichment, or more U with lower enrichment), they have long core lives, so that refueling is needed only after 10 or more yea ...

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United States Naval reactor, United States Naval reactor - History, United States Naval reactor - Nuclear Naval Fleets, United States Naval reactor - Civil Vessels, United States Naval reactor - Power plants, United States Naval reactor - Nuclear Reactors in the United States Navy

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