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zirconium

A Wisdom Archive on zirconium

zirconium

A selection of articles related to zirconium

We recommend this article: zirconium - 1, and also this: zirconium - 2.
zirconium, Zirconium, Zirconium - Applications, Zirconium - History, Zirconium - Isotopes, Zirconium - Notable characteristics, Zirconium - Occurrence, Zirconium - Precautions

ARTICLES RELATED TO zirconium

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Gas mantle - History

For centuries, artificial light had been generated using open flames. Limelight had been invented in the 1820s but the temperature required was too high to be practical for small lights. In the late 19th Century several inventors tried to develop an effective alternative based on heating a material to a lower temperature but using spectral lines to simulate white light. Many early attempts used platinum/iridium gauzes soaked in the metal nitrates, but were not successful because of the high cost o ...

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Gas mantle, Gas mantle - History

Read more here: » Gas mantle: Encyclopedia II - Gas mantle - History

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear marine propulsion - History

Work on nuclear marine propulsion started in the 1940s, and the first test reactor started up in the United States in 1953. The first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus, put to sea in 1955. This marked the transition of submarines from slow underwater vessels to warships capable of sustaining 20-25 knots (37-46 km/h) submerged for weeks on end. The submarine had come into its own. Nautilus led to the parallel development of further (Skate-class) submarines, powered by single reactors, and an aircraft c ...

See also:

Nuclear marine propulsion, Nuclear marine propulsion - History, Nuclear marine propulsion - Civil vessels, Nuclear marine propulsion - Power plants

Read more here: » Nuclear marine propulsion: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear marine propulsion - History

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Inner Mongolia - History

Throughout most of history, various parts of what is now Inner Mongolia alternated in control between Chinese agriculturalists in the south and Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan, Nurchen, and Mongol nomads of the north. Under the Manchu Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Mongolia was administered in a different way for each region: "Outer Mongolia": The four leagues (aimag) of the Khalkha Mongols in northern and central Mongolia, as well as the Tannu Uriankhai and Hovd regions in northwestern Mongolia, were overseen by the General o ...

See also:

Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia - Name, Inner Mongolia - History, Inner Mongolia - Geography, Inner Mongolia - Administrative divisions, Inner Mongolia - Economy, Inner Mongolia - Demographics, Inner Mongolia - Culture, Inner Mongolia - Tourism, Inner Mongolia - Miscellaneous topics, Inner Mongolia - Colleges and universities

Read more here: » Inner Mongolia: Encyclopedia II - Inner Mongolia - History

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear meltdown - Sequence of events

What happens when a reactor core melts is the subject of conjecture and some actual experience (see below). Before the core of a nuclear reactor can melt, a number of events/failures must already have happened. Once the core melts, it will almost certainly destroy the fuel bundles and internal structures of the reactor vessel (although it may not penetrate the reactor vessel). [Note that the core at Three Mile Island did melt nearly completely but stayed within the reactor vessel.] If the melt drops into a pool of water (for example, ...

See also:

Nuclear meltdown, Nuclear meltdown - Causes, Nuclear meltdown - Sequence of events, Nuclear meltdown - Effects, Nuclear meltdown - Reactor design, Nuclear meltdown - Popular awareness, Nuclear meltdown - Meltdowns, Nuclear meltdown - Reference, Nuclear meltdown - External link

Read more here: » Nuclear meltdown: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear meltdown - Sequence of events

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - MHD generator - Power generation

An example implementation would consist of a pipe or tube of some non-conductive material. Inside the walls of this pipe an array of charged electrical contacts are installed. There are some limitations that must be met on the density and type of field used. When an electrically conductive substance flows through the tube, a charge is induced in the field, which can be drawn off as electrical power. The amount of power that can be extracted in this manner is proportional to the cross sectional area of the tube and the speed at which the cond ...

See also:

MHD generator, MHD generator - Power generation, MHD generator - Generator efficiency, MHD generator - Technical problems, MHD generator - Toxic byproducts

Read more here: » MHD generator: Encyclopedia II - MHD generator - Power generation

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Nickel metal hydride battery - Charging

When fast-charging, it is advisable to charge the NiMH batteries with intelligent (microprocessor controlled) chargers to prevent over-charging with large currents, which could damage the battery. Modern NiMH batteries contain catalysts to immediately deal with gases developed as a result of over-charging without being harmed (2 H2 + O2 ---catalyst--> 2 H2O). This however only works with over-charging currents of up to C/10 h (nominal capacity divided by 10 hours). As a result of this reaction, ...

See also:

Nickel metal hydride battery, Nickel metal hydride battery - Charging, Nickel metal hydride battery - Discharging, Nickel metal hydride battery - Other Information, Nickel metal hydride battery - Chemistry

Read more here: » Nickel metal hydride battery: Encyclopedia II - Nickel metal hydride battery - Charging

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear fuel - Common chemical forms of nuclear fuel

Nuclear fuel - UOX. Nuclear fuel - MOX. Mixed oxide, or MOX fuel, is a blend of plutonium and natural or depleted uranium which behaves similarly (though not identically) to the enriched uranium feed for which most nuclear reactors were designed. MOX fuel is an alternative to Low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel used in the light water reactors which predominate nuclear power generation. An attraction of MOX fuel is that it is a way of disposing of surplus weapons-grad ...

See also:

Nuclear fuel, Nuclear fuel - Production of common nuclear fuels, Nuclear fuel - Common chemical forms of nuclear fuel, Nuclear fuel - UOX, Nuclear fuel - MOX, Nuclear fuel - Spent fuel, Nuclear fuel - Common physical forms of nuclear fuel, Nuclear fuel - PWR fuel, Nuclear fuel - BWR fuel, Nuclear fuel - CANDU fuel, Nuclear fuel - Less common nuclear fuel forms, Nuclear fuel - RBMK fuel, Nuclear fuel - TRISO fuel compact, Nuclear fuel - CerMet fuel, Nuclear fuel - Plate type fuel, Nuclear fuel - TRIGA fuel, Nuclear fuel - Rarely used nuclear fuel, Nuclear fuel - Radioisotope Heating Units, Nuclear fuel - Liquid fuels, Nuclear fuel - Uranium Nitride, Nuclear fuel - Uranium Carbide, Nuclear fuel - Theoretically possible nuclear fuels, Nuclear fuel - Fusion fuels

Read more here: » Nuclear fuel: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear fuel - Common chemical forms of nuclear fuel

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Yttrium - Applications

Yttrium(III) oxide is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make YVO4 europium and Y2O3 europium phosphors that give the red color in color television picture tubes. Other uses; Yttrium oxide is also used to make yttrium-iron garnets which are very effective microwave filters. Yttrium iron, aluminium, and gadolinium garnets (e.g. Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12) have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron ...

See also:

Yttrium, Yttrium - Notable Characteristics, Yttrium - Applications, Yttrium - History, Yttrium - Occurrence, Yttrium - Isotopes, Yttrium - Precautions

Read more here: » Yttrium: Encyclopedia II - Yttrium - Applications

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Diamond simulant - Artificial simulants

Diamond has been imitated by artificial materials for hundreds of years: advances in technology have seen the development of increasingly better simulants with properties ever nearer those of diamond. Although most of these simulants were characteristic of a certain time period, their large production volumes ensured that all continue to be encountered with varying frequency in jewelry of the present. Nearly all were first conceived for intended use in high technology, such as lasing mediums, varistors, and bubble memory. Due to their limited present supply, collectors may pay a premium for the older types. < ...

See also:

Diamond simulant, Diamond simulant - Desired and differential properties, Diamond simulant - Durability and density, Diamond simulant - Optics and color, Diamond simulant - Thermal and electrical, Diamond simulant - Artificial simulants, Diamond simulant - Summary table, Diamond simulant - 1700 onwards, Diamond simulant - 1900–1947, Diamond simulant - 1947–1970, Diamond simulant - 1970–1976, Diamond simulant - 1976 to present, Diamond simulant - Natural simulants, Diamond simulant - Composites

Read more here: » Diamond simulant: Encyclopedia II - Diamond simulant - Artificial simulants

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - 40 number - In mathematics

Forty is an octagonal number, and as the sum of the first four pentagonal numbers, it is a pentagonal pyramidal number. It is a Harshad number. Given 40, the Mertens function returns 0. 40 is the smallest number n with exactly 9 solutions to the equation φ(x) = n. Forty is the number of n-queens problem solutions for n = 7. ...

See also:

40 number, 40 number - In mathematics, 40 number - In astronomy, 40 number - In other fields

Read more here: » 40 number: Encyclopedia II - 40 number - In mathematics

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Vladivostok - Geography

Vladivostok is in the Russian Far East, on the coast of the Sea of Japan and near both the Chinese border and the Korean. It is located in the Southern extremity of Muravyov-Amursky peninsula, which is about 30 km long and approximately 12 km wide. Total city area: 600 km². Geographical coordinates: 43°08′N 131°54′E Time zone: +10 GMT, +7 Moscow. The highest point is Mount Kholodilnik, the height of which is 257 m. Eagle's Nest Mount is often called the highest point of the city; how ...

See also:

Vladivostok, Vladivostok - History, Vladivostok - Geography, Vladivostok - Climate, Vladivostok - Demographics, Vladivostok - Economy, Vladivostok - Transportation, Vladivostok - Education, Vladivostok - Media, Vladivostok - Pollution, Vladivostok - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Vladivostok: Encyclopedia II - Vladivostok - Geography

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Shotgun - Design factors

Shotgun - Action. Action is the term for the operating mechanism of a gun. There are many types of shotguns, typically categorized by the number of barrels or the way the gun is reloaded. For most of the history of the shotgun, the breech loading double barreled shotgun, with two barrels, was the most common type. In this case there are several "subtypes", the over and under shotgun puts the two barrels one on top of the other, while the side-by-side shotgun puts them beside each other. Another class of break ope ...

See also:

Shotgun, Shotgun - Definition, Shotgun - History, Shotgun - The 19th century, Shotgun - John Browning, Shotgun - The World Wars, Shotgun - Late 20th Century to Present, Shotgun - Design factors, Shotgun - Action, Shotgun - Gauge, Shotgun - Shot, Shotgun - Pattern and choke, Shotgun - Barrel length, Shotgun - Common uses, Shotgun - Ammunition, Shotgun - Specialty ammunition, Shotgun - Legal Issues

Read more here: » Shotgun: Encyclopedia II - Shotgun - Design factors

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - CANDU reactor - Economic and political concerns

One economic disadvantage of the CANDU reactor design is the initial, one-time cost of the heavy water, although this high capital-cost penalty is generally offset by the CANDU reactor's lower fuelling cost compared to other designs, since it does not require enriched uranium. CANDU reactors require the purest grade of heavy water (better than 99.75% pure2). Tonnes of this expensive material are required to fill a CANDU's calandria and heat transport system. High-purity heavy water is expensive because heavy water i ...

See also:

CANDU reactor, CANDU reactor - Design features, CANDU reactor - Economic and political concerns, CANDU reactor - Measures that address concerns, CANDU reactor - Notes

Read more here: » CANDU reactor: Encyclopedia II - CANDU reactor - Economic and political concerns

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Gemstone - Characteristics and classification

Gemstones are described by gemologists using technical specifications. First, what is it made of, its chemical composition. Diamonds for example are made of carbon (C), rubies of aluminium oxide (Al2O3). Next, many gems are crystals which are classified by crystal system such as cubic or trigonal or monoclinic. Another term used is habit, the form the gem is usually found in, for example diamonds wh ...

See also:

Gemstone, Gemstone - Characteristics and classification, Gemstone - Value, Gemstone - Factors Influencing Esteem, Gemstone - Synthetic and artificial gemstones, Gemstone - Gemstone list

Read more here: » Gemstone: Encyclopedia II - Gemstone - Characteristics and classification

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Calcium - Notable characteristics

Calcium is a rather soft, metallic element that is purified by electrolysis from calcium fluoride. It burns with a yellow-red flame and forms a white nitride coating when exposed to air. It reacts with water displacing hydrogen and forming calcium hydroxide. Calcium is essential in muscle contraction, building strong bones and teeth, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, regulating heartbeat, and fluid balance within cells. 50%-75% of calcium comes from the dairy intake in daily diets. Most Americans do not consume the ...

See also:

Calcium, Calcium - Notable characteristics, Calcium - Applications, Calcium - History, Calcium - Compounds, Calcium - Isotopes

Read more here: » Calcium: Encyclopedia II - Calcium - Notable characteristics

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Nickel metal hydride battery - Discharging

Care must also be taken during discharge to ensure that a cell in a series battery (for example the common arrangement of four AA cells in series in a digital camera) does not become totally flat and then reverse charged. This reverse charge can cause irreparable damage to the cell. Usually the device (e.g. camera) detects the safe end of discharge voltage of the series cells and shuts itself down, thus saving the cells from damage. A single cell driving a load generally cannot become reverse charged, simply discharging down to 0 volt ...

See also:

Nickel metal hydride battery, Nickel metal hydride battery - Charging, Nickel metal hydride battery - Discharging, Nickel metal hydride battery - Other Information, Nickel metal hydride battery - Chemistry

Read more here: » Nickel metal hydride battery: Encyclopedia II - Nickel metal hydride battery - Discharging

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear fuel - Production of common nuclear fuels

1 Uranium ore - the principal raw material of nuclear fuel 2 Yellowcake - the form in which uranium is transported to an enrichment plant 3 UF6 - used in enrichment 4 Nuclear fuel - a compact, inert, insoluble solid Traditional nuclear fuel used in the US and other countries that do not reprocess used nuclear fuel follow the four steps shown in the above figure. It is based on a uranium fuel cycle. First, the uranium is mined from the ground. Second, the fuel is processed ...

See also:

Nuclear fuel, Nuclear fuel - Production of common nuclear fuels, Nuclear fuel - Common chemical forms of nuclear fuel, Nuclear fuel - UOX, Nuclear fuel - MOX, Nuclear fuel - Spent fuel, Nuclear fuel - Common physical forms of nuclear fuel, Nuclear fuel - PWR fuel, Nuclear fuel - BWR fuel, Nuclear fuel - CANDU fuel, Nuclear fuel - Less common nuclear fuel forms, Nuclear fuel - RBMK fuel, Nuclear fuel - TRISO fuel compact, Nuclear fuel - CerMet fuel, Nuclear fuel - Plate type fuel, Nuclear fuel - TRIGA fuel, Nuclear fuel - Rarely used nuclear fuel, Nuclear fuel - Radioisotope Heating Units, Nuclear fuel - Liquid fuels, Nuclear fuel - Uranium Nitride, Nuclear fuel - Uranium Carbide, Nuclear fuel - Theoretically possible nuclear fuels, Nuclear fuel - Fusion fuels

Read more here: » Nuclear fuel: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear fuel - Production of common nuclear fuels

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Vladivostok - Education

The science of Vladivostok is represented by the Presidium and approximately 10 Institutes of the Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Institution which stands separately from the Russian Academy of Sciences is TINRO-center (the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography). There are nine higher education institutions in Vladivostok, of which five are universities. ...

See also:

Vladivostok, Vladivostok - History, Vladivostok - Geography, Vladivostok - Climate, Vladivostok - Demographics, Vladivostok - Economy, Vladivostok - Transportation, Vladivostok - Education, Vladivostok - Media, Vladivostok - Pollution, Vladivostok - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Vladivostok: Encyclopedia II - Vladivostok - Education

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear meltdown - Reactor design

Although pressurized water reactors are more susceptible to nuclear meltdown in the absence of active safety measures, this is not a universal feature of civilian nuclear reactors. Much of the research in civilian nuclear reactors is for designs with passive safety features that would be much less susceptible to meltdown, even if all emergency systems failed. For example, pebble bed reactors are designed so that complete loss of coolant for an indefinite period does not result in the reactor overheating. The General Electric ESBWR and Westingho ...

See also:

Nuclear meltdown, Nuclear meltdown - Causes, Nuclear meltdown - Sequence of events, Nuclear meltdown - Effects, Nuclear meltdown - Reactor design, Nuclear meltdown - Popular awareness, Nuclear meltdown - Meltdowns, Nuclear meltdown - Reference, Nuclear meltdown - External link

Read more here: » Nuclear meltdown: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear meltdown - Reactor design

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Vladivostok - Transportation

The Trans-Siberian railway was built to connect Vladivostok, Russia's first Pacific Ocean port, with European Russia. Finished in 1905, the rail line ran from Vladivostok to Moscow. Part of the railroad, known as the Chinese Eastern Line, crossed over into China and passed through Harbin, China. Later, a northern line was built, which was contained within the Russian borders. Air routes connect Vladivostok with Seattle and Anchorage (USA), Pyongyang (North Korea), Niigata and Toyama (Japan), and Incheon and Busan (South Korea). It is ...

See also:

Vladivostok, Vladivostok - History, Vladivostok - Geography, Vladivostok - Climate, Vladivostok - Demographics, Vladivostok - Economy, Vladivostok - Transportation, Vladivostok - Education, Vladivostok - Media, Vladivostok - Pollution, Vladivostok - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Vladivostok: Encyclopedia II - Vladivostok - Transportation

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Vladivostok - Demographics

The city's current population is approximately 591,800 (census 2002). From 1958 to 1991, only Soviet citizens were allowed to live in, or even visit, Vladivostok (and even Soviet citizens had to obtain official permission in order to enter the city). Before this closure, the city had large Korean and Chinese populations. Vladivostok has one of the largest Armenian communities in eastern Russia. There are a number of Ar ...

See also:

Vladivostok, Vladivostok - History, Vladivostok - Geography, Vladivostok - Climate, Vladivostok - Demographics, Vladivostok - Economy, Vladivostok - Transportation, Vladivostok - Education, Vladivostok - Media, Vladivostok - Pollution, Vladivostok - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Vladivostok: Encyclopedia II - Vladivostok - Demographics

zirconium: Encyclopedia II - Vladivostok - Economy

The city's main industries are shipping, commercial fishing, and the naval base. Fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's commercial production. Other food production totals 11%. In 1995, Vladivostok's annual foreign trade totalled 725 million USD, including 206 million USD of exported goods, and 519 million USD of imported goods. The main export items were fish, timber products, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and ships. The main import items were food products, medicine, clothes, footwear, automobiles ...

See also:

Vladivostok, Vladivostok - History, Vladivostok - Geography, Vladivostok - Climate, Vladivostok - Demographics, Vladivostok - Economy, Vladivostok - Transportation, Vladivostok - Education, Vladivostok - Media, Vladivostok - Pollution, Vladivostok - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Vladivostok: Encyclopedia II - Vladivostok - Economy




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