Encyclopedia - Zirconium: Encyclopedia - Zirconium
Zirconium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. A lustrous gray-white, strong transiti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zirconium: Encyclopedia Ii - Zirconium - Occurrence
Zirconium is never found in nature as a free metal. The principal economic source of zirconium is the zirconium silicate mineral, zircon ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zirconium: Encyclopedia Ii - Zirconium - History
Zirconium (Arabic zarkûn from Persian zargûn meaning "gold like") was discovered in 1789 by Martin Heinrich Klaproth and isolated in 18...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cubic Zirconia: Encyclopedia - Cubic Zirconia
Cubic Zirconia (or CZ) is zirconium oxide (ZrO2), a mineral that is extremely rare in nature but is widely synthesized for use as a diamo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1 E-10 M: Encyclopedia - 1 E-10 M
To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−10 m and 10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm). Lengths shorter ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Sand: Encyclopedia - Black Sand
Black sand is a heavy, weakly magnetic, glossy, semi-metallic mixture of usually fine sands, found as part of a placer deposit. Black san...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium: Encyclopedia - Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crucible: Encyclopedia - Crucible
A crucible is a cup-shaped piece of laboratory equipment used to contain chemical compounds when heating them to very high temperatures. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1 E-25 Kg: Encyclopedia - 1 E-25 Kg
To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 60.22 u and 602.2 u (10-25 kg and 10-24 kg, or 100 yoctograms a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fission Product: Encyclopedia Ii - Fission Product - Fps In Power Reactors
In a nuclear reactor, the buildup of fission products as reaction poisons in the fuel eventually leads to loss of efficiency, and in some...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fission Product: Encyclopedia Ii - Fission Product - Fission Products Listed According To Atomic Number
For fission of Uranium-235 the most common radioactive fission products include isotopes of Iodine, Caesium, Strontium, Xenon and Barium....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fission Product: Encyclopedia Ii - Fission Product - Countermeasures Against The Worst Fission Products Found In Accident Fallout
The mixture of radioactive fission products found in the fall out from a nuclear bomb are very different in nature to those found in spen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fission Product: Encyclopedia Ii - Fission Product - Mass Vs. Yield Curve
If a graph of the mass or mole yield of fission products against the atomic mass of the fragments is drawn then it has two peaks, one in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Nuclides: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Nuclides - Thallium
... See also:Table of nuclides, Table of nuclides - Neutron, Table of nuclides - Hydrogen, Table of nuclides - Helium, Table of nucli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hafnium: Encyclopedia Ii - Hafnium - Notable Characteristics
This is a shiny silvery, ductile metal that is corrosion resistant and chemically similar to zirconium. The properties of hafnium are mar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Endohedral Fullerenes: Encyclopedia Ii - Endohedral Fullerenes - Endohedral Metallofullerenes
Doping fullerenes with electro positive metals takes place in an arc reactor or via laser evaporation. The metals can be transition metal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cubic Zirconia: Encyclopedia Ii - Cubic Zirconia - History
Since 1892 the yellowish, monoclinic mineral baddeleyite had been the only natural form of zirconium oxide known. Being of rare occurrenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Elements Song: Encyclopedia Ii - The Elements Song - Lyrics
There's antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium, And hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and rhenium, And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, german...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hafnium: Encyclopedia Ii - Hafnium - History
Hafnium (Latin Hafnia for "Copenhagen", the home town of Niels Bohr) was discovered by Dirk Coster and Georg von Hevesy in 1923 in Copenh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cubic Zirconia: Encyclopedia Ii - Cubic Zirconia - Technical Aspects
Cubic zirconia is, as its name would imply, crystallographically isometric, and as diamond is also isometric, this is an important attrib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Isotopes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Isotopes - Elements 46-60
List of isotopes - Palladium. Main article Isotopes of palladium List of isotopes - Silver. Main article Isotopes of silver List of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Isotopes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Isotopes - Elements 91-105
List of isotopes - Protactinium. Main article Isotopes of protactinium List of isotopes - Uranium. Main article Isotopes of uranium ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Isotopes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Isotopes - Elements 1-15
List of isotopes - Hydrogen. Main article Isotopes of hydrogen Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-4 Hydrogen-5 Hydrogen-6 Hydrogen-7 Lis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Experimental Breeder Reactor Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Experimental Breeder Reactor Ii - Safety Advandage
The IFR design gains safety advantages through a combination of metal fuel (an alloy of uranium, plutonium, and zirconium), and sodium co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Experimental Breeder Reactor Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Experimental Breeder Reactor Ii - Design
The fuel consists of uranium rods 5 millimeters in diameter and 13 inches long. Enriched to 67% uranium-235 when fresh it was approximate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inner Mongolia: Encyclopedia Ii - Inner Mongolia - Economy
Farming of crops such as wheat takes precedence along the river valleys. In the more arid grasslands, herding of goats, sheep and so on i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - United States Naval Reactor: Encyclopedia Ii - United States Naval Reactor - Power Plants
Naval reactors are pressurised water types, which differ from commercial reactors producing electricity in that: they have a high power ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poços De Caldas: Encyclopedia Ii - Poços De Caldas - Economy
Known principally for its thermal baths, the city has resort hotels and casinos. The local soils are rich in minerals and yield thorium, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nizhny Novgorod Oblast: Encyclopedia Ii - Nizhny Novgorod Oblast - Geography
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast borders Kostroma Oblast (N), Kirov Oblast (NE), Mari El (E), Chuvashia (E), Mordovia (S), Ryazan Oblast (SW), Vlad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Isotopes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Isotopes - Elements 61-75
List of isotopes - Promethium. Main article Isotopes of promethium List of isotopes - Samarium. Main article Isotopes of samarium Li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Isotopes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Isotopes - Elements 76-90
List of isotopes - Osmium. Main article Isotopes of osmium List of isotopes - Iridium. Main article Isotopes of iridium List of isot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Isotopes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Isotopes - Elements 16-30
List of isotopes - Sulfur. Main article Isotopes of sulfur List of isotopes - Chlorine. Main article Isotopes of chlorine List of is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Isotopes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Isotopes - Elements 31-45
List of isotopes - Gallium. Main article Isotopes of gallium List of isotopes - Germanium. Main article Isotopes of germanium List o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Nuclear Reactors: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Nuclear Reactors - Kazakhstan
List of nuclear reactors - Power station reactors. Aktau (Kazakhstan State Corporation for Atomic Power and Industry) BN-350 135 MWe ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yttrium: Encyclopedia - Yttrium
Yttrium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Y and atomic number 39. A silvery metallic transition metal, yttr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shotgun: Encyclopedia - Shotgun
A shotgun is a firearm typically used to fire a number of small spherical pellets, the shot, usually from a smoothbore barrel of relative...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Candu Reactor: Encyclopedia - Candu Reactor
The CANDU reactor is a pressurized-heavy water,(PHWR) natural uranium (i.e. unenriched) power reactor designed in the late 1950s and 1960...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemstone: Encyclopedia - Gemstone
A gemstone is a mineral, rock (as in lapis lazuli) or petrified material that when cut or faceted and polished is collectible or can be u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 40 Number: Encyclopedia - 40 Number
40 (forty) is the natural number following 39 and preceding 41. In English, forty is the only number whose constituent letters appear in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1 E13 S: Encyclopedia - 1 E13 S
To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 320 000 years and 3 200 000 years (1013 seconds and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - Notable Characteristics
Helium - Gas and plasma phases. Helium is a colorless, odorless, and non-toxic gas. It is the least reactive member of group 18 (the no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gas Mantle: Encyclopedia Ii - Gas Mantle - History
For centuries, artificial light had been generated using open flames. Limelight had been invented in the 1820s but the temperature requir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Marine Propulsion: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Marine Propulsion - History
Work on nuclear marine propulsion started in the 1940s, and the first test reactor started up in the United States in 1953. The first nuc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inner Mongolia: Encyclopedia Ii - Inner Mongolia - History
Throughout most of history, various parts of what is now Inner Mongolia alternated in control between Chinese agriculturalists in the sou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Meltdown: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Meltdown - Sequence Of Events
What happens when a reactor core melts is the subject of conjecture and some actual experience (see below). Before the core of a nuclear ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mhd Generator: Encyclopedia Ii - Mhd Generator - Power Generation
An example implementation would consist of a pipe or tube of some non-conductive material. Inside the walls of this pipe an array of char...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel Metal Hydride Battery: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel Metal Hydride Battery - Charging
When fast-charging, it is advisable to charge the NiMH batteries with intelligent (microprocessor controlled) chargers to prevent over-ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Fuel - Common Chemical Forms Of Nuclear Fuel
Nuclear fuel - UOX. Nuclear fuel - MOX. Mixed oxide, or MOX fuel, is a blend of plutonium and natural or depleted uranium which behav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yttrium: Encyclopedia Ii - Yttrium - Applications
Yttrium(III) oxide is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make YVO4 europium and Y2O3 europium phosphors that give ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diamond Simulant: Encyclopedia Ii - Diamond Simulant - Artificial Simulants
Diamond has been imitated by artificial materials for hundreds of years: advances in technology have seen the development of increasingly...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 40 Number: Encyclopedia Ii - 40 Number - In Mathematics
Forty is an octagonal number, and as the sum of the first four pentagonal numbers, it is a pentagonal pyramidal number. It is a Harshad n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladivostok: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladivostok - Geography
Vladivostok is in the Russian Far East, on the coast of the Sea of Japan and near both the Chinese border and the Korean. It is located i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shotgun: Encyclopedia Ii - Shotgun - Design Factors
Shotgun - Action. Action is the term for the operating mechanism of a gun. There are many types of shotguns, typically categorized by t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Candu Reactor: Encyclopedia Ii - Candu Reactor - Economic And Political Concerns
One economic disadvantage of the CANDU reactor design is the initial, one-time cost of the heavy water, although this high capital-cost p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemstone: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemstone - Characteristics And Classification
Gemstones are described by gemologists using technical specifications. First, what is it made of, its chemical composition. Diamonds for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium - Notable Characteristics
Calcium is a rather soft, metallic element that is purified by electrolysis from calcium fluoride. It burns with a yellow-red flame and f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nickel Metal Hydride Battery: Encyclopedia Ii - Nickel Metal Hydride Battery - Discharging
Care must also be taken during discharge to ensure that a cell in a series battery (for example the common arrangement of four AA cells i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Fuel - Production Of Common Nuclear Fuels
1 Uranium ore - the principal raw material of nuclear fuel 2 Yellowcake - the form in which uranium is transported to an enrichment plant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladivostok: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladivostok - Education
The science of Vladivostok is represented by the Presidium and approximately 10 Institutes of the Far Eastern Division of the Russian Aca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Meltdown: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Meltdown - Reactor Design
Although pressurized water reactors are more susceptible to nuclear meltdown in the absence of active safety measures, this is not a univ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladivostok: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladivostok - Transportation
The Trans-Siberian railway was built to connect Vladivostok, Russia's first Pacific Ocean port, with European Russia. Finished in 1905, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladivostok: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladivostok - Demographics
The city's current population is approximately 591,800 (census 2002). From 1958 to 1991, only Soviet citizens were allowed to live in, or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladivostok: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladivostok - Economy
The city's main industries are shipping, commercial fishing, and the naval base. Fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Meltdown: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Meltdown - Meltdowns
A number of Russian nuclear submarines have experienced nuclear meltdowns. The only known large scale nuclear meltdowns at civilian nucle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Fuel - Theoretically Possible Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel - Fusion fuels. Most fusion fuels fit in here. They include tritium (3H) and deuterium (2H) as well as helium three (3He)....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Meltdown: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Meltdown - Effects
The effects of a nuclear meltdown depend on the safety features designed into a reactor. A modern reactor is designed both to make a melt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yttrium: Encyclopedia Ii - Yttrium - History
Yttrium (named for Ytterby, a Swedish village near Vaxholm) was discovered by Johan Gadolin in 1794 and isolated by Friedrich Wohler in 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yttrium: Encyclopedia Ii - Yttrium - Occurrence
This element is found in almost all rare earth minerals and in uranium ores but is never found in nature as a free element. Yttrium is co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladivostok: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladivostok - Media
Over 40 newspapers and regional additions to Moscow publications are issued in Vladivostok. The largest newspaper of the Primorsky Krai a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Marine Propulsion: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Marine Propulsion - Civil Vessels
Development of nuclear merchant ships began in the 1950s but has not been commercially successful. The US-built NS Savannah, was commissi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Fuel - Less Common Nuclear Fuel Forms
Various other nuclear fuel forms find use in specific applications, but lack the widespread use of those found in BWRs, PWRs, and CANDU p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Fuel - Rarely Used Nuclear Fuel
These fuels consist of nuclear fuels that where used at one time for proof of principle studies, or are occasionally used for space appli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yttrium: Encyclopedia Ii - Yttrium - Isotopes
Natural yttrium is composed of only one isotope (Y-89). The most stable radioisotopes are Y-88 which has a half life of 106.65 days and Y...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Fuel - Common Physical Forms Of Nuclear Fuel
For use as nuclear fuel, enriched UF6 is converted into uranium dioxide (UO2) powder that is then processed into pellet form. The pellets...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium - Applications
Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. Its minor deficit can affect bone and teeth formation, while overretention can cause...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium - Compounds
Calcium, combined with phosphate to form hydroxylapatite, is the mineral portion of human and animal bones and teeth. The mineral portion...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Candu Reactor: Encyclopedia Ii - Candu Reactor - Measures That Address Concerns
Efficient CANDU installations are careful to control heavy water losses from the calandria, and also actively separate tritium from the m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium - Isotopes
Calcium has four stable isotopes (Ca-40 and Ca-42 through Ca-44), plus two more isotopes (Ca-46 and Ca-48) that have such long half-lives...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cubic Zirconia: Encyclopedia Ii - Cubic Zirconia - Synthesis
The Soviet-perfected skull crucible is still used today, with little variation. Water-filled copper pipes provide a cup-shaped scaffold i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cubic Zirconia: Encyclopedia Ii - Cubic Zirconia - Innovations
In recent years manufacturers have sought ways of distinguishing their product by supposedly "improving" cubic zirconia. Coating finished...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shotgun: Encyclopedia Ii - Shotgun - Ammunition
The extremely large caliber of shotgun shells has led to a wide variety of different ammunition. Standard types include: shot (also know...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shotgun: Encyclopedia Ii - Shotgun - Common Uses
In hunting circles, the shotgun is used for bird hunting, although it is also increasingly used in deer hunting in semi-populated areas w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemstone: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemstone - Value
A gemstone is prized especially for great beauty or perfection so appearance is almost the most important attribute of gemstones. Charact...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemstone: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemstone - Gemstone List
There are over 130 species of minerals that have been cut into gems with 50 species in common use. These include: Agate Alexandrite and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shotgun: Encyclopedia Ii - Shotgun - Definition
The United States legal code (18 USC 921) defines the shotgun as "a weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and intended to be fir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shotgun: Encyclopedia Ii - Shotgun - History
Shotguns have also been referred to as "scatterguns", "fowling pieces" or "two-shoot guns" historically, and were used as a replacement f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diamond Simulant: Encyclopedia Ii - Diamond Simulant - Desired And Differential Properties
See also: Material properties of diamond In order to be considered for use as a diamond simulant, a material must possess certain diamond...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diamond Simulant: Encyclopedia Ii - Diamond Simulant - Natural Simulants
Natural minerals that (when cut) optically resemble white diamonds are rare, because the trace impurities usually present in natural mine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inner Mongolia: Encyclopedia Ii - Inner Mongolia - Demographics
Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group, consistuting about 80% of the population. The modern Han Chinese migration had begun in early 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inner Mongolia: Encyclopedia Ii - Inner Mongolia - Administrative Divisions
Inner Mongolia is divided into 12 prefecture-level divisions, including 9 prefecture-level cities and 3 leagues. The nine prefecture-leve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inner Mongolia: Encyclopedia Ii - Inner Mongolia - Culture
The Mongols of Inner Mongolia speak Mongolian. The Daur, Evenks, and Oroqin speak their own respective languages. Han Chinese of the east...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inner Mongolia: Encyclopedia Ii - Inner Mongolia - Tourism
In the capital city Hohhot: Dazhao Temple is a Lamaist temple built in 1580. Dazhao Temple is known for three sites: a statue of Buddha m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inner Mongolia: Encyclopedia Ii - Inner Mongolia - Geography
Most of Inner Mongolia consists of high plateaus. The Greater Khingan Mountains cover much of the eastern part, while the Yinshan Mountai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inner Mongolia: Encyclopedia Ii - Inner Mongolia - Name
In Chinese, the region is known as "Inner Mongolia", where the terms of "Inner/Outer" are derived from Manchu dorgi/tulergi. Inner Mongol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - Isotopes
Although there are eight known isotopes of helium, only helium-3 and helium-4 are stable. In the Earth's atmosphere, there is one He-3 at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diamond Simulant: Encyclopedia Ii - Diamond Simulant - Composites
Because strontium titanate and glass are too soft to survive use as a ring stone, they have been used in the construction of composite or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - Applications
Pressurized helium is commercially available. Helium is used for many purposes that require one or more of its unique properties; low boi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - History
Helium - Discoveries. Helium was first detected on August 18, 1868 as a bright yellow line with a wavelength of 587.49 nm in the spectr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - Occurrence And Production
Helium - Abundance. Helium is the second most abundant element in the known Universe after hydrogen and constitutes 23% of all elementa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nuclear Meltdown: Encyclopedia Ii - Nuclear Meltdown - Causes
In pressurized water reactors, boiling water reactors, RBMKs, and breeder reactors, the core can melt as a result of a loss of coolant ac...   » Read the article