Zirconium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. A lustrous gray-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium, zirconium is obtained chiefly from zircon and is very corrosion resistant. Zirconium is primarily used in nuclear reactors for a neutron absorber and to make corrosion-resistant alloys. Zirconium - Notable characteristics. It is a grayish-white metal, lustrous and exceptionally corrosion resistant. Zirconium is lighter than steel an ...

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Zirconium - Notable characteristics Zirconium - Applications Zirconium - History Zirconium - Occurrence Zirconium - Isotopes Zirconium - Precautions

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Zirconium, Zirconium - Notable characteristics, Zirconium - Applications, Zirconium - History, Zirconium - Occurrence, Zirconium - Isotopes, Zirconium - Precautions

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Zirconium (Arabic zarkûn from Persian zargûn meaning "gold like") was discovered in 1789 by Martin Heinrich Klaproth and isolated in 1824 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius. The zirconium containing mineral zircon, or its variations (jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure), were mentioned in biblical writings. The mineral was not known to contain a new element until Klaproth analyzed a jargon from Ceylon in the Indian Ocean. He named the new element Zirkonertz (zirconia). The impure metal was isolated first by Berzelius by heating ...

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Zirconium, Zirconium - Notable characteristics, Zirconium - Applications, Zirconium - History, Zirconium - Occurrence, Zirconium - Isotopes, Zirconium - Precautions

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Cubic Zirconia (or CZ) is zirconium oxide (ZrO2), a mineral that is extremely rare in nature but is widely synthesized for use as a diamond simulant. The synthesized material is hard, optically flawless and usually colorless, but may be made in a variety of different colors. It should not be confused with zircon, which is a zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4). Because of its low cost, durability, and close visual likeness to diamond, synthetic cubic zirconia has remained the most gemologically and economica ...

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Cubic zirconia - Technical aspects Cubic zirconia - History Cubic zirconia - Synthesis Cubic zirconia - Innovations Cubic zirconia - CZ versus diamond

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To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−10 m and 10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm). Lengths shorter than 100 pm 100 pm = 1 Ångström 100 pm — covalent radius of sulfur atom 126 pm — covalent radius of ruthenium atom 135 pm — covalent radius of technetium atom 153 pm — covalent radius of silver atom 154 pm — mode length of (C-C) covalent bond 155 pm — covalent radius of zirconium atom < ...

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Black sand is a heavy, weakly magnetic, glossy, semi-metallic mixture of usually fine sands, found as part of a placer deposit. Black sands are used by miners and prospectors to indicate the presence of a placer formation. Placer mining activities produce a concentrate that is composed mostly of black sand. Black sand concentrates often contain additional valuables, other than precious metals: rare earth elements, thorium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium and others are often fractionated during igneous magma processes into a common mineral-suite that later b ...

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Black sand - External link

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Calcium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal that is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Calcium is also the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Calcium - Notable characteristics. Calcium is a rather soft, metallic element that is purif ...

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Calcium - Notable characteristics Calcium - Applications Calcium - History Calcium - Compounds Calcium - Isotopes

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A crucible is a cup-shaped piece of laboratory equipment used to contain chemical compounds when heating them to very high temperatures. The receptacle is usually made of porcelain or an inert metal. One of the earliest uses of platinum was to make crucibles. More recently, metals such as nickel and zirconium have been used. Crucibles are commonly used with a high temperature-resistant crucible cover (or lid) made of a similar material. Crucibles and their covers made of porcelain are quite cheap when sold in quantity to laboratories ...

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Crucible - Use in chemical analysis

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To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 60.22 u and 602.2 u (10-25 kg and 10-24 kg, or 100 yoctograms and 1 zeptogram). See also masses of other orders of magnitude. lighter masses 91.224 u (151.481 yg) – atomic mass of zirconium 92.90638 u (154.27465 yg) – atomic mass of niobium [98] u (163 yg) – atomic mass of technetium 101.07 u (167.83 yg) – atomic mass of ruthenium 102.90550 u (170.87858 yg) – atomic mass of ...

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1 E-25 kg - External link

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In a nuclear reactor, the buildup of fission products as reaction poisons in the fuel eventually leads to loss of efficiency, and in some cases to instability. They contribute most of the short and medium term radioactivity of high-level nuclear waste produced from spent reactor fuel. Depending on the quality of the fuel cladding can appear in the primary coolant. In a well designed power reactor running under normal conditions the radioactivity of the coolant is very low, in the BWR reactors the bulk of the activity in the coolant is due to ...

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Fission product, Fission product - Physical process of nuclear fission, Fission product - Mass vs. yield curve, Fission product - FPs in power reactors, Fission product - Fission products listed according to atomic number, Fission product - Krypton, Fission product - Strontium, Fission product - Zirconium, Fission product - Molybdenum, Fission product - Technetium, Fission product - Ruthenium, Fission product - Rhodium, Fission product - Palladium, Fission product - Tellurium-132, Fission product - Iodine, Fission product - Xenon, Fission product - Cesium, Fission product - Barium, Fission product - Lanthanides Lanthanum cerium neodymium and samarium, Fission product - Countermeasures against the worst fission products found in accident fallout, Fission product - Iodine, Fission product - Cesium, Fission product - Strontium, Fission product - Fission products within the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle

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For fission of Uranium-235 the most common radioactive fission products include isotopes of Iodine, Caesium, Strontium, Xenon and Barium. Many of the fission products decay through very shortlived isotopes to form stable isotopes, but also a considerable number of the radioisotopes have half lives longer than a day. Some fission products are useful as beta and gamma sources in medicine and industry, see common beta emitters and commonly used gamma emitting isotopes for more details. Few fission products are alpha particle emitters, but ...

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Fission product, Fission product - Physical process of nuclear fission, Fission product - Mass vs. yield curve, Fission product - FPs in power reactors, Fission product - Fission products listed according to atomic number, Fission product - Krypton, Fission product - Strontium, Fission product - Zirconium, Fission product - Molybdenum, Fission product - Technetium, Fission product - Ruthenium, Fission product - Rhodium, Fission product - Palladium, Fission product - Tellurium-132, Fission product - Iodine, Fission product - Xenon, Fission product - Cesium, Fission product - Barium, Fission product - Lanthanides Lanthanum cerium neodymium and samarium, Fission product - Countermeasures against the worst fission products found in accident fallout, Fission product - Iodine, Fission product - Cesium, Fission product - Strontium, Fission product - Fission products within the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle

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The mixture of radioactive fission products found in the fall out from a nuclear bomb are very different in nature to those found in spent power reactor fuel. This is because the reactor fuel will have had more time for the short lived isotopes to decay. Fission product - Iodine. At least three isotopes of iodine are important. 129I, 131I and 132I A counter measure against the shortlived iodine isotopes (such as 131I), is to take potassium iodide by mouth. ...

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Fission product, Fission product - Physical process of nuclear fission, Fission product - Mass vs. yield curve, Fission product - FPs in power reactors, Fission product - Fission products listed according to atomic number, Fission product - Krypton, Fission product - Strontium, Fission product - Zirconium, Fission product - Molybdenum, Fission product - Technetium, Fission product - Ruthenium, Fission product - Rhodium, Fission product - Palladium, Fission product - Tellurium-132, Fission product - Iodine, Fission product - Xenon, Fission product - Cesium, Fission product - Barium, Fission product - Lanthanides Lanthanum cerium neodymium and samarium, Fission product - Countermeasures against the worst fission products found in accident fallout, Fission product - Iodine, Fission product - Cesium, Fission product - Strontium, Fission product - Fission products within the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle

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If a graph of the mass or mole yield of fission products against the atomic mass of the fragments is drawn then it has two peaks, one in the area strontium through to palladium and one at iodine through to neodymium. This is due to the fact that the fission event causes the nucleus to split in an asymmetric manner.[1] Yield vs. Z - This is a typical distribution for the fission of uranium. Please note in the calculations used to make this graph the activation of fission products was ignored and the fission was assumed to occur in a single moment rather than a length of time. In this bar chart results are ...

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Fission product, Fission product - Physical process of nuclear fission, Fission product - Mass vs. yield curve, Fission product - FPs in power reactors, Fission product - Fission products listed according to atomic number, Fission product - Krypton, Fission product - Strontium, Fission product - Zirconium, Fission product - Molybdenum, Fission product - Technetium, Fission product - Ruthenium, Fission product - Rhodium, Fission product - Palladium, Fission product - Tellurium-132, Fission product - Iodine, Fission product - Xenon, Fission product - Cesium, Fission product - Barium, Fission product - Lanthanides Lanthanum cerium neodymium and samarium, Fission product - Countermeasures against the worst fission products found in accident fallout, Fission product - Iodine, Fission product - Cesium, Fission product - Strontium, Fission product - Fission products within the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle

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Table of nuclides, Table of nuclides - Neutron, Table of nuclides - Hydrogen, Table of nuclides - Helium, Table of nuclides - Lithium, Table of nuclides - Beryllium, Table of nuclides - Boron, Table of nuclides - Carbon, Table of nuclides - Nitrogen, Table of nuclides - Oxygen, Table of nuclides - Fluorine, Table of nuclides - Neon, Table of nuclides - Sodium, Table of nuclides - Magnesium, Table of nuclides - Aluminium, Table of nuclides - Silicon, Table of nuclides - Phosphorus, Table of nuclides - Sulphur, Table of nuclides - Chlorine, Table of nuclides - Argon, Table of nuclides - Potassium, Table of nuclides - Calcium, Table of nuclides - Scandium, Table of nuclides - Titanium, Table of nuclides - Vanadium, Table of nuclides - Chromium, Table of nuclides - Manganese, Table of nuclides - Iron, Table of nuclides - Cobalt, Table of nuclides - Nickel, Table of nuclides - Copper, Table of nuclides - Zinc, Table of nuclides - Gallium, Table of nuclides - Germanium, Table of nuclides - Arsenic, Table of nuclides - Selenium, Table of nuclides - Bromine, Table of nuclides - Krypton, Table of nuclides - Rubidium, Table of nuclides - Strontium, Table of nuclides - Yttrium, Table of nuclides - Zirconium, Table of nuclides - Niobium, Table of nuclides - Molybdenum, Table of nuclides - Technetium, Table of nuclides - Ruthenium, Table of nuclides - Rhodium, Table of nuclides - Palladium, Table of nuclides - Silver, Table of nuclides - Cadmium, Table of nuclides - Indium, Table of nuclides - Tin, Table of nuclides - Antimony, Table of nuclides - Tellurium, Table of nuclides - Iodine, Table of nuclides - Xenon, Table of nuclides - Caesium, Table of nuclides - Barium, Table of nuclides - Lanthanum, Table of nuclides - Cerium, Table of nuclides - Praesodymium, Table of nuclides - Neodymium, Table of nuclides - Promethium, Table of nuclides - Samarium, Table of nuclides - Europium, Table of nuclides - Gadolinium, Table of nuclides - Terbium, Table of nuclides - Dysprosium, Table of nuclides - Holmium, Table of nuclides - Erbium, Table of nuclides - Thulium, Table of nuclides - Ytterbium, Table of nuclides - Lutetium, Table of nuclides - Hafnium, Table of nuclides - Tantalum, Table of nuclides - Tungsten, Table of nuclides - Rhenium, Table of nuclides - Osmium, Table of nuclides - Iridium, Table of nuclides - Platinum, Table of nuclides - Gold, Table of nuclides - Mercury, Table of nuclides - Thallium, Table of nuclides - Lead, Table of nuclides - Bismuth, Table of nuclides - Polonium, Table of nuclides - Astatine, Table of nuclides - Radon, Table of nuclides - Francium, Table of nuclides - Radium, Table of nuclides - Actinium, Table of nuclides - Thorium, Table of nuclides - Protactinium, Table of nuclides - Uranium, Table of nuclides - Neptunium, Table of nuclides - Plutonium, Table of nuclides - Americium, Table of nuclides - Curium, Table of nuclides - Berkelium, Table of nuclides - Californium, Table of nuclides - Einsteinium, Table of nuclides - Fermium, Table of nuclides - Mendelevium, Table of nuclides - Nobelium, Table of nuclides - Lawrencium, Table of nuclides - Rutherfordium, Table of nuclides - Dubnium, Table of nuclides - Seaborgium, Table of nuclides - Bohrium, Table of nuclides - Hassium, Table of nuclides - Meitnerium, Table of nuclides - Darmstadtium, Table of nuclides - Roentgenium, Table of nuclides - 112, Table of nuclides - 114

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This is a shiny silvery, ductile metal that is corrosion resistant and chemically similar to zirconium. The properties of hafnium are markedly affected by zirconium impurities and these two elements are amongst the most difficult to separate. The only notable difference between them is their density (zirconium is about half as dense as hafnium). Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary compound known and hafnium nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides with a melting point of 3310 °C. This metal is resistant to ...

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Hafnium, Hafnium - Notable characteristics, Hafnium - Applications, Hafnium - History, Hafnium - Occurrence, Hafnium - Precautions

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Doping fullerenes with electro positive metals takes place in an arc reactor or via laser evaporation. The metals can be transition metals like scandium, yttrium as well as lanthanides like lanthanum and cerium. Also possible are endohedral complexes with elements of the alkaline earth metals like barium and strontium and alkali metals like potassium and tetravalent metals like uranium, zirconium and hafnium. The synthesis in the arc reactor is however unspecific. Besides unfilled Fullerenes, endohedral metallofullerenes develop with differe ...

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Endohedral fullerenes, Endohedral fullerenes - Endohedral metallofullerenes, Endohedral fullerenes - Non-metal doped fullerenes

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Since 1892 the yellowish, monoclinic mineral baddeleyite had been the only natural form of zirconium oxide known. Being of rare occurrence it had little economic importance. The extremely high melting point of zirconia (2750°C) posed a hurdle to controlled single-crystal growth, as no existing crucible could hold it in its molten state. However, stabilization of zirconium oxide had been realized early on, with the synthetic product stabilized zirconia introduced in 1930. Although cubic, it was in the form of a polycrystalline ceramic: it was made use of as a refractory material, highly resistant to ch ...

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Cubic zirconia, Cubic zirconia - Technical aspects, Cubic zirconia - History, Cubic zirconia - Synthesis, Cubic zirconia - Innovations, Cubic zirconia - CZ versus diamond

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There's antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium, And hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and rhenium, And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium, And iron, americium, ruthenium, uranium, Europium, zirconium, lutetium, vanadium, And lanthanum and osmium and astatine and radium, And gold and protactinium and indium and gallium, And iodine and thorium and thulium and thallium. There's yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, rubidium, And boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium, And strontium and silicon and silver and samarium, And bismuth, bromine, l ...

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The Elements song, The Elements song - Lyrics, The Elements song - Periodic Table according to Lehrer

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Hafnium (Latin Hafnia for "Copenhagen", the home town of Niels Bohr) was discovered by Dirk Coster and Georg von Hevesy in 1923 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Soon after, the new element was predicted to be associated with zirconium by using the Bohr theory and was finally found in zircon through X-ray spectroscope analysis in Norway. It was separated from zirconium through repeated recrystallization of double ammonium or potassium fluorides by Jantzen and von Hevesey. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik deBoer by passing tetraiodide vap ...

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Hafnium, Hafnium - Notable characteristics, Hafnium - Applications, Hafnium - History, Hafnium - Occurrence, Hafnium - Precautions

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Cubic zirconia is, as its name would imply, crystallographically isometric, and as diamond is also isometric, this is an important attribute of a would-be diamond simulant. Synthesized material contains a certain mole percentage (10-15%) of metal oxide stabilizer. During synthesis zirconium oxide would otherwise form monoclinic crystals, as that is its stable form under normal atmospheric conditions. The stabilizer is required for cubic crystal formation; it may be typically either yttrium or calcium oxide, the amount and stabilizer u ...

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Cubic zirconia, Cubic zirconia - Technical aspects, Cubic zirconia - History, Cubic zirconia - Synthesis, Cubic zirconia - Innovations, Cubic zirconia - CZ versus diamond

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