Zidovudine

AZT 3'-Azido-2'-deoxythymidine Zidovudine (INN) or azidothymidine (abbreviated to AZT) is an antiretroviral drug, the first antiviral treatment to be approved for use against HIV. It is also sold under the names Retrovir and Retrovis, and as an ingredient in Combivir and Trizivir. Zidovudine - History. Zidovudine was the first drug approved for the treatment of AIDS and HIV infection. Jerome Horowitz first synthesized AZT in 1964, under a US Nat ...

Including:

• Zidovudine - History
• Zidovudine - Treatment
• Zidovudine - Side effects
• Zidovudine - Mode of action
• Zidovudine - Patent Issues

Read more here: » Zidovudine: Encyclopedia - Zidovudine

Zidovudine was the first drug approved for the treatment of AIDS and HIV infection. Jerome Horowitz first synthesized AZT in 1964, under a US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant. It was originally intended to treat cancer, but failed to show efficacy and had an unacceptably high side effect profile. The drug then faded from view until February 1985, when Samuel Broder, Hiroaki Mitsuya, and Robert Yarchoan, three scientists in the National Cancer Institute (NCI), collaborating with scientists in Burroughs Wellcome Co., started working o ...

See also:

Zidovudine, Zidovudine - History, Zidovudine - Treatment, Zidovudine - Side effects, Zidovudine - Mode of action, Zidovudine - Patent Issues

Read more here: » Zidovudine: Encyclopedia II - Zidovudine - History

Zidovudine was the first drug approved for the treatment of AIDS and HIV infection. Jerome Horowitz first synthesized AZT in 1964, under a US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant. It was originally intended to treat cancer, but failed to show efficacy and had an unacceptably high side effect profile. The drug then faded from view until February 1985, when Samuel Broder, Hiroaki Mitsuya, and Robert Yarchoan, three scientists in the National Cancer Institute (NCI), collaborating with scientists in Burroughs Wellcome Co., started working o ...

See also:

Zidovudine, Zidovudine - History, Zidovudine - Treatment, Zidovudine - Side effects, Zidovudine - Mode of action, Zidovudine - Controversy, Zidovudine - Patent issues, Zidovudine - Peter Duesberg's claims

Read more here: » Zidovudine: Encyclopedia II - Zidovudine - History

Atazanavir (Reyataz®) is an antiretroviral drug which belongs to the class of protease inhibitors (PIs). Antiretrovirals are used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus. Atazanavir is distinguished from other PIs in that it can be given once-daily (rather than requiring multiplee doses per day) and has lesser effects on lipid profile (the amounts of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood). Like any other protease inhibitor used for HIV treatment, it can`t be used alone but in combination with other ...

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Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV. Different classes of antiretroviral drugs act at different stages of the HIV life cycle. Combination of several (typically three or four) antiretroviral drugs is known as Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART). Organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (Bethesday, Maryland, USA) recommend offering antiretroviral treatment to all patients with HIV-related symptoms. However, because of the complex ...

Including:

• Antiretroviral drug - Combination therapy
• Antiretroviral drug - Current treatment guidelines
• Antiretroviral drug - Limitations of antiretroviral drug therapy
• Antiretroviral drug - Classes of antiretroviral drugs
• Antiretroviral drug - Reverse transcriptase inhibitors RTIs
• Antiretroviral drug - Protease inhibitors PIs
• Antiretroviral drug - Fusion inhibitors
• Antiretroviral drug - Fixed dose combinations
• Antiretroviral drug - Synergistic enhancers
• Antiretroviral drug - Adverse Effects

Read more here: » Antiretroviral drug: Encyclopedia - Antiretroviral drug

Vidarabine is an anti-viral drug which is active against herpes simplex and varicella zoster viruses. Vidarabine - How the drug was discovered. In the 1950’s two nucleosides were isolated from the Caribbean sponge Tethya crypta: spongothymidine and spongouridine; which contained an arabinoside sugar rather than a ribose. These compounds led to the synthesis of a new generation, sugar modified nucleoside analog: vidarabine, and the related compound: cytarabine. In 2004 these were the only mar ...

Including:

• Vidarabine - How the drug was discovered
• Vidarabine - Mode of Action
• Vidarabine - Mode of Resistance
• Vidarabine - Synthesis/preparation/isolation
• Vidarabine - Selectivity
• Vidarabine - Current clinical Indication
• Vidarabine - Bibliography

Read more here: » Vidarabine: Encyclopedia - Vidarabine

Valaciclovir (INN) or valacyclovir (USAN) is an antiviral drug used in the management of herpes simplex. It is a prodrug, being converted in vivo to aciclovir. It is currently marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Valtrex. Antiherpesvirus agents: {Acyclovir} {Cidofovir} {Docosanol} {Famciclovir} {Foscarnet} {Fomivirsen} {Ganciclovir} {Idoxuridine} {Penciclovir} {Trifluridine} {Valaciclovir} {Valganciclovir} {Vidarabine} Antiinfluenza agents: {Amantadine} ...

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A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. J Anti-infectives for systemic use ATC code J05 - J05A Direct acting antivirals. ATC code J05 - J05AA Thiosemicarbazones. J05AA01 Metisazone ATC code J05 - J05AB Nucleosides and nucleotides excluding reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J05AB01 Aciclovir J05AB02 Idoxuridine J05AB03 Vidarabine J05AB04 Ribavirin J05AB06 Gan ...

Including:

• ATC code J05 - J05A Direct acting antivirals
• ATC code J05 - J05AA Thiosemicarbazones
• ATC code J05 - J05AB Nucleosides and nucleotides excluding reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• ATC code J05 - J05AC Cyclic amines
• ATC code J05 - J05AD Phosphonic acid derivatives
• ATC code J05 - J05AE Protease inhibitors
• ATC code J05 - J05AF Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• ATC code J05 - J05AG Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• ATC code J05 - J05AH Neuraminidase inhibitors
• ATC code J05 - J05AX Other antivirals

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Cidofovir is an injectable antiviral medication for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. It suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA synthesis. Cidofovir demonstrated a statistically significant effect in delaying the progression of CMV retinitis lesions in newly diagnosed patients, as well as in previously treated patients who had failed other therapies. Maintenance therapy with cidofovir involves an infusion only once every two weeks, making it a convenient treatment option. Because dosing is relatively infrequent, a pe ...

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Hepatitis is a gastroenterological disease, featuring inflammation of the liver. The clinical signs and prognosis, as well as the therapy, depend on the cause. Hepatitis - Signs and symptoms. Hepatitis is characterised by fatigue, malaise, joint aches, abdominal pain, vomiting 2-3 times per day for the first 5 days, loss of appetite, dark urine, fever, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) and jaundice (icterus). Some chronic forms of hepatitis show very few of these signs and only present when the longstanding inf ...

Including:

• Hepatitis - Signs and symptoms
• Hepatitis - Types of hepatitis
• Hepatitis - Viral
• Hepatitis - Alcoholic hepatitis
• Hepatitis - Drug induced hepatitis
• Hepatitis - Other toxins that cause hepatitis
• Hepatitis - Metabolic disorders
• Hepatitis - Cholestatic
• Hepatitis - Autoimmune
• Hepatitis - Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
• Hepatitis - Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Read more here: » Hepatitis: Encyclopedia - Hepatitis

Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. Antiviral drugs are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotics, anti-fungal and anti-parasitic drugs. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. Most of the antivirals now available are designed to help deal with HIV; herpesvirus, which are best known for causing cold sores but actually cover ...

Including:

• Antiviral drug - History
• Antiviral drug - Development of antiviral drugs
• Antiviral drug - Antiviral drug design strategies

Read more here: » Antiviral drug: Encyclopedia - Antiviral drug

Didanosine was developed by Samuel Broder, Hiroaki Mitsuya, and Robert Yarchoan in the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Since the NCI cannot market a product, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded a ten-year exclusive licensed to Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (BMS) to market and sell ddI as Videx® tablets. Didanosine became the second drug approved for the treatment of HIV infection in many other countries, including in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Oct 9, 1991. Its FDA approval helped bring down the price of zidovu ...

See also:

Didanosine, Didanosine - History, Didanosine - Mechanism of action, Didanosine - Adverse affects

Read more here: » Didanosine: Encyclopedia II - Didanosine - History

Lamivudine was invented by Bernard Belleau and Nghe Nguyen-Ba at the Montreal-based IAF BioChem International, Inc. laboratories in 1989. The drug was later licensed to the British pharmaceutical company Glaxo for a 14 percent royalty. Lamivudine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Nov 17, 1995 for use with Zidovudine (AZT) and again in 2002 as a once-a-day dosed medication. The fifth antiretroviral drug on the market, it was the last NRTI for three years while the approval process switched to protease inhibitors. Its patent will expi ...

See also:

Lamivudine, Lamivudine - History, Lamivudine - Mechanism of action

Read more here: » Lamivudine: Encyclopedia II - Lamivudine - History

Interferon was scarce and expensive until 1980 when the interferon gene was inserted into bacteria using recombinant DNA technology, allowing mass cultivation and purification from bacterial cultures. Interferon beta-1a is produced in mammalian cells. Several different types of interferon are now approved for use in humans, and interferon therapy is used (in combination with chemotheraphy and radiation) as a treatment for many types of systemic cancer. When used in the systemic therapy, IFN-α and IFN-γ are mostly administered ...

See also:

Interferon, Interferon - Types, Interferon - Principles, Interferon - Pharmacological uses

Read more here: » Interferon: Encyclopedia II - Interferon - Pharmacological uses

In the 1950’s two nucleosides were isolated from the Caribbean sponge Tethya crypta: spongothymidine and spongouridine; which contained an arabinoside sugar rather than a ribose. These compounds led to the synthesis of a new generation, sugar modified nucleoside analog: vidarabine, and the related compound: cytarabine. In 2004 these were the only marine related compounds in clinical use [1]. The anti-viral activity of vidarabine was first described by M. Privat de Garilhe and J. De Rudder in 1964 [2]. It was the first nucleos ...

See also:

Vidarabine, Vidarabine - How the drug was discovered, Vidarabine - Mode of Action, Vidarabine - Mode of Resistance, Vidarabine - Synthesis/preparation/isolation, Vidarabine - Selectivity, Vidarabine - Current clinical Indication, Vidarabine - Bibliography

Read more here: » Vidarabine: Encyclopedia II - Vidarabine - How the drug was discovered

Antiretroviral drugs are broadly classified by the phase of the retrovirus life-cyle that the drug inhibits. The following are thus the broad classifications of antiretroviral drugs: Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) target construction of viral DNA Protease inhibitors (PIs) target viral assembly by inhibiting protein cleavage Fusion inhibitors target fusion of the virus with the host cell membrane Antiretroviral drug - Reverse transcriptase inhibitors RTIs. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) inhibit ac ...

See also:

Antiretroviral drug, Antiretroviral drug - Combination therapy, Antiretroviral drug - Current treatment guidelines, Antiretroviral drug - Limitations of antiretroviral drug therapy, Antiretroviral drug - Classes of antiretroviral drugs, Antiretroviral drug - Reverse transcriptase inhibitors RTIs, Antiretroviral drug - Protease inhibitors PIs, Antiretroviral drug - Fusion inhibitors, Antiretroviral drug - Fixed dose combinations, Antiretroviral drug - Synergistic enhancers, Antiretroviral drug - Adverse Effects

Read more here: » Antiretroviral drug: Encyclopedia II - Antiretroviral drug - Classes of antiretroviral drugs

Didanosine (ddI) is a nucleoside analogue of adenosine. It differs from other nucleoside analogues, because it does not have any of the regular bases, instead it has hypoxanthine attached to the sugar ring. Within the cell, ddI is, by cellular enzymes, phosphorylated to active metabolite of dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, ddATP. Like other anti-HIV nucleside analogs, it acts as a chain terminator by incorporation and inhibits viral rev ...

See also:

Didanosine, Didanosine - History, Didanosine - Mechanism of action, Didanosine - Adverse affects

Read more here: » Didanosine: Encyclopedia II - Didanosine - Mechanism of action

Vidarabine is less susceptible to the development of drug resistant strains than other antivirals such as IDU, and has been used successfully in the treatment of IDU resistant viral strains. The half life of the active triphosphate metabolite (ara-ATP) is three times longer in HSV-infected cells compared with uninfected cells [8], however the mechanism of selectivity is not known. ...

See also:

Vidarabine, Vidarabine - How the drug was discovered, Vidarabine - Mode of Action, Vidarabine - Mode of Resistance, Vidarabine - Synthesis/preparation/isolation, Vidarabine - Selectivity, Vidarabine - Current clinical Indication, Vidarabine - Bibliography

Read more here: » Vidarabine: Encyclopedia II - Vidarabine - Selectivity

Antiretroviral drug treatment guidelines have changed many times. Early recommendations attempted a "hit hard, hit early" approach. A more conservative approach followed, with a starting point somewhere between 350 and 500 CD4+ T cells/mm³. The current guidelines use new criteria to consider starting HAART, as described below. However, there remain a range of views on this subject and the decision of whether to co ...

See also:

Antiretroviral drug, Antiretroviral drug - Combination therapy, Antiretroviral drug - Current treatment guidelines, Antiretroviral drug - Limitations of antiretroviral drug therapy, Antiretroviral drug - Classes of antiretroviral drugs, Antiretroviral drug - Reverse transcriptase inhibitors RTIs, Antiretroviral drug - Protease inhibitors PIs, Antiretroviral drug - Fusion inhibitors, Antiretroviral drug - Fixed dose combinations, Antiretroviral drug - Synergistic enhancers, Antiretroviral drug - Adverse Effects

Read more here: » Antiretroviral drug: Encyclopedia II - Antiretroviral drug - Current treatment guidelines

If an HIV infection becomes resistant to standard HAART, there are limited options. One option is to take larger combinations of antiretroviral drugs, an approach known as mega-HAART or salvage therapy. Unfortunately, salvage therapy often increases the drugs' side-effects and treatment costs. Another is to take only one or two antiretroviral drugs, specifically ones that induce HIV mutations that diminish the virulence of the infection. The most common resistance mutation to lamivudine (3TC) in particular appears to do this. Thu ...

See also:

Antiretroviral drug, Antiretroviral drug - Combination therapy, Antiretroviral drug - Current treatment guidelines, Antiretroviral drug - Limitations of antiretroviral drug therapy, Antiretroviral drug - Classes of antiretroviral drugs, Antiretroviral drug - Reverse transcriptase inhibitors RTIs, Antiretroviral drug - Protease inhibitors PIs, Antiretroviral drug - Fusion inhibitors, Antiretroviral drug - Fixed dose combinations, Antiretroviral drug - Synergistic enhancers, Antiretroviral drug - Adverse Effects

Read more here: » Antiretroviral drug: Encyclopedia II - Antiretroviral drug - Limitations of antiretroviral drug therapy