While there is a consensus that same-sex intercourse is in violation of Islamic law, there are differences of opinion within Islamic scholarship about punishment, reformation, and what standards of proof are required before physical punishment becomes lawful. In Sunni Islam there are eight madhhabs, or legal schools, of which only four still exist: Hanafi, Shafi'i, Hanbali, and Maliki. The main Shia school is called Ja'fari, but there are Zaidi and Ismai'ili also. More recently, some groups have rejected this tradition i ...

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Homosexuality and Islam, Homosexuality and Islam - Constructions and examples, Homosexuality and Islam - Homosexuality in the Sharia, Homosexuality and Islam - Homosexuality in modern Islamic countries' laws, Homosexuality and Islam - Homosexuality in the Qur'an, Homosexuality and Islam - Liberal Islamic Stances on Homosexuality

Read more here: » Homosexuality and Islam: Encyclopedia II - Homosexuality and Islam - Homosexuality in the Sharia

There is tremendous variance in the interpretation and implementation of Islamic law in Muslim societies today. Some believe that colonialism, which often replaced religious laws with secular ones, has caused this variance. More recently, liberal movements within Islam have questioned the relevance and applicability of sharia from a variety of perspectives. As a result, several of the countries with the largest Muslim populations, including Indonesia, Bangladesh and Pakistan, have largely secular constitutions and laws, with only a few Islamic provisions in f ...

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Sharia, Sharia - Etymology, Sharia - General, Sharia - History and Background, Sharia - Sections of Sharia law, Sharia - Contemporary Practice of Sharia Law, Sharia - Dietary laws, Sharia - The role of women under Sharia, Sharia - Dress code, Sharia - Domestic justice, Sharia - Circumcision, Sharia - Muslim apostates, Sharia - Freedom of Speech

Read more here: » Sharia: Encyclopedia II - Sharia - Contemporary Practice of Sharia Law

The authority of Sharia is drawn from two primary sources, as well as two secondary sources. The first major source is the specific guidance in the Qur'an, and the second source is the Sunnah, literally the 'Way', i.e. the way that Muhammad (the Prophet of Islam) lived his life. (The compilation of all that Muhammad said, did or approved of is called the Hadith.) A lesser source of authority is Qiyas, which is the extension by analogy of existing Sharia law to new situations. Finally, Sharia law can be base ...

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Sharia, Sharia - Etymology, Sharia - General, Sharia - History and Background, Sharia - Sections of Sharia law, Sharia - Contemporary Practice of Sharia Law, Sharia - Dietary laws, Sharia - The role of women under Sharia, Sharia - Dress code, Sharia - Domestic justice, Sharia - Circumcision, Sharia - Muslim apostates, Sharia - Freedom of Speech

Read more here: » Sharia: Encyclopedia II - Sharia - History and Background

Mainstream Islam distinguishes between fiqh, which means 'understanding of details' and refers to the inferences drawn by scholars, and sharia, which refers to the principles that lie behind the fiqh. Scholars hope that fiqh and sharia are in harmony in any given case, but they cannot be sure. Sharia has certain laws which are regarded as divinely ordained, concrete and timeless for all relevant situations (for example, the ban against drinking liquor as an intoxicant). It also has certain laws which ...

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Sharia, Sharia - Etymology, Sharia - General, Sharia - History and Background, Sharia - Sections of Sharia law, Sharia - Contemporary Practice of Sharia Law, Sharia - Dietary laws, Sharia - The role of women under Sharia, Sharia - Dress code, Sharia - Domestic justice, Sharia - Circumcision, Sharia - Muslim apostates, Sharia - Freedom of Speech

Read more here: » Sharia: Encyclopedia II - Sharia - General

When eating meat, sharia dictates that Muslims may only eat from meat that has been slaughtered in the name of God and meets stringent dietary requirements. Such meat is called halāl or "lawful" (acceptable). Islamic law prohibits a Muslim from eating pork, and meat that has been slaughtered in other than the name of God. Most juridicial opinions also hold monkey, dog, cat, carnivores and several other types of animal as being prohibited, or harām. For the meat of an animal to be halāl it must be one of the dec ...

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Sharia, Sharia - Etymology, Sharia - General, Sharia - History and Background, Sharia - Sections of Sharia law, Sharia - Contemporary Practice of Sharia Law, Sharia - Dietary laws, Sharia - The role of women under Sharia, Sharia - Dress code, Sharia - Domestic justice, Sharia - Circumcision, Sharia - Muslim apostates, Sharia - Freedom of Speech

Read more here: » Sharia: Encyclopedia II - Sharia - Dietary laws

Male circumcision involves the removal of the foreskin and is customary in most Muslim communities. It is performed at different ages in different cultures. Female circumcision is not part of mainstream Islam on an international scale, but is performed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike across East Africa and the Nile Valley, as well as parts of the Arabian peninsula and Southeast Asia. In both areas, the custom predates Islam. Many African Muslims believe that female circumcision is required by Islam, but a large number of Muslims beli ...

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Sharia, Sharia - Etymology, Sharia - General, Sharia - History and Background, Sharia - Sections of Sharia law, Sharia - Contemporary Practice of Sharia Law, Sharia - Dietary laws, Sharia - The role of women under Sharia, Sharia - Dress code, Sharia - Domestic justice, Sharia - Circumcision, Sharia - Muslim apostates, Sharia - Freedom of Speech

Read more here: » Sharia: Encyclopedia II - Sharia - Circumcision

The modern concept of freedom of speech on political and religious matters arises from the European Enlightenment of the 1700s and was alien to religions such as Christianity and Judaism in their pre-modern forms. Similarly, Sharia law in its most vigorous interpretations does not allow freedom of speech on such matters as criticism of the prophet Muhammad. The Qur'an says that Allah curses the one who harms the Prophet in this world and He connected harm of Himself to harm of the Prophet. There is no dispute that anyone who ...

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Sharia, Sharia - Etymology, Sharia - General, Sharia - History and Background, Sharia - Sections of Sharia law, Sharia - Contemporary Practice of Sharia Law, Sharia - Dietary laws, Sharia - The role of women under Sharia, Sharia - Dress code, Sharia - Domestic justice, Sharia - Circumcision, Sharia - Muslim apostates, Sharia - Freedom of Speech

Read more here: » Sharia: Encyclopedia II - Sharia - Freedom of Speech

Criticism of jizya has typically focused not only on its specific application to non-Muslims, but its alleged humiliating nature. It has been described as a demonstration of "constitutional inferiority and humiliation"[19] and criticized for the alleged "consistent, intentionally humiliating character of its application".[20] According to orientalist S.D. Goitein in Evidence on the Muslim Po ...

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Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

Read more here: » Jizya: Encyclopedia II - Jizya - Criticism

Jizya was levied in the time of Muhammad on vassal tribes under Muslim protection, including Jews in Khaybar, Christians in Najran, and Zoroastrians in Bahrain. W. Montgomery Watt traces its origin to a pre-Islamic practice among the Arabian nomads wherein a powerful tribe would agree to protect its weaker neighbors in exchange for a tribute, which would be refunded if the protection proved ineffectual.< ...

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Jizya, Jizya - Definitions, Jizya - Sources, Jizya - Qur'an, Jizya - Hadith, Jizya - Application, Jizya - Islamic Legal commentary, Jizya - History, Jizya - Criticism, Jizya - Notes

Read more here: » Jizya: Encyclopedia II - Jizya - History

In addition, there are several mini-sections, mostly based on clippings from newspapers sent in by readers: Lookalikes – comparing two famous individuals who look alike; frequently the two have an ironic connection too which is pointed out by the reader who submits the piece. The captions relating to the two individuals are also swapped around, implying that even the magazine cannot tell which individual is which. The sender often finishes with the phrase "might they perhaps be related". This feature was copied by the A ...

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Private Eye, Private Eye - History, Private Eye - Nature of the magazine, Private Eye - Sections, Private Eye - Defunct sections, Private Eye - Newspaper parodies, Private Eye - Others, Private Eye - Regular mini-sections, Private Eye - Cartoons, Private Eye - Frequent Targets, Private Eye - Prime Ministers, Private Eye - Other Politicians, Private Eye - Prominent Figures, Private Eye - Journalists, Private Eye - Entertainment and Media, Private Eye - Examples of humour, Private Eye - Neasden, Private Eye - Lord Gnome, Private Eye - Crossword, Private Eye - Andrew Neill image, Private Eye - Phil Space, Private Eye - Criticism, Private Eye - Litigation, Private Eye - Ownership, Private Eye - Trivia, Private Eye - Reference

Read more here: » Private Eye: Encyclopedia II - Private Eye - Regular mini-sections

Private Eye is often accused of specialising in scurrilous gossip about the misdeeds of the powerful and famous, but its defenders point out that it frequently carries news that the mainstream press is frightened to use for fear of legal reprisals, or that is of minority interest. The Eye will often print a story when hard evidence is lacking but there is an overwhelming consensus that the story is true. It is also thought that the Eye avoids breaking stories of politicians' extramarital activities on moral grounds, but it will freely comm ...

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Private Eye, Private Eye - History, Private Eye - Nature of the magazine, Private Eye - Sections, Private Eye - Defunct sections, Private Eye - Newspaper parodies, Private Eye - Others, Private Eye - Regular mini-sections, Private Eye - Cartoons, Private Eye - Frequent Targets, Private Eye - Prime Ministers, Private Eye - Other Politicians, Private Eye - Prominent Figures, Private Eye - Journalists, Private Eye - Entertainment and Media, Private Eye - Examples of humour, Private Eye - Neasden, Private Eye - Lord Gnome, Private Eye - Crossword, Private Eye - Andrew Neill image, Private Eye - Phil Space, Private Eye - Criticism, Private Eye - Litigation, Private Eye - Ownership, Private Eye - Trivia, Private Eye - Reference

Read more here: » Private Eye: Encyclopedia II - Private Eye - Nature of the magazine

In the GLC election of May 7, 1981, Livingstone moved constituencies to marginal Paddington. The Labour Party narrowly won control with the moderate Andrew McIntosh as leader having denied that he would be deposed. The day after the election, Livingstone challenged McIntosh for the leadership, and defeated him by 30 votes to 20. This was the culmination of a long process in which the left had organised to ensure its members were selected as GLC candidates, and all voted as a bloc within the Labour Party. They had also ensured that the left had ...

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Ken Livingstone, Ken Livingstone - Personal information, Ken Livingstone - Early life, Ken Livingstone - GLC leadership, Ken Livingstone - Livingstone in Parliament, Ken Livingstone - Greater London's First Mayor, Ken Livingstone - Recent events, Ken Livingstone - Reaction to London bombings

Read more here: » Ken Livingstone: Encyclopedia II - Ken Livingstone - GLC leadership

As well as many one-off cartoons, the magazine features several comic strips: Bores – Michael Heath Yobs and Yobettes – Tony Husband Supermodels – Neil Kerber The Commuters – Grizelda - follows the efforts of two commuters to get a train to work. It's Grim Up North London – Knife & Packer Young British Artists – Birch - a spoof of artists such as "Tracey" (Emin) and "Damien" (Hirst). Hom Sap – AustinSee also:

Private Eye, Private Eye - History, Private Eye - Nature of the magazine, Private Eye - Sections, Private Eye - Defunct sections, Private Eye - Newspaper parodies, Private Eye - Others, Private Eye - Regular mini-sections, Private Eye - Cartoons, Private Eye - Frequent Targets, Private Eye - Prime Ministers, Private Eye - Other Politicians, Private Eye - Prominent Figures, Private Eye - Journalists, Private Eye - Entertainment and Media, Private Eye - Examples of humour, Private Eye - Neasden, Private Eye - Lord Gnome, Private Eye - Crossword, Private Eye - Andrew Neill image, Private Eye - Phil Space, Private Eye - Criticism, Private Eye - Litigation, Private Eye - Ownership, Private Eye - Trivia, Private Eye - Reference

Read more here: » Private Eye: Encyclopedia II - Private Eye - Cartoons

While politicians were frequent and easy targets for the magazine, there were other often singled out for various kinds of treatment. Private Eye - Prime Ministers. The magazine began publication when Harold Macmillan, aka Supermac, was Prime Minister. At that point Macmillan was almost beyond parody, having been mistreated by the newspapers for years. His successor, Alec Douglas-Home was equally despised, though the Baillie Vass episode ...

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Private Eye, Private Eye - History, Private Eye - Nature of the magazine, Private Eye - Sections, Private Eye - Defunct sections, Private Eye - Newspaper parodies, Private Eye - Others, Private Eye - Regular mini-sections, Private Eye - Cartoons, Private Eye - Frequent Targets, Private Eye - Prime Ministers, Private Eye - Other Politicians, Private Eye - Prominent Figures, Private Eye - Journalists, Private Eye - Entertainment and Media, Private Eye - Examples of humour, Private Eye - Neasden, Private Eye - Lord Gnome, Private Eye - Crossword, Private Eye - Andrew Neill image, Private Eye - Phil Space, Private Eye - Criticism, Private Eye - Litigation, Private Eye - Ownership, Private Eye - Trivia, Private Eye - Reference

Read more here: » Private Eye: Encyclopedia II - Private Eye - Frequent Targets

Overall, criticism of the Eye should perhaps be viewed in the light of a remark made to the editors by the director and satirist Jonathan Miller: "When are you lot going to develop a point of view?" Miller once described the Eye's editorial conference as like watching naked, anti-Semitic public schoolboys in a changing room, flicking wet towels at defenceless victims. Critics of the magazine in the distant past have suggested that it had an antisemitic tone, perhaps because it refers to the Daily Telegraph newspaper as t ...

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Private Eye, Private Eye - History, Private Eye - Nature of the magazine, Private Eye - Sections, Private Eye - Defunct sections, Private Eye - Newspaper parodies, Private Eye - Others, Private Eye - Regular mini-sections, Private Eye - Cartoons, Private Eye - Frequent Targets, Private Eye - Prime Ministers, Private Eye - Other Politicians, Private Eye - Prominent Figures, Private Eye - Journalists, Private Eye - Entertainment and Media, Private Eye - Examples of humour, Private Eye - Neasden, Private Eye - Lord Gnome, Private Eye - Crossword, Private Eye - Andrew Neill image, Private Eye - Phil Space, Private Eye - Criticism, Private Eye - Litigation, Private Eye - Ownership, Private Eye - Trivia, Private Eye - Reference

Read more here: » Private Eye: Encyclopedia II - Private Eye - Criticism

The magazine has a number of running in jokes, often accessible only to those who have read the magazine for many years: The phrase "Ugandan relations" (or "Ugandan discussions" or "Ugandan affairs"), for example, is a Private Eye euphemism for illicit sex, usually while carrying out a supposedly official duty. According to Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase and Fable (2000) the term is a reference to an incident at a party hosted by the journalist Neal Ascherson and his first wife, at which fellow journalist Mar ...

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Private Eye, Private Eye - History, Private Eye - Nature of the magazine, Private Eye - Sections, Private Eye - Defunct sections, Private Eye - Newspaper parodies, Private Eye - Others, Private Eye - Regular mini-sections, Private Eye - Cartoons, Private Eye - Frequent Targets, Private Eye - Prime Ministers, Private Eye - Other Politicians, Private Eye - Prominent Figures, Private Eye - Journalists, Private Eye - Entertainment and Media, Private Eye - Examples of humour, Private Eye - Neasden, Private Eye - Lord Gnome, Private Eye - Crossword, Private Eye - Andrew Neill image, Private Eye - Phil Space, Private Eye - Criticism, Private Eye - Litigation, Private Eye - Ownership, Private Eye - Trivia, Private Eye - Reference

Read more here: » Private Eye: Encyclopedia II - Private Eye - Examples of humour

New anti-Semitism - Position of the United States. On December 30, 2004, the US Department of State published its annual Report on Global Anti-Semitism1, in accordance with Section 4 of PL 108-332. The report's summary says: "The increasing frequency and severity of anti-Semitic incidents since the start of the 21st century, particularly in Europe, has compelled the international community to focus on anti-Semitism with renewed vigor." "Four main sources" of the phenomenon were identified: < ...

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New anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - The nature of the new anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - State of the controversy, New anti-Semitism - Opponents, New anti-Semitism - Proponents, New anti-Semitism - Examples cited, New anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, New anti-Semitism - Manifestations of the new anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - False allegations, New anti-Semitism - Straw-man anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - Cartoons described as Anti-Semitic, New anti-Semitism - Incidents in the United Kingdom, New anti-Semitism - Incidents in France, New anti-Semitism - Incidents in the United States, New anti-Semitism - Reactions and responses, New anti-Semitism - Position of the United States, New anti-Semitism - Position of the European Union, New anti-Semitism - Position of the United Nations, New anti-Semitism - Jewish reactions, New anti-Semitism - Criticism, New anti-Semitism - Norman Finkelstein, New anti-Semitism - Noam Chomsky, New anti-Semitism - Brian Klug, New anti-Semitism - Michael Neumann, New anti-Semitism - Jewish Voice for Peace, New anti-Semitism - Notes

Read more here: » New anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - New anti-Semitism - Reactions and responses

Many writers have questioned whether there really is any new anti-Semitism. They see the talk of the new anti-Semitism as merely a ploy to delegitimize pro-Palestian viewpoints. New anti-Semitism - Norman Finkelstein. Norman Finkelstein dedicates the first half of his book Beyond Chutzpah to discussing claims of new anti-Semitism, arguing that they simply provide political cover to supporters of Israel. He claims that every couple of decades Jewish leaders claim there is a new wave of anti-Semitism on the basis of what he considers scanty evidence. He advances similar arguments in ...

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New anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - The nature of the new anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - State of the controversy, New anti-Semitism - Opponents, New anti-Semitism - Proponents, New anti-Semitism - Examples cited, New anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, New anti-Semitism - Manifestations of the new anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - False allegations, New anti-Semitism - Straw-man anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - Cartoons described as Anti-Semitic, New anti-Semitism - Incidents in the United Kingdom, New anti-Semitism - Incidents in France, New anti-Semitism - Incidents in the United States, New anti-Semitism - Reactions and responses, New anti-Semitism - Position of the United States, New anti-Semitism - Position of the European Union, New anti-Semitism - Position of the United Nations, New anti-Semitism - Jewish reactions, New anti-Semitism - Criticism, New anti-Semitism - Norman Finkelstein, New anti-Semitism - Noam Chomsky, New anti-Semitism - Brian Klug, New anti-Semitism - Michael Neumann, New anti-Semitism - Jewish Voice for Peace, New anti-Semitism - Notes

Read more here: » New anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - New anti-Semitism - Criticism

Maulana Maududi was home-schooled before attending Madrasah Furqaniyah, a high school that combined Western education with traditional Islamic education. He attended college at Darul Uloom in Hyderabad but withdrew when his father became terminally ill. He knew enough Arabic, Persian, English, and his native tongue Urdu to continue his studies independently. In 1918, at the age of 15, he began working as a journalist for a leading Urdu newspaper to support himself, and in 1920, he was appointed editor of Taj, published in Jabal ...

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Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Ancestry, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Early life, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Political emergence, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Philosophy, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Achievements, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Criticisms, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Works, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Related groups and personalities, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Islam-related topics

Read more here: » Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi: Encyclopedia II - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Early life

New anti-Semitism - Opponents. Opponents of the concept of New anti-Semitism assert that: Antipathy toward Israel's policies, its character as a Jewish state, or even its existence, does not necessarily amount to anti-Semitism. People may have legitimate reasons to criticize or condemn the actions of any state, and Israel is as subject to this as any other. There are Jewish groups and Jewish individuals who hold views critical of Israeli policy; some of these (though far fewe ...

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New anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - The nature of the new anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - State of the controversy, New anti-Semitism - Opponents, New anti-Semitism - Proponents, New anti-Semitism - Examples cited, New anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, New anti-Semitism - Manifestations of the new anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - False allegations, New anti-Semitism - Straw-man anti-Semitism, New anti-Semitism - Cartoons described as Anti-Semitic, New anti-Semitism - Incidents in the United Kingdom, New anti-Semitism - Incidents in France, New anti-Semitism - Incidents in the United States, New anti-Semitism - Reactions and responses, New anti-Semitism - Position of the United States, New anti-Semitism - Position of the European Union, New anti-Semitism - Position of the United Nations, New anti-Semitism - Jewish reactions, New anti-Semitism - Criticism, New anti-Semitism - Norman Finkelstein, New anti-Semitism - Noam Chomsky, New anti-Semitism - Brian Klug, New anti-Semitism - Michael Neumann, New anti-Semitism - Jewish Voice for Peace, New anti-Semitism - Notes

Read more here: » New anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - New anti-Semitism - State of the controversy

Livingstone again stood for Parliament in the 1987 general election, winning a seat in the Northwest London constituency of Brent East. As a mere Labour backbencher, Livingstone lost the public platform he possessed as head of the GLC; furthermore, his brand of radical socialism was increasingly out of step with the Labour leadership, which had moved sharply towards the centre under the chairmanship of Neil Kinnock and now blamed leftists like Livingstone for Labour's 'unelectability.' Nevertheless, he was elected to the party's National Exe ...

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Ken Livingstone, Ken Livingstone - Personal information, Ken Livingstone - Early life, Ken Livingstone - GLC leadership, Ken Livingstone - Livingstone in Parliament, Ken Livingstone - Greater London's First Mayor, Ken Livingstone - Recent events, Ken Livingstone - Reaction to London bombings

Read more here: » Ken Livingstone: Encyclopedia II - Ken Livingstone - Livingstone in Parliament

By 1941, Maulana Maududi founded Jamaat-e-Islami to promote an Islamist agenda in India. Maulana Maududi was elected as the Jamaat’s first Ameer (President) and he was re-elected every year until 1972 when he resigned for health reasons. Maududi strongly opposed the idea of creating Pakistan, a separate Muslim country, by breaking apart India. But after the Partition of India in 1947, Maulana Maududi migrated to Pakistan. He began working to build an Islamic state and society. He relentlessly criticized the secular policies of the n ...

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Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Ancestry, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Early life, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Political emergence, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Philosophy, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Achievements, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Criticisms, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Works, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Related groups and personalities, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Islam-related topics

Read more here: » Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi: Encyclopedia II - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Political emergence