Young's modulus

In solid mechanics, Young's modulus (also known as the modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus) is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. It is defined as the limit for small strains of the rate of change of stress with strain. This can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the material. Young's modulus is named after Thomas Young the English physicist, physician, and Egyptologist. Young's modulus - Units. Including:

• Young's modulus - Units
• Young's modulus - Usage
• Young's modulus - Linear vs non-linear
• Young's modulus - Directional materials
• Young's modulus - Calculation
• Young's modulus - Tension
• Young's modulus - Elastic potential energy
• Young's modulus - Approximate values

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Young's modulus, Young's modulus - Units, Young's modulus - Usage, Young's modulus - Linear vs non-linear, Young's modulus - Directional materials, Young's modulus - Calculation, Young's modulus - Tension, Young's modulus - Elastic potential energy, Young's modulus - Approximate values

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The SI unit of modulus of elasticity is the pascal. Given the large values typical of many common materials, figures are often quoted in megapascals or gigapascals. The modulus of elasticity can also be measured in other units of pressure, for example pounds per square inch (psi). ...

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Young's modulus, Young's modulus - Units, Young's modulus - Usage, Young's modulus - Linear vs non-linear, Young's modulus - Directional materials, Young's modulus - Calculation, Young's modulus - Tension, Young's modulus - Elastic potential energy, Young's modulus - Approximate values

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The bulk modulus K of a fluid or solid is the inverse of the compressibility: where p is pressure and V is volume. The bulk modulus thus measures the response in pressure due to a change in relative volume, essentially measuring the substance's resistance to uniform compression. Other moduli describe the material's response to other kinds of strain: the shear modulus describes the response to shear, and Young's modulus describes the response to linear strain. For a fluid, only the bulk ...

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• Bulk modulus - Examples

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In materials science, hardness is the characteristic of a solid material expressing its resistance to permanent deformation. Hardness can be measured on the Mohs scale or various other scales. There are three principal operational definitions of hardness: Scratch hardness Indentation hardness Rebound, dynamic or absolute hardness Hardness - Scratch hardness. In mineralogy, hardness commonly refers to a material's ability to penetrate softer materials. An o ...

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• Hardness - Scratch hardness
• Hardness - Indentation hardness
• Hardness - Rebound hardness

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Pound-force per square inch (symbol: lbf/in²) is a non-SI unit of pressure. Pound-force per square inch - Definition. 1 lbf/in² = 6 894.757 29 Pa Conversion of units, Other units of pressure Pound-force per square inch - Explanation. The language-dependent abbreviation psi is common in regions where English is spoken. At 1 lbf/in², a force of one pound-force is applied to an area of one square inch. Other abbreviati ...

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• Pound-force per square inch - Definition
• Pound-force per square inch - Explanation
• Pound-force per square inch - Context

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Aramid fiber (1961) is a fire-resistant and strong synthetic fiber. It is used in aerospace and military applications, for "bullet-proof" body armor fabric, and as an asbestos substitute. The term is a shortened form of "aromatic polyamide". A well-known type of aramid fiber (a para-aramid nylon) is commonly known by its DuPont trade name, Kevlar, or Teijin trade name Twaron. It was developed by Stephanie Kwolek. An especially fireproof meta variant is Nomex. Aramid - Aramid fiber characteristics. Including:

• Aramid - Aramid fiber characteristics
• Aramid - Major industrial uses
• Aramid - Production

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Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium with a zinc blende (cubic) crystal structure (space group F43m). In the bulk crystalline form it is a direct bandgap semiconductor. Cadmium telluride - Applications. CdTe is a useful material for solar cells (photovoltaics). It is cheaper than silicon, especially in thin-film solar cell technology, but not as efficient. CdTe can be alloyed with mercury to make a versatile infrared detector material (HgCdTe). CdTe alloyed wi ...

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• Cadmium telluride - Applications
• Cadmium telluride - Physical properties
• Cadmium telluride - Thermal Properties
• Cadmium telluride - Optical Properties
• Cadmium telluride - Chemical properties
• Cadmium telluride - Toxicity

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Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms. Aristoteles might be considered the first biomechanicist. He wrote the first book called "De Motu Animalium" - On the Movement of Animals. He not only saw animals' bodies as mechanical systems, but pursued such questions as the physiological difference between imagining performing an action and actually doing it. (Read more about the history of Biomechanics in A Genealogy of Biomechanics.) The research and analysis can be carried forth on multiple levels, ...

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• Biomechanics - Applications
• Biomechanics - Continuum Mechanics
• Biomechanics - Biomechanics of Circulation
• Biomechanics - Biomechanics of the bones
• Biomechanics - Biomechanics of the Muscle
• Biomechanics - Biomechanics of Soft Tissues
• Biomechanics - Viscoelasticity
• Biomechanics - Nonlinear Theories

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A cantilever is a beam carrying loads to a strong mounting point with one end of the beam anchored, and having the other end suspended in the air. The beam forms a lever, which carries the load by being held in position by the mount, turning the loads into torque on the mount. Cantilever construction allows for long structures without external bracing. This is in contrast to a post and lintel system where the beam is anchored on both ends with the load pushing in the middle. Cantilever - In bridges towers and buil ...

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• Cantilever - In bridges towers and buildings
• Cantilever - In aircraft
• Cantilever - In Hi-Fi
• Cantilever - In MEMS

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Austenite (γ-iron; hard) Bainite Martensite Cementite (iron carbide; Fe3C) Ferrite (α-iron; soft) Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite) Carbon steel (up to 2.1% carbon) Stainless steel (alloy with chromium) Tool steel (very hard; heat-treated) Cast iron (>2.1% carbon) Wrought iron (almost no carbon) Carbon steel is a metal, a combination of two elements, iron & carbon, where other elements are present in quantiti ...

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• Carbon steel - Metallurgy
• Carbon steel - Heat treatment

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Wood derives from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. Wood from the latter is only produced in small sizes, reducing the diversity of uses. Wood is a hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. Dry wood is composed of fibers of cellulose (40%–50%) and hemicellulose (20%–30%) held together by lignin (25%–30%). Wood is the xylem tissue of the plant. Wood - Uses. Wood has been used by man for millennia for many purposes, being many things to many people. One of its primary uses is as fuel. I ...

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• Wood - Uses
• Wood - Formation
• Wood - Knots
• Wood - Heartwood and sapwood
• Wood - Different woods
• Wood - Color
• Wood - Structure
• Wood - Water content

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The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the strength of materials. All of them arise in the generalized Hooke's law. Young's modulus describes the material's response to linear strain (like pulling on the ends of a wire), the bulk modulus describes the material's response to uniform pressure, and the shear modulus describes the material's response to shearing strains. Anisotropic materials such as wood and paper are poorly described by these three moduli. In solids, there are two kinds of sound waves, pressure waves and shear waves. The speed of sound for sh ...

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Shear modulus, Shear modulus - Explanation

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Young belonged to a Quaker family of Milverton, Somerset, where he was born in 1773, the youngest of ten children. At the age of fourteen he was acquainted with Greek, Latin, French, Italian, Hebrew, Chaldean, Syriac, Samaritan, Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Amharic. Beginning to study medicine in London in 1792, he moved to Edinburgh in 1794, and a year later went to Göttingen, where he obtained the degree of doctor of physics in 1796. In 1797 he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In the same year the death of his grand-uncle, Richard Brocklesby, made him financially independent, and in 1799 he establish ...

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Thomas Young scientist, Thomas Young scientist - Biography, Thomas Young scientist - Researches, Thomas Young scientist - Double-slit experiment, Thomas Young scientist - Young's modulus, Thomas Young scientist - Vision, Thomas Young scientist - Hieroglyphics

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Primarily used in engineering and metallurgy, indentation hardness seeks to characterise a material's resistance to permanent, and in particular plastic, deformation. It is usually measured by loading an indenter of specified geometry onto the material and measuring the dimensions of the resulting indentation. There are several alternative definitions of indentation hardness, the most common of which are: Brinell hardness test (HB) Janka hardness, used for wood Knoop hardness test (HK) or microhardness t ...

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Hardness, Hardness - Scratch hardness, Hardness - Indentation hardness, Hardness - Rebound hardness

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In mineralogy, hardness commonly refers to a material's ability to penetrate softer materials. An object made of a hard material will scratch an object made of a softer material. Scratch hardness is usually measured on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Pure diamond is the hardest known natural mineral substance and will scratch any other material. Diamond is therefore used to cut other diamonds; in particular, higher-grade diamonds are used to cut lower-grade diamonds. The hardest substance known today is aggregated diamond ...

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Hardness, Hardness - Scratch hardness, Hardness - Indentation hardness, Hardness - Rebound hardness

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The most commonly encountered form of Hooke's law is probably the spring equation, which relates the force exerted by a spring to the distance it is stretched by a spring constant, k, measured in force per length. F = − kx The negative sign indicates that the force exerted by the spring is in direct opposition to the direction of displacement. It is called a "restoring force", as it tends to restore the system to equilibrium. The potential energy stor ...

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Hooke's law, Hooke's law - Spring equation, Hooke's law - Generalized Hooke's law, Hooke's law - Zero-length springs, Hooke's law - Links

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The most commonly encountered form of Hooke's law is probably the spring equation, which relates the force exerted by a spring to the distance it is stretched by a spring constant, k, measured in force per length. F = − kx The negative sign indicates that the force exerted by the spring is in direct opposition to the direction of displacement. It is called a "restoring force", as it tends to restore the system to equilibrium. The potential energy stor ...

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Hooke's law, Hooke's law - Spring equation, Hooke's law - Generalized Hooke's law, Hooke's law - Zero-length springs

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When working a with three-dimensional stress state, a 4th order tensor (cijkl) containing 81 elastic coefficients must be defined to link the stress tensor (σij) and the strain tensor (or Green tensor) (εkl). Due to the symmetry of the stress and strain tensor, only 36 elastic coefficients are independent. As stress is measured in units of pressure and strain is dimensionless, the entries of cijkl are also in units of pressure. Generalization for the case of large deformations is provided by ...

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Hooke's law, Hooke's law - Spring equation, Hooke's law - Generalized Hooke's law, Hooke's law - Zero-length springs

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Hooke's law does not apply in some special physical conditions. In 1932 Lucien LaCoste invented the zero-length spring. A zero-length spring has a physical length equal to its stretched length. Its force is proportional to its entire length, not just the stretched length, and its force is therefore constant over the range of flexures in which the spring is elastic (that is, it does not follow Hooke's Law). Theoretically, with the correct mass, a pendulum using such a spring as a return can have an infinite natural period. Long-period ...

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Hooke's law, Hooke's law - Spring equation, Hooke's law - Generalized Hooke's law, Hooke's law - Zero-length springs

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