The story of Pugachev's strong resemblance to the murdered tsar Peter III, whom his wife, the future empress Catherine II, had overthrown in 1762, comes from a later legend. Pugachev was a Don Cossack and deserter of Catherine's Imperial army. Pugachev told the story that he and his principal adherents had escaped from the clutches of Catherine, and had now resolved to redress the grievances of the people, give absolute liberty t ...

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Yemelyan Pugachev, Yemelyan Pugachev - Background, Yemelyan Pugachev - Insurrection 1773–1774, Yemelyan Pugachev - Defeat, Yemelyan Pugachev - Bibliography

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Catherine the Great (April 21, 1729—November 6, 1796 (O.S.)), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst, reigned as Empress of Russia from June 28, 1762 to her death. A cousin to Gustav III of Sweden and Charles XIII of Sweden, Catherine is referred to as an "enlightened monarch" (also referred to as an "enlightened despot"), though some argue that this title is exaggerated. A German Princess, Sophie Augusta Fredericka (nicknamed Figchen) was born in Stettin to Christian Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, ...

Including:

• Catherine II of Russia - Internal policies
• Catherine II of Russia - Foreign affairs
• Catherine II of Russia - Arts and culture
• Catherine II of Russia - Personal life
• Catherine II of Russia - Trivia
• Catherine II of Russia - List of great Catharinians

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Volgograd ▶ (help·info) (Russian: Волгогра́д) (population: 1,012,000), formerly called Tsaritsyn ▶ (help·info) (Цари́цын, Caricyn) (1598–1925) and Stalingrad ▶ (help·info) (Including:

• Volgograd - History
• Volgograd - Economy
• Volgograd - Sister/friendship cities

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The Ural Cossack Host was a cossack host formed from the Ural Cossacks -- those cossacks settled by the Ural River. Their alternative name, Yaik Cossacks, comes from the old name of the river. Yaik Cossacks were the driving force in the rebellion led by Yemelyan Pugachev in 1773-1774. Other related archivesUral River, Yemelyan Pugachev, cossack host

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Drawing on writings by Denis Diderot, Catherine drew up a document to reform the code of laws. A legislative commission representing all classes except the serfs was created to make this document law, but she disbanded the commission before it took effect, possibly having turned more conservative after the Pugachev uprising of 1773 - 1774. Catherine reorganized Russian provincial administration, granting the government greater control over rural areas because of the peasant revolt. This process reached completion in 1775. The reform c ...

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Catherine II of Russia, Catherine II of Russia - Internal policies, Catherine II of Russia - Foreign affairs, Catherine II of Russia - Arts and culture, Catherine II of Russia - Personal life, Catherine II of Russia - Trivia, Catherine II of Russia - List of great Catharinians

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Volgograd originated with the foundation in 1589 of the fortress of Tsaritsyn at the confluence of the Tsaritsa and Volga rivers. The fortress, which took its name from the local Tatar language, was established to defend the unstable southern border of tsarist Russia and became the nucleus of a trading settlement. It was captured twice by Cossack rebels, under Stenka Razin in the rebellion of 1670 and Yemelyan Pugachev in 1774. Tsaritsyn became an important river port and c ...

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Volgograd, Volgograd - History, Volgograd - Economy, Volgograd - Sister/friendship cities

Read more here: » Volgograd: Encyclopedia II - Volgograd - History

Penza was founded in 1663 as a frontier outpost on the then southeastern border of Russia. During the 18th century Penza became an important trade center. In 1774 Penza was taken by insurgent army Yemelyan Pugachev, citizens of the town themselves opened the gates of Penza to rebellious Cossack. The city of Penza bears the name of the river that it was originally built upon. As it was originally a frontier city, many of the early houses were wooden and emerged without any central plan. The first stone houses were built after 1801 and by 1809 ...

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Penza, Penza - History, Penza - Modern city

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The legal code of Ivan III of Russia, Sudebnik (1497), strengthened the dependency of peasants, statewise, and restricted their mobility. The Russians persistently battled against the successor states of the Golden Horde, chiefly the Khanate of Crimea. Tens of thousand of noblemen protected the southern borderland--a heavy burden for the state--which slowed its social and economic development and expanded the taxation of peasantry. After the passage of laws which further restricted the peasant's right to free movement, the vast majori ...

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Russian serfdom, Russian serfdom - History, Russian serfdom - Origins

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All of the members of an influential circle called the Zealots of Piety (Кружок ревнителей благочестия) stood for the elimination of local discrepancies in ecclesiastic and ritualistic practices, removal of alternative versions and correction of divine service books, and other measures towards unification of the Muscovite theological system. However, there was no unanimity among its members with regards to the ways, methods, and final goals of the proposed reform. Archpriests Avvakum, Ivan Neronov, and others thoug ...

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Raskol, Raskol - The beginning, Raskol - The hostilities

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It is disputed when Kazan was founded by the Volga Bulgars, as written records for that period are sparse. Estimates range from the early 11th century to the late 13th century (see Iske Qazan). It was a block-post on the border between Volga Bulgaria and Finnish tribes (Mari, Udmurt). Another question was where the citadel was built originally. The archeologic explorations gave rests of the urban settlement in 3 parts of the modern city: in the Kremlin, in Bişbalta in the place of modern Zilantaw monastery and near the Qaban lake. The oldest was the Kremlin which cou ...

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Kazan, Kazan - Name, Kazan - History, Kazan - Historical population, Kazan - Historical naming, Kazan - Central Kazan, Kazan - Kremlin, Kazan - Bistä or Posad, Kazan - Wooden Kazan, Kazan - The University, Kazan - Administrative system, Kazan - Economy, Kazan - Languages, Kazan - City ethnic communities, Kazan - Tatars and Russians, Kazan - Other communities, Kazan - Transport

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The origins of serfdom in Russia (крепостничество, or krepostnichestvo) may be traced to the 11th century, however, the most complete form of feudal exploitation enveloped only certain categories of rural population. In the 12th century, the exploitation of the so-called zakups on arable lands (ролейные (пашенные) закупы, or roleyniye (pashenniye) zakupy) and corvee smerds (Russian term for corvee is барщина, or barschina) was the closest to what is now known as serfdom. Accord ...

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Russian serfdom, Russian serfdom - History, Russian serfdom - Origins

Read more here: » Russian serfdom: Encyclopedia II - Russian serfdom - Origins

Kazan is served by the Kazan airport approximately 15 kilometers from the city centre. Kazan is connected with Moscow, Ulyanovsk, Yoshkar-Ola and Yekaterinburg by railways and highways. There are highway connections to Samara, Orenburg, Ufa, Cheboksary, Naberezhnye Chelny (Yar Çallı), Almetyevsk (Älmät), Bugulma (Bögelmä), and Chistopol (Çístay). There are municipal tramways, trolleybuses and buses, and also a lot of private mini-buses, called marshrutka. There are four bridges connecting banks of Kazanka (Qazansu), and one bridge connecting Kazan with another bank of Volga.< ...

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Kazan, Kazan - Name, Kazan - History, Kazan - Historical population, Kazan - Historical naming, Kazan - Central Kazan, Kazan - Kremlin, Kazan - Bistä or Posad, Kazan - Wooden Kazan, Kazan - The University, Kazan - Administrative system, Kazan - Economy, Kazan - Languages, Kazan - City ethnic communities, Kazan - Tatars and Russians, Kazan - Other communities, Kazan - Transport

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Kazan - Tatars and Russians. The city's population is mainly composed of Tatars (41–43%) and Russians (50–51%, includes number of Tatar-Russians speaking Russian only). Nearly a third of all marriages in city are between Tatars and Russians. Most official posts are occupied by Tatars, but others by Russians and some minorities which lived in the city before 1990s. Kazan - Other communities. Native Tatastanlı na ...

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Kazan, Kazan - Name, Kazan - History, Kazan - Historical population, Kazan - Historical naming, Kazan - Central Kazan, Kazan - Kremlin, Kazan - Bistä or Posad, Kazan - Wooden Kazan, Kazan - The University, Kazan - Administrative system, Kazan - Economy, Kazan - Languages, Kazan - City ethnic communities, Kazan - Tatars and Russians, Kazan - Other communities, Kazan - Transport

Read more here: » Kazan: Encyclopedia II - Kazan - City ethnic communities

The origin of the name is unclear. The literal translation of Tatar qazan is a boiler or cauldron. Alternately, it may have been derived from qazğan, Tatar for dug [ditch]. "Qazan" is originally a name for a special cooking pan, a variant of a wok, but more solid and heavier. It is believed among Tatars that the city of Kazan is named after this object because of its geographical similarity with a "qazan"-pan; namely the city is si ...

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Kazan, Kazan - Name, Kazan - History, Kazan - Historical population, Kazan - Historical naming, Kazan - Central Kazan, Kazan - Kremlin, Kazan - Bistä or Posad, Kazan - Wooden Kazan, Kazan - The University, Kazan - Administrative system, Kazan - Economy, Kazan - Languages, Kazan - City ethnic communities, Kazan - Tatars and Russians, Kazan - Other communities, Kazan - Transport

Read more here: » Kazan: Encyclopedia II - Kazan - Name

Catherine, throughout her long reign, took many lovers, often elevating them to high positions for as long as they held her interest, and then pensioning them off with large estates and gifts of serfs. After her affair with Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin, he selected a candidate that had both the physical beauty as well as the mental faculties to hold Catherine's interest. Many of these men loved her back, as she was considered quite beautiful by the standards of the day, and was ever generous with her lovers, even after the affair was ended. The last of her lovers, Prince Zubov, being 40 years her juni ...

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Catherine II of Russia, Catherine II of Russia - Internal policies, Catherine II of Russia - Foreign affairs, Catherine II of Russia - Arts and culture, Catherine II of Russia - Personal life, Catherine II of Russia - Trivia, Catherine II of Russia - List of great Catharinians

Read more here: » Catherine II of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Catherine II of Russia - Personal life

Catherine subscribed to the Enlightenment and considered herself a "philosopher on the throne." She was well aware of her image abroad, and ever desired to be perceived by Europe as a civilized and enlightened monarch, despite the fact that in Russia she often played the part of the tyrant. Even as she proclaimed her love for the ideals of liberty and freedom, she did more to tie the Russian Serf to his land and his lord than any sovereign since Ivan IV, "The Terrible." Subtle as she was forceful, she enlisted to her cause one of the great m ...

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Catherine II of Russia, Catherine II of Russia - Internal policies, Catherine II of Russia - Foreign affairs, Catherine II of Russia - Arts and culture, Catherine II of Russia - Personal life, Catherine II of Russia - Trivia, Catherine II of Russia - List of great Catharinians

Read more here: » Catherine II of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Catherine II of Russia - Arts and culture

Catherine's foreign minister, Nikita Panin, exercised considerable influence from the beginning of her reign. Though a shrewd statesman, Panin dedicated much effort and millions of rubles to the creation of a "Northern Accord" between Russia, Prussia, Poland, Sweden, and perhaps Great Britain, to counter the power of the Bourbon-Habsburg League. When it became apparent that his plan could not succeed, Panin fell out of favor and in 1781 was dismissed. In 1764 Catherine placed Stanislaw Poniatowski, a former lover, on the Polish throne ...

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Catherine II of Russia, Catherine II of Russia - Internal policies, Catherine II of Russia - Foreign affairs, Catherine II of Russia - Arts and culture, Catherine II of Russia - Personal life, Catherine II of Russia - Trivia, Catherine II of Russia - List of great Catharinians

Read more here: » Catherine II of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Catherine II of Russia - Foreign affairs

Russian and Tatar languages are widely spoken in the city. Russian is understood by practically all the population, apart from some older Tatars. Tatar is widely spoken only by Tatars. Native Tatars are also bilingual in Kazan. The offensive term Mankurt (Mañqort) is used for Tatars who do not speak the native language. Not much English is spoken in the city, but young people tend to understand it. ...

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Kazan, Kazan - Name, Kazan - History, Kazan - Historical population, Kazan - Historical naming, Kazan - Central Kazan, Kazan - Kremlin, Kazan - Bistä or Posad, Kazan - Wooden Kazan, Kazan - The University, Kazan - Administrative system, Kazan - Economy, Kazan - Languages, Kazan - City ethnic communities, Kazan - Tatars and Russians, Kazan - Other communities, Kazan - Transport

Read more here: » Kazan: Encyclopedia II - Kazan - Languages

Probably, that "Qazan" as informal name also was used during 1278-1430. See also: Iske Qazan Tatar (now, 1928–1939): Qazan; (1939–2000): Казан; (1918–1928): قازان ; (1922–1918), Arab: قزان ; Russian: Каза́нь [Kazań]; Arab (hist.): Bulgar al-Jadid (in Tatar transliteration:Bolğar âl-Cädid) - New Bolğar; German: Kasan, Latin: Casan, French: Kazan ...

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Kazan, Kazan - Name, Kazan - History, Kazan - Historical population, Kazan - Historical naming, Kazan - Central Kazan, Kazan - Kremlin, Kazan - Bistä or Posad, Kazan - Wooden Kazan, Kazan - The University, Kazan - Administrative system, Kazan - Economy, Kazan - Languages, Kazan - City ethnic communities, Kazan - Tatars and Russians, Kazan - Other communities, Kazan - Transport

Read more here: » Kazan: Encyclopedia II - Kazan - Historical naming

The capital of the Republic of Tatarstan is Kazan - a large railway, highway and airway knot, the largest port on the Volga River. Kazan is the main economic centre of Tatarstan. 35% of population, employed in economic branches, concentrate in Kazan. 151 large and medium-size companies are situated in the city, including 98 JSC. Main branches of municipal industry are as follows: automotive, chemical and petroche ...

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Kazan, Kazan - Name, Kazan - History, Kazan - Historical population, Kazan - Historical naming, Kazan - Central Kazan, Kazan - Kremlin, Kazan - Bistä or Posad, Kazan - Wooden Kazan, Kazan - The University, Kazan - Administrative system, Kazan - Economy, Kazan - Languages, Kazan - City ethnic communities, Kazan - Tatars and Russians, Kazan - Other communities, Kazan - Transport

Read more here: » Kazan: Encyclopedia II - Kazan - Economy