Yaroslavl

Prince Boris I is sometimes referred as tsar, because at his time Bulgaria was Christianized. However, the title "tsar" was adopted fully and used as the ruler's royal style in Bulgaria by his son Simeon I, following a decisive victory over the Byzantine Empire in 913. It was also used by all of Simeon I's successors (927-1018;1185-1396) until the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman rule in 1396. After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs adopted the title tsar again a ...

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Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles in the Russian Royal/Imperial family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Metaphorical uses, Tsar - Sources and References

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The word tsar is derived from the Latin title Caesar by way of the Old Slavonic tsesar (цесарь). The word is cognate with German Kaiser, Gothic káisar, Dutch keizer, Danish kejser, Swedish kejsare, and Norwegian keiser. The contraction of цесарь into царь occurred by the way of shorthand writing of titles in old Slavonic church manuscripts, see Titlo article. One may see the examples of this, e.g., in th ...

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Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles in the Russian Royal/Imperial family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Metaphorical uses, Tsar - Sources and References

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The government's inability to maintain constant supplies and an active economy over a prolonged period of warfare led to mounting national hardship. The army's initial failure to maintain the temporary military successes up to June 1916 led to renewed strikes and riots in the following winter. With Nicholas away at the Front in 1915, authority appeared to collapse (Tsarina Alexandra ran government from Moscow from 1915 - initially with Rasputin, who was later assasinated), and Saint Petersburg was left in the hands of strikers and mutineerin ...

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Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia - Family background and early life, Nicholas II of Russia - Family, Nicholas II of Russia - Relationship with the Duma, Nicholas II of Russia - Tsarevich Alexei's illness, Nicholas II of Russia - The Great War, Nicholas II of Russia - Revolution and abdication, Nicholas II of Russia - Death, Nicholas II of Russia - Sainthood, Nicholas II of Russia - Footnotes

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Internal consolidation accompanied outward expansion of the state. By the 15th century, the rulers of Muscovy considered the entire Russian territory their collective property. Various semi-independent princes of Rurikid stock still claimed specific territories, but Ivan III forced the lesser princes to acknowledge the grand prince of Muscovy and his descendants as unquestioned rulers with control over military, judicial, and foreign affairs. Gradually, the Muscovite ruler emerged as a powerful, autocratic ruler, a tsar. By assuming t ...

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Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia

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Sunday. 1889 Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich at the session of the Boyar Duma. 1893 A XVII-century Moscow Street on a Holiday. 1895 Going on a Visit. 1896 Merchant Family in the XVII century. 1896 Exit of falcon hunting party of tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Strelets Patrol at the Ilyinsky Gates in Old Moscow. 1897 Russian Women of the XVII century in Church. 1899 Waiting for the Tzar 1901 Wedding Train in the XVII century Moscow. 1901 A Young Man Breaking into the Girls' Dance, and the Old Women are in Panic. 1902 Moscow Girl of the XVII century. 1903 Novg ...

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Andrei Ryabushkin, Andrei Ryabushkin - Biography, Andrei Ryabushkin - Works, Andrei Ryabushkin - Sources

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The republic has a fascinating cultural heritage, a result of the ethnic Chuvash presence in the region. While Russian is the predominant business language, the Chuvash language is still spoken by many, especially in the country. The Chuvash language belongs to the Bolgar subgroup of the Turkic language group. In ancient times a runic system of writing was used. Chuvashi now uses a modified Cyri ...

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Chuvashia, Chuvashia - Geography, Chuvashia - Time zone, Chuvashia - Natural resources, Chuvashia - Climate, Chuvashia - Administrative divisions, Chuvashia - Demographics, Chuvashia - History, Chuvashia - Politics, Chuvashia - Economy, Chuvashia - Transportation, Chuvashia - Culture, Chuvashia - Education

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The Chuvash ancestors were tribes of ancient Bulgars and Suars that resided in the Northern Caucasus in the 5th to the 8th centuries. In the 7th and 8th centuries one part of the Bulgars left for the Balkans, where they dissolved among the Slavs. Another part moved to the middle Volga region (see Volga Bulgaria), where they later formed the ethnic foundation for the Chuvash people. The Chuvash nationality was formed from the part of the Bulgar population that did not adopt Islam in the 10th century. During the Mongol invasion to Volga Bulgar ...

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Chuvashia, Chuvashia - Geography, Chuvashia - Time zone, Chuvashia - Natural resources, Chuvashia - Climate, Chuvashia - Administrative divisions, Chuvashia - Demographics, Chuvashia - History, Chuvashia - Politics, Chuvashia - Economy, Chuvashia - Transportation, Chuvashia - Culture, Chuvashia - Education

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Chuvashia is located in the center of the European part of Russia, in the heart of the Volga-Vyatka region, midway between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. The republic is not large, but is one of the most densely populated regions in the Russian Federation, with a total population of 1.35 million people. It is bordered to the north and west by the Volga River, with the Mari El Republic to the north and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to the west. To the south it borders Mordovia and Ulyanovsk Oblast, to the east Tatarstan. The capital city of ...

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Chuvashia, Chuvashia - Geography, Chuvashia - Time zone, Chuvashia - Natural resources, Chuvashia - Climate, Chuvashia - Administrative divisions, Chuvashia - Demographics, Chuvashia - History, Chuvashia - Politics, Chuvashia - Economy, Chuvashia - Transportation, Chuvashia - Culture, Chuvashia - Education

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In 2002, Chuvashia had a total population of 1,346,300. 794,800 or 60.9 percent of the population were living in urban areas. 510,200 or 39.1 percent of the population were living in rural areas. The largest city is the capital, Cheboksary, followed by nearby Novocheboksarsk. Within Chuvashia, the Chuvash and Russian nationalities make up about 67 and 27 percent of the population, respectively, giving ...

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Chuvashia, Chuvashia - Geography, Chuvashia - Time zone, Chuvashia - Natural resources, Chuvashia - Climate, Chuvashia - Administrative divisions, Chuvashia - Demographics, Chuvashia - History, Chuvashia - Politics, Chuvashia - Economy, Chuvashia - Transportation, Chuvashia - Culture, Chuvashia - Education

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"Tsar" is a corrupted Slavonic transliteration from the Roman "Caesar", which has a complex history, ending in utter devaluation as the Byzantine empire, which forged ever loftier princely styles for the imperial houses in its long history, commonly handed out 'honorary princeships' to 'allies' (and enemies it needed to placate) of ranks no longer high enough to be reserved for the porphyrogenetes, such as Caesar. Throughout history, the terms Emperor ("Imperator") and Tsar were used informally as if interchangeable for the Russian so ...

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Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles in the Russian Royal/Imperial family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Metaphorical uses, Tsar - Sources and References

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During Vasily III's fatal illness, Dmitry Belsky remained at his deathbed until the final hour. He was present when Vasily signed a testament proclaiming Mikhail Glinsky and himself tutors to young Ivan IV. In the events that followed he played a less conspicuous role than his younger brothers, however. In 1534, Ivan III's son Yury of Dmitrov, with whom the Belskys were on friendly terms, was executed on charges of treason, while Ivan Belsky was thrown into prison. Anticipating further repressions, the youngest of brothers, Prince ...

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Belsky, Belsky - First princes, Belsky - Kazan campaigns, Belsky - Heyday and regency, Belsky - The last Belskys

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List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Dundee. Dundee - Orleans, France (1946); Würzburg, Germany (1962); Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Nablus, Palestine; Zadar, Croatia; Alexandria, Virginia, USA (1974) List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Edinburgh. Edinburgh - Vancouver, Canada; Aalborg, Denmark (1964); Dunedin, New Zealand; Florence, Italy (1964); Munich, Germany; Nice, France List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Fife. Kirkca ...

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List of twin towns in the United Kingdom, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - England, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Bedfordshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Berkshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Bristol, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Buckinghamshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Cambridgeshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Cheshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Cornwall, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Cumbria, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Derbyshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Devon, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Dorset, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - East Riding of Yorkshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - East Sussex, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Essex, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Gloucestershire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Greater Manchester, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Hampshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Herefordshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Hertfordshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Isle of Wight, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Kent, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Lancashire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Leicestershire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Lincolnshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - London, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Merseyside, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Norfolk, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Northamptonshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Northumberland, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - North Yorkshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Nottinghamshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Oxfordshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Rutland, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Shropshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Somerset, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - South Yorkshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Suffolk, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Surrey, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Tyne and Wear, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Warwickshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - West Midlands, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - West Sussex, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - West Yorkshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Wiltshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Worcestershire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Northern Ireland, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Tyrone, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Scotland, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Dundee, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Edinburgh, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Fife, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Glasgow, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Highlands, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Lanarkshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Stirlingshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Wales, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Glamorgan, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Merionethshire, List of twin towns in the United Kingdom - Monmouthshire

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Russia has a rich cultural heritage that is embodied in the cities of Moscow with its Tretyakov Gallery, Bolshoi Theatre or the Kremlin's collections, and Saint Petersburg on the river Neva, close to the Baltic Sea, with its famous "white nights", the art collections of the Hermitage Museum and the Russian Museum. In the countryside there are many little towns with old cloisters and castles. There are cities with their own rich traditions like Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg) on the Baltic Sea coast or Novgorod on L ...

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Russian culture, Russian culture - History of Russian culture, Russian culture - Art, Russian culture - Icon painting, Russian culture - Russian avant-garde, Russian culture - Soviet Art, Russian culture - Architecture, Russian culture - Cinema, Russian culture - Dance, Russian culture - Music of Russia, Russian culture - Opera, Russian culture - Matryoshka doll and other handicraft, Russian culture - Other art related subjects of interest, Russian culture - Language, Russian culture - Literature, Russian culture - Formalism, Russian culture - Poetry, Russian culture - Cuisine, Russian culture - Martial Arts, Russian culture - Media, Russian culture - Religion, Russian culture - Tourism, Russian culture - Humor, Russian culture - Anecdote, Russian culture - Chastushka, Russian culture - Reference, Russian culture - External link

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Russia gains much of its wit from the great flexibility and richness of the Russian language, allowing for plays on words and unexpected associations. Like with any other nation, its vast scope ranges from lewd jokes and silly wordplay to political satire. Russian culture - Anecdote. Main article: Russian jokes Russian jokes, the most popular form of Russian humour, are short fictional stories or dialogues with a punch line. Russian joke culture features a series of categories wi ...

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Russian culture, Russian culture - History of Russian culture, Russian culture - Art, Russian culture - Icon painting, Russian culture - Russian avant-garde, Russian culture - Soviet Art, Russian culture - Architecture, Russian culture - Cinema, Russian culture - Dance, Russian culture - Music of Russia, Russian culture - Opera, Russian culture - Matryoshka doll and other handicraft, Russian culture - Other art related subjects of interest, Russian culture - Language, Russian culture - Literature, Russian culture - Formalism, Russian culture - Poetry, Russian culture - Cuisine, Russian culture - Martial Arts, Russian culture - Media, Russian culture - Religion, Russian culture - Tourism, Russian culture - Humor, Russian culture - Anecdote, Russian culture - Chastushka, Russian culture - Reference, Russian culture - External link

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The plot of this classic work is based on a failed raid of Kniaz Igor Svyatoslavich of Novhorod-Siverskyy (of the Chernihiv principality of ancient Rus') against the Polovtsians or Cumans living in the southern part of the Don region in 1185. Other East Slavic historical figures are mentioned, including Vseslav of Polotsk, Yaroslav Osmomysl of Halych, and Vsevolod the Big Nest of Suzdal. The author appeals to the warring Russian princes, pleading for unity ...

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The Tale of Igor's Campaign, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - The plot, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Discovery and publication, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Reaction of 19th century scholars, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Authenticity, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Early reactions, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Modern developments, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Recent views

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The only manuscript of the Tale, dated to 1400s, was discovered in 1795, in the library of a Yaroslavl monastery, where the first library and school in Russia had been established back in the 12th century. The monks sold it to a local landowner, Aleksei Musin-Pushkin, as a part of a collection of ten texts. He realised the value of the book, and made a transcription for the empress Catherine the Great in 1795 or 96, and published it in 1800 with the help of leading Russian paleographers of the time, A. F. Malinovsky and N. N. Bantysh-Kamensk ...

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The Tale of Igor's Campaign, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - The plot, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Discovery and publication, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Reaction of 19th century scholars, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Authenticity, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Early reactions, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Modern developments, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Recent views

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Ethnic Russians have predominantly followed the Russian Orthodox church. However, during the Soviet era, Atheism was favored by the government which led to a significant decline in the church. Other minority ethnic groups of Russia often hold to Islam or Animism. Judaism also has a large presence along with Catholicism, Protestantism and Buddhism. Related Articles: Church of the Last Testament History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union Islam in Russia Law on Freedom of Conscience ...

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Russian culture, Russian culture - History of Russian culture, Russian culture - Art, Russian culture - Icon painting, Russian culture - Russian avant-garde, Russian culture - Soviet Art, Russian culture - Architecture, Russian culture - Cinema, Russian culture - Dance, Russian culture - Music of Russia, Russian culture - Opera, Russian culture - Matryoshka doll and other handicraft, Russian culture - Other art related subjects of interest, Russian culture - Language, Russian culture - Literature, Russian culture - Formalism, Russian culture - Poetry, Russian culture - Cuisine, Russian culture - Martial Arts, Russian culture - Media, Russian culture - Religion, Russian culture - Tourism, Russian culture - Humor, Russian culture - Anecdote, Russian culture - Chastushka, Russian culture - Reference, Russian culture - External link

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Russian media began largely under the Soviet Union. However during this period all media was controlled by the government and many of the freedoms Western newspapers are used to were denied. At this time Russia's most famous newspaper was Pravda. It was an official publication of the Communist Party between 1918 and 1991. The paper is still in operation in Russia, but it is most famous in Western countries for its pronouncements during the period of the Cold War. A number of other, less famous, news ...

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Russian culture, Russian culture - History of Russian culture, Russian culture - Art, Russian culture - Icon painting, Russian culture - Russian avant-garde, Russian culture - Soviet Art, Russian culture - Architecture, Russian culture - Cinema, Russian culture - Dance, Russian culture - Music of Russia, Russian culture - Opera, Russian culture - Matryoshka doll and other handicraft, Russian culture - Other art related subjects of interest, Russian culture - Language, Russian culture - Literature, Russian culture - Formalism, Russian culture - Poetry, Russian culture - Cuisine, Russian culture - Martial Arts, Russian culture - Media, Russian culture - Religion, Russian culture - Tourism, Russian culture - Humor, Russian culture - Anecdote, Russian culture - Chastushka, Russian culture - Reference, Russian culture - External link

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In 1712, Peter I of Russia moved the capital from Moscow to St Petersburg, which he planned to design in the Dutch style usually called Petrine baroque. Its major monuments include the Peter and Paul Cathedral, Menshikov Palace, and the Menshikov Tower. During the reign of Empress Anna and Elizaveta Petrovna, the Russian architecture was dominated by a luxurious Baroque style of Bartolomeo Rastrelli whose signature buildings include the Winter Palace, the Catherine Palace, and the Smolny Cathedral. Other distinctive monuments of the Elizabethan Baroque ...

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Russian architecture, Russian architecture - Medieval Rus' 988–1230, Russian architecture - Early Muscovite period 1230–1530, Russian architecture - Middle Muscovite period 1530–1630, Russian architecture - Late Muscovite period 1612–1712, Russian architecture - Imperial Russia 1712–1917, Russian architecture - Modern Russia since 1917

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Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia or its émigrés, and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Russia or the Soviet Union. With the break up of the USSR, different countries and cultures may lay claim to various ex-Soviet writers who wrote in Russian on the basis of birth or of ethnic or cultural associations.

Russian culture, Russian culture - History of Russian culture, Russian culture - Art, Russian culture - Icon painting, Russian culture - Russian avant-garde, Russian culture - Soviet Art, Russian culture - Architecture, Russian culture - Cinema, Russian culture - Dance, Russian culture - Music of Russia, Russian culture - Opera, Russian culture - Matryoshka doll and other handicraft, Russian culture - Other art related subjects of interest, Russian culture - Language, Russian culture - Literature, Russian culture - Formalism, Russian culture - Poetry, Russian culture - Cuisine, Russian culture - Martial Arts, Russian culture - Media, Russian culture - Religion, Russian culture - Tourism, Russian culture - Humor, Russian culture - Anecdote, Russian culture - Chastushka, Russian culture - Reference, Russian culture - External link

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Main article: Russian cuisine Russia has a rich culinary history and offers a wide variety of soups, dishes made from fish, cereal based products and drinks. Vegetables, fruit, mushrooms, berries and herbs also play a major part in the Russian diet, while meat does not. Primordial Russian products such as caviar, smetana, buckwheat, rye flour, etc. have h ...

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Russian culture, Russian culture - History of Russian culture, Russian culture - Art, Russian culture - Icon painting, Russian culture - Russian avant-garde, Russian culture - Soviet Art, Russian culture - Architecture, Russian culture - Cinema, Russian culture - Dance, Russian culture - Music of Russia, Russian culture - Opera, Russian culture - Matryoshka doll and other handicraft, Russian culture - Other art related subjects of interest, Russian culture - Language, Russian culture - Literature, Russian culture - Formalism, Russian culture - Poetry, Russian culture - Cuisine, Russian culture - Martial Arts, Russian culture - Media, Russian culture - Religion, Russian culture - Tourism, Russian culture - Humor, Russian culture - Anecdote, Russian culture - Chastushka, Russian culture - Reference, Russian culture - External link

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A passage on Vseslav the Werewolf In the seventh age of Troyan, Vseslav cast lots for the damsel he wooed. By subterfuge, propping himself upon mounted troops, he vaulted toward the city of Kiev and touched with the staff of his lance the Kievan golden throne. Like a fierce beast he leapt away from them at midnight, out of the white town, having enveloped himself in a blue mist. Then at morn, he drove in his battle axes, opened the gates of Novgorod, shattered the glory of Yaroslav, and lo ...

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The Tale of Igor's Campaign, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - The plot, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Discovery and publication, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Reaction of 19th century scholars, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Authenticity, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Early reactions, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Modern developments, The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Recent views

Read more here: » The Tale of Igor's Campaign: Encyclopedia II - The Tale of Igor's Campaign - Reaction of 19th century scholars