In July 1998 the Yanagimachi laboratory published work in Nature on cloning mice from adult cells. Yanagimachi named the new cloning technique they had created to do this work the "Honolulu technique". The first mouse born was named Cumulina, after the cumulus cells whose nuclei were used to clone her. At the time of the publication of this work over fifty mice spanning three generations had been produced through this technique. This work was done by an international team of scientists dubbed "Team Yanagimachi" or "Team Yana" f ...

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Ryuzo Yanagimachi, Ryuzo Yanagimachi - Early years, Ryuzo Yanagimachi - Cloning, Ryuzo Yanagimachi - Other work, Ryuzo Yanagimachi - Awards and honors, Ryuzo Yanagimachi - Outside links

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New Bön, while essentially identical with other schools of Tibetan Buddhism, may be distinguished by certain characteristics: counter-clockwise (rather than clockwise) circumambulation of chortens a nine-way path (distinct from the nine-yana system of the Nyimgma) that the Bön consider a superset of other Tibetan Buddhist paths. (Despite talk of a superset, the Bön divide their teachings in a familiar way: Causal Vehicle, Sutra, Tantra and Dzogchen) additional sacred texts including many in the ancient Zhang Zhung language symbolism which includes the Mountain of Nine ...

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Bön, Bön - Historical phases of Bön, Bön - Animistic Bön, Bön - Yungdrung Bön, Bön - New Bön, Bön - Bön spiritual practices

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Traditonal Āyurveda speaks of eight branches: kāyāchikitsā (internal medicine), shalyachikitsā (surgery including anatomy), shālākyachikitsā (eye, ear, nose, and throat diseases), kaumārabhritya (pediatrics), bhūtavidyā (psychiatry, or demonology), and agada tantra (toxicology), rasāyana (science of rejuvenation), and vājīkarana (the science of fertility). Apart from learning these, the student of Āyurveda was expected to know ten arts that were indispensable in the preparation and application of his medicines: distilla ...

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Ayurveda, Ayurveda - Brhat Trayi The greater triad, Ayurveda - Basic concepts and methodology, Ayurveda - Qualities, Ayurveda - The Five Elements, Ayurveda - Doshas, Ayurveda - Vata, Ayurveda - Pitta, Ayurveda - Kapha, Ayurveda - Herbs and Minerals in Ayurvedic Medicine, Ayurveda - Historically, Ayurveda - Today, Ayurveda - Ayurvedic Herbs in Western Medicine, Ayurveda - Partial Bibliography

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Triyana (Sanskrit) [from tri three + yana vehicle, way]

The three vehicles, ways, conditions, or degrees by which the neophyte, and later adept, crosses the ocean of births, deaths, and rebirths or samsara. The three vehicles are likewise three degrees of yoga known as sravaka, pratyeka-buddha, and bodhisattva.

"The term Triyana is also used to denote the three schools of mysticism [in India] -- the Mahayana, the Madhyimayana and Hinayana schools; of which the first is the 'Greater,' and the second the 'Middle,' and the last the 'Lesser' Vehicle. All and every system between the Greater and the Lesser Vehicles are considered 'useless.'

Therefore the Pratyeka Buddha is made to correspond with the Madhyimayana. For, as explained, 'this (the Pratyeka Buddha state) refers to him who lives all for himself and very little for others, occupying the middle of the vehicle, filling it all and leaving no room for others.' Such is the selfish candidate for Nirvana" (TG 344-5).

(See also: Triyana, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body mind and Soul)

Mahayana (Sanskrit) [from maha great + yana vehicle]

Great vehicle; a highly mystical system of Northern Buddhist philosophy and learning, in the main founded by Nagarjuna. Of the two schools of Buddhism, usually classed under the Mahayana and Hinayana or Theravada respectively, the Mahayana is usually called the esoteric and the Hinayana the exoteric. But due to human weakness, love of the eye doctrine, and misunderstanding of the rites and ceremonials enjoined, the exoteric teaching of the Mahayana in its popular aspects is stressed today; while its deeper, more mystical teaching has to a large extent been withdrawn into the charge of initiated adepts.

The Hinayana school is the oldest, while the Mahayana is of a later period, having originated after the death of Buddha. Yet the tenets of the latter are ancient indeed, and both schools in reality teach the same doctrine. The Mahayana system exists in different schools varying among themselves to a greater or less degree as regards interpretation of fundamental tenets which all these subordinate schools nevertheless accept.

(See also: Mahayana, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)

The Ramayan is ascribed to a single author, Vālmiki. Its exact date of creation is unknown, and is estimated to lie between the 4th and 2nd century B.C.E. "The Cultural Heritage of India", Vol. IV, "The Religions", The Rāmakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture, says: "The first and the last Books of the Rāmāyana are later additions. The bulk, consisting of Books II--VI, represents Rāma as an ideal hero. In Books I and VII, however Rāma is made an avatara or incarnation of Vishnu, and the epic poem is transformed into a Vaishnav text. The reference to the Greeks, Parthians, and Sakas show that these Books cannot be earl ...

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Ramayana, Ramayana - Timeline, Ramayana - Synopsis, Ramayana - Book I: Bal Kand or The Book of Youth, Ramayana - Book II: Ayodhya Kanda or The Book of Ayodhya, Ramayana - Book III: Aranya Kanda or The Book of the Forest, Ramayana - Book IV: Kishkindha Kanda or The Book of Kishkindha the kingdom of monkeys, Ramayana - Book V: Sundara Kanda or The Book of Sundara another name of Hanuman, Ramayana - Book VI: Yuddha Kanda or The Book of War, Ramayana - Book VII: Uttara Kanda or The Book Beyond, Ramayana - Lessons from the Ramayana, Ramayana - Literary works inspired by the Ramayana, Ramayana - Sugriva's cave of Hampie

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The Ramayan is ascribed to a single author, Vālmiki. Its exact date of creation is unknown, and is estimated to lie between the 4th and 2nd century B.C.E. "The Cultural Heritage of India", Vol. IV, "The Religions", The Rāmakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture, says: "The first and the last Books of the Rāmāyana are later additions. The bulk, consisting of Books II--VI, represents Rāma as an ideal hero. In Books I and VII, however Rāma is made an avatara or incarnation of Vishnu, and the epic poem is transformed into a Vaishnav text. The reference to the Greeks, Parthians, and Sakas show that these Books cannot be earl ...

See also:

Ramayana, Ramayana - Timeline, Ramayana - Synopsis, Ramayana - Book I: Bal Kand or The Book of Youth, Ramayana - Book II: Ayodhya Kanda or The Book of Ayodhya, Ramayana - Book III: Aranya Kanda or The Book of the Forest, Ramayana - Book IV: Kishkindha Kanda or The Book of Kishkindha the kingdom of monkeys, Ramayana - Book V: Sundara Kanda or The Book of Sundara another name of Hanuman, Ramayana - Book VI: Yuddha Kanda or The Book of War, Ramayana - Book VII: Uttara Kanda or The Book Beyond, Ramayana - Lessons from the Ramayana, Ramayana - Literary works inspired by the Ramayana, Ramayana - Sugriva's cave of Hampi

Read more here: » Ramayana: Encyclopedia II - Ramayana - Timeline

Main article: Vajrayana Vajrayāna Buddhism, also called Tantric Buddhism, first emerged in eastern India between the 5th and 7th centuries CE. It is sometimes considered a sub-school of Mahayana and sometimes a third major "vehicle" (Yana) of Buddhism in its own right. The Vajrayana is an extension of Mahayana Buddhism in that it does not offer new philosophical perspectives, but rather introduces additional techniques (upaya, or 'skilful means'), including the use of visualizations and other yogic practices. Many of the practices of Tantric Buddhism are also derived from Bra ...

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History of Buddhism, History of Buddhism - Life of the Buddha, History of Buddhism - Early Buddhism, History of Buddhism - 1st Buddhist council 5th c. BCE, History of Buddhism - 2nd Buddhist council 383 BCE, History of Buddhism - Ashokan proselytism c. 260 BCE, History of Buddhism - 3rd Buddhist council c.250 BCE, History of Buddhism - Hellenistic world, History of Buddhism - Asian expansion, History of Buddhism - Sunga persecutions 2nd–1st c.BCE, History of Buddhism - Greco-Buddhist interaction 2nd c. BCE–1st c. CE, History of Buddhism - Rise of Mahayana 1st c.BCE–2nd c.CE, History of Buddhism - Mahayana expansion 1st c.CE–10th c.CE, History of Buddhism - India, History of Buddhism - Central and Northern Asia, History of Buddhism - South-East Asia, History of Buddhism - Emergence of the Vajrayana 5th century, History of Buddhism - Theravada Renaissance 11th century CE—, History of Buddhism - Expansion of Buddhism to the West, History of Buddhism - Notes

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Left-hand Path or path of shadows, those taking it called in theosophy brothers of the shadow. One of the two fundamental paths or courses in nature, the left-hand path or path of matter in contrast to the right-hand path or path of spirit.

Shadow signifies matter, for spirit may be considered to be pure energy, and matter, although essentially crystallized spirit, may be looked upon as the shadow world or vehicular world in which the energy, spirit, or pure light works. Matter is but a generalizing term, comprised of an almost infinite number of degrees of increasing ethereality from the grossest physical substance, or absolute matter, up to the most ethereal or spiritualized substance, providing the logic of calling this the path of shadows. Those on this path are often called black magicians in contrast to white magicians or sons of light who follow the path of self-renunciation, self-conquest, and an expansion of the heart, mind, and consciousness in love and service for all that lives.

A Sanskrit equivalent for the left-hand path is pratyeka-yana (from pratyeka every one for himself + yana path). Those who follow this path are also called vamacharins, and their school or course of life is known as vamachara or savyachara. They follow the easy but perilous path leading downwards into ever more confusing, horrifying stages of matter and final spiritual obscuration and personal annihilation.

After death the lower classes of those on the left-hand path become the terrestrial or earthly elementaries. Cunning, low, vindictive, and seeking to retaliate their sufferings upon imbodied humanity, they become, until final annihilation, astral vampires, and therefore a constant psychic and even physical menace to those who open the doors of communication with them.

The higher classes of the brothers of the shadow, those who may be called spiritual sorcerers, mentioned in the New Testament as entities of spiritual wickedness, have a longer life period than have the lower classes. These spiritual sorcerers, depending upon the degree of unfolding of spiritual energy which they have attained and prostituted to evil uses, may even endure till the end of the globe manvantara, reincarnating themselves at repeated, rapid intervals; but their pathway is downwards into still deeper ranges of matter, and involves a progressively greater loss of inner spiritual light reaching them from their spiritual monad.

"Multitudes of human beings are unconsciously treading the Path of the Shadows, and in comparison with these multitudes it is relatively only a few who self-consciously lead and guide with subtle and wicked intelligence this army of unsuspecting victims of Maya. The Brothers of the Shadow are often highly intellectual men and women, frequently individuals with apparent great personal charm, and to the ordinary observer, judging from their conversation and daily works, are fully as well able to 'quote scripture' as are the Angels of Light!" (OG 22).

The warnings given to students of occultism about this matter have always been very solemn and urgent, and no one should at any moment consider himself safe or beyond the possibilities of taking the downward way until he has become at one with the divine monitor within, his own inner god. At every step, with every morn, at every choice, we face the right- or the left-hand path and are forced to choose.

(See also: Left-hand Path, Path of Shadows, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

Right-hand Path From time immemorial, in all countries and among all races, there have been recognized two antagonistic schools of occult training, known as the path of light and the path of darkness.

They represent two fundamental courses in nature, and are more commonly called the right-hand path and the left-hand path, as in Greek, Latin, English, and many other languages the word for right-hand also means propitious or skilled, or right as opposed to wrong. Hence in symbology it implies goodness, rightness, light: solar as opposed to lunar, spiritual as opposed to material, etc.

The right-hand path is sometimes known as amrita-yana (the immortal vehicle or path of immortality) or as dakshina-marga (right path), and those who practice the rules of conduct and manner of life enjoined upon those who follow the right-hand path are known as dakshinacharins and their course of life is known as dakshinachara. It is a path leading to an ever wider consciousness, and those whose feet are firmly planted thereon are known as Masters of Wisdom and Compassion.

See also LEFT-HAND PATH

(See also: Right-hand Path, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)

Following the first division, the Mahāsanghikas split into several sub-schools of minor importance. The Sthaviravādin School had, by the time of King Ashoka divided into three sub-schools. It was regrouped during the Third Council under the name of Vibhajjavdins, but later it reverted back to its old name in the Pali language as Theravada. The Sammitīya School later became known as the Pudgalavādin but died out around the 9th or 10th century CE. The Sarvāstivādin school was most prominen ...

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Early Buddhist schools, Early Buddhist schools - The first division, Early Buddhist schools - Further development, Early Buddhist schools - Number, Early Buddhist schools - Legacy

Read more here: » Early Buddhist schools: Encyclopedia II - Early Buddhist schools - Further development

In our own time, Jiddu Krishnamurti is said by some to have attained Enlightenment under a pepper tree in Ojai, California in the 1920s. He has influenced, among others, the physicist David Bohm (considered an outcaste from physics, but not wholly scorned by some), and a surprising number of seekers in California and also world-wide, to this day (see Scott Nearing, Helen and Scott Nearing). Other individuals who claimed to reach a state of enlightenment have included Mahatma Gandhi, who many regard as being a seeker of truth. Also, Siddharta ...

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Enlightenment concept, Enlightenment concept - Definition, Enlightenment concept - Seeking enlightenment, Enlightenment concept - Kant's definition of enlightenment, Enlightenment concept - Adorno's and Horkheimer's definition of enlightenment, Enlightenment concept - Enlightenment in Western civilization, Enlightenment concept - The Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment concept - People who have been said to be enlightened

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Wintu - Contact with Whites. The Wintu were first encountered by Euro-Americans in the 1826 expedition of Jedediah Smith, followed by a 1827 expedition led by Peter Skene Ogden. Between 1830 and 1833, many Wintus were lost to malaria in an epidemic that killed off around 75% of the indigenous population of the upper and central Sacramento Valley. In following years the weakened Wintu fell victim to the occupation strageties of incoming settlers, which include the destruction of the Wintu food supply due to sheep ...

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Wintu, Wintu - Wintu groups, Wintu - History, Wintu - Contact with Whites, Wintu - Language, Wintu - Religion, Wintu - Bibliography

Read more here: » Wintu: Encyclopedia II - Wintu - History

Medley swimming - Long course swim pools. 200m Individual Medley: 1:55.94 - Michael Phelps, USA (August 9, 2003) 400m Individual Medley: 4:08.26 - Michael Phelps, USA (August 14, 2004) 4x100m Medley Relay: 3:30.68 - USA (August 21, 2004) Aaron Peirsol Brendan Hansen Ian Crocker Jason Lezak 200m Individual Medley: 2:09.72 - Yanyan Wu, People's Republic of China (October 17, 1997) 400m Individual Med ...

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Medley swimming, Medley swimming - Individual Medley, Medley swimming - Stroke Order, Medley swimming - Competitions, Medley swimming - Technique, Medley swimming - Medley Relay, Medley swimming - Stroke Order, Medley swimming - Competitions, Medley swimming - Technique, Medley swimming - Rules, Medley swimming - Current world records, Medley swimming - Long course swim pools, Medley swimming - Short course swim pools, Medley swimming - External link

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The Caraṇavyuha (attributed to Shaunaka) lists nine shakhas or schools of the Atharvaveda: paippalāda ...

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Atharvaveda, Atharvaveda - Status, Atharvaveda - Recensions, Atharvaveda - Issues of note, Atharvaveda - Dating, Atharvaveda - Editions

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The Theravāda School of Sri Lanka, Burma, and Thailand is descended from the Sthaviravādin School. Some remnants of other early schools do still exist: the schools of Tibetan Buddhism still use a Sarvāstivāda vinaya, and Chinese schools use one from the Dharmagupta school. Fragments of the canon of texts from these schools also survive such as the Mahavastu of the Mahāsānghika School. ...

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Early Buddhist schools, Early Buddhist schools - The first division, Early Buddhist schools - Further development, Early Buddhist schools - Number, Early Buddhist schools - Legacy

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Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Silver. Kateryna Serdyuk, Nataliya Burdenya, and Olena Sadovnycha - archery, women's team ...

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Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Medals, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Silver, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Results by event, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Archery, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Athletics, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Badminton, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Boxing, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Canoe / Kayak, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Diving, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Modern Pentathlon, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Sailing, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Swimming, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Synchronized Swimming, Ukraine at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Triathlon

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They lived in small groups without centralized political authority. These groups are often referred to as triblets, rather than tribes because of the lack of a central authority. Lapena (1978) identifies nine main Wintu groups (listed in the Wintu language along with an English translation): Nomitipom   (in-the-west-ground) Wenemem   (middle water) Dawpon   (front-ground) ʔelpom   (in-ground ...

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Wintu, Wintu - Wintu groups, Wintu - History, Wintu - Contact with Whites, Wintu - Language, Wintu - Religion, Wintu - Bibliography

Read more here: » Wintu: Encyclopedia II - Wintu - Wintu groups

Hinduism is criticized based on current or past regressive social customs such as Dowry, Sati and casteism. Many also criticize it by linking it with Hindutva (the theory of Hindu nationalism). From the worldview of the three other Abrahamic religions, Hinduism is criticized as being polytheistic and for promoting idolatry - both of which they consider evil. The Hindu counter-argument is that Hinduism is not polytheistic (monism or monistic theism is more apt), though it may present an appearance of polytheism to external obser ...

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Hinduism, Hinduism - Core Concepts, Hinduism - The Eternal Way, Hinduism - Basic beliefs, Hinduism - Practice Yoga Dharma, Hinduism - The four objectives Of Life, Hinduism - The four stages of Life, Hinduism - The four classes of the society, Hinduism - Nature of God, Hinduism - Denominations, Hinduism - Hindu sacred texts, Hinduism - Shruti, Hinduism - Bhagavad Gītā, Hinduism - Smriti, Hinduism - Origins and society, Hinduism - Origins of Hinduism, Hinduism - Etymology, Hinduism - Vedic religion, Hinduism - Hindu nationalism, Hinduism - Temples, Hinduism - Current geographic distribution, Hinduism - Hindu philosophy: the six Vedic schools of thought, Hinduism - Pūrva Mīmāmsā, Hinduism - Yoga, Hinduism - Uttara Mimāmsā: Vedānta and its three main schools, Hinduism - Alternative cultures of worship, Hinduism - The Bhakti schools, Hinduism - Tantra, Hinduism - Important symbolism and themes in Hinduism, Hinduism - Tilaka symbol on forehead or between eyebrows, Hinduism - Ahimsa non-violence vegetarian diet and the cow, Hinduism - Hindu symbolism, Hinduism - Murtis icons, Hinduism - Sanskrit, Hinduism - Mantra, Hinduism - Criticism, Hinduism - Hinduism, Hinduism - Related systems and religions

Read more here: » Hinduism: Encyclopedia II - Hinduism - Criticism

Swamiji’s father was Vasudeva Sarma and mother Manga Devi of Ullukod tharavad of Kollur village in southern Travancore. It is said that in his youth Kunjan Pilla even took to manual labour as a brick worker and also later worked as document writer in Neyyattinkara town, near the present-day city of Thiruvananthapuram. The young Kunjan Pilla trained yoga under his guru Thykattu Ayyavu. He was later a disciple of Perunnalli Krishnan Vaidyar, a renowned scholar and physician of Central Travancore. When under the scholarship of P ...

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Chattampi Swamikal, Chattampi Swamikal - Early life, Chattampi Swamikal - Soul mate of Nānu Āśān, Chattampi Swamikal - Maha Samadhi, Chattampi Swamikal - Teachings of Chattampi Swamikal, Chattampi Swamikal - Literary works of Chattampi Swamikal

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Panini's work had a phenomenal success, and later Sanskrit grammarians were essentially reduced to the role of his commentators, and his predecessors are only known from references in the Ashtadhyayi itself. His work is still used, or at least referred to, in the teaching of Sanskrit today. Panini's grammar consists of several parts, of which the Ashtadhyayi, containing the morphological rules, forms the core: Shiva Sutras: phonology (See also:

Sanskrit grammarians, Sanskrit grammarians - Panini's school, Sanskrit grammarians - Early Accounts, Sanskrit grammarians - Beginning of Western scholarship, Sanskrit grammarians - 19th century, Sanskrit grammarians - Modern period

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The only non-religios book in which Vyasa has an interesting entry is the Arthashastra of Chanakya. In chapter 6, it says: Whosoever is of reverse character, whoever has not his organs of sense under his control, will soon perish, though possessed of the whole earth bounded by the four quarters.For example: Bhoja, known also by the name, Dándakya, making a lascivious attempt on a Bráhman maiden, perished along with his kingdom and relations;So also Karála, the Vaideha....Vátápi in his attempt under the influence of overjoy to attack Agastya, as well as the corporation of the Vrishn ...

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Vyasa, Vyasa - The legend of Vyasa, Vyasa - 'Veda' Vyasa, Vyasa - Author of Mahabharata, Vyasa - Author of Puranas, Vyasa - Vyasa in Buddhism, Vyasa - In the Arthashastra, Vyasa - Author of Brahma Sutra, Vyasa - Author of Yoga Bhashya

Read more here: » Vyasa: Encyclopedia II - Vyasa - In the Arthashastra