It is uncertain as to when precisely Nānu Āśān moved to his hermitage deep inside the hilly forest area in Maruthwāmala, where he is said to have subjected himself to the most austere life immersed in meditative thought, other rigorous yoga practices and extreme sustenance rituals. After an unpretentious life of over thirty years abounding in knowledge and harsh experiences, this epoch is considered the culmination of the meditative recluse; the point at which Nārāyana Guru is believed to have attained ...

See also:

Narayana Guru, Narayana Guru - Early Life, Narayana Guru - Transformation as Master Yogi and Seeker of Truth, Narayana Guru - Enlightenment and its Poetic Expression, Narayana Guru - Consecration of Siva Lingam at Aruvippuram, Narayana Guru - Nārāyana Guru’s Philosophy, Narayana Guru - Nārāyana Guru Rationalism and Atheism, Narayana Guru - Works by Nārāyana Guru, Narayana Guru - In Malayalam, Narayana Guru - In Sanskrit, Narayana Guru - Notes, Narayana Guru - Bibiliography/Reference

Read more here: » Narayana Guru: Encyclopedia II - Narayana Guru - Enlightenment and its Poetic Expression

During his wandering life he happened to be at Aruvippuram in 1888. In the month of March that year, because of the request from local people who had no privileges to enter into Hindu temples, he decided to build a place of worship. He picked up a stone from a nearby river (Neyyar) and used it as an idol for the proposed temple and consecrated it. This in itself was revolutionary step for according to some of the Hindu scriptures, only brahmins can consecrate a temple. To the brahmins who questioned his right to do so, he replied that what h ...

See also:

Narayana Guru, Narayana Guru - Early Life, Narayana Guru - Transformation as Master Yogi and Seeker of Truth, Narayana Guru - Enlightenment and its Poetic Expression, Narayana Guru - Consecration of Siva Lingam at Aruvippuram, Narayana Guru - Nārāyana Guru’s Philosophy, Narayana Guru - Nārāyana Guru Rationalism and Atheism, Narayana Guru - Works by Nārāyana Guru, Narayana Guru - In Malayalam, Narayana Guru - In Sanskrit, Narayana Guru - Notes, Narayana Guru - Bibiliography/Reference

Read more here: » Narayana Guru: Encyclopedia II - Narayana Guru - Consecration of Siva Lingam at Aruvippuram

It appears that the distinction between vehicles and paths arises in early Mahayana sutras, such as the Lotus Sutra, where it is stated that there is one path - the path to Nirvana -, but there are different vehicles. In this sense, the vehicles are described as representing the fruit of three types of Buddha found in Nikaya sutras, as mentioned above. For instance, in Chapter three of the Lotus Sutra, there is a parable of a father promising three carts to lure sons out of a burning building, where the goat-cart represents Sravaka-Buddhahood; the ...

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Hinayana, Hinayana - In brief, Hinayana - Three types of Buddha, Hinayana - Origins of Hinayana: Vehicles and Paths, Hinayana - Hinayana as a pejorative, Hinayana - Hinayana and Theravada, Hinayana - Etymology, Hinayana - Bibliography

Read more here: » Hinayana: Encyclopedia II - Hinayana - Origins of Hinayana: Vehicles and Paths

At the age of 21 young Nānu was sent for further education under an eminent scholar Kummampilli Rāman Pillai Āśān of Karunagapalli. Living as a guest in a prominent family house Varanapallil near Kayankulam, Nānu, along with other students, was tutored by this scholar in subjects like advanced Sanskrit Language and Poetry, Drama and Literary Criticism, and Logical Rhetoric. Around the age of 25, Nānu returned to his village after which he was off and on involved in running a village school for children. His role as a tea ...

See also:

Narayana Guru, Narayana Guru - Early Life, Narayana Guru - Transformation as Master, Yogi and Seeker of Truth, Narayana Guru - Enlightenment and its Poetic Expression, Narayana Guru - Consecration of Siva Lingam at Aruvippuram, Narayana Guru - Nārāyana Guru’s Philosophy, Narayana Guru - Nārāyana Guru, Rationalism and Atheism, Narayana Guru - Works by Nārāyana Guru, Narayana Guru - In Malayalam, Narayana Guru - In Sanskrit, Narayana Guru - Notes, Narayana Guru - Bibiliography/Reference

Read more here: » Narayana Guru: Encyclopedia II - Narayana Guru - Transformation as Master, Yogi and Seeker of Truth

At the age of 21 young Nānu was sent for further education under an eminent scholar Kummampilli Rāman Pillai Āśān of Karunagapalli. Living as a guest in a prominent family house Varanapallil near Kayankulam, Nānu, along with other students, was tutored by this scholar in subjects like advanced Sanskrit Language and Poetry, Drama and Literary Criticism, and Logical Rhetoric. Around the age of 25, Nānu returned to his village after which he was off and on involved in running a village school for children. His role as a tea ...

See also:

Narayana Guru, Narayana Guru - Early Life, Narayana Guru - Transformation as Master Yogi and Seeker of Truth, Narayana Guru - Enlightenment and its Poetic Expression, Narayana Guru - Consecration of Siva Lingam at Aruvippuram, Narayana Guru - Nārāyana Guru’s Philosophy, Narayana Guru - Nārāyana Guru Rationalism and Atheism, Narayana Guru - Works by Nārāyana Guru, Narayana Guru - In Malayalam, Narayana Guru - In Sanskrit, Narayana Guru - Notes, Narayana Guru - Bibiliography/Reference

Read more here: » Narayana Guru: Encyclopedia II - Narayana Guru - Transformation as Master Yogi and Seeker of Truth

The Ghost Festival has roots in the Buddhist festival, Ullambana, and also some from the Daoist culture. In the Tang Dynasty, the Buddhist festival "Ullambana" and traditional festivities were mixed and celebrated on one day. Thus, the Ghost Festival has special meaning for all Buddhists as one of their most important festivals. Ghost Festival - Mahāmaudgalyāyana Saves His Mother From Hell. The Buddhist origins of the festival can be traced back to a story that originally came from India, but late ...

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Ghost Festival, Ghost Festival - Buddhist Ghost Festival: Ullambana, Ghost Festival - Mahāmaudgalyāyana Saves His Mother From Hell, Ghost Festival - Japanese Ghost Festival: O-bon

Read more here: » Ghost Festival: Encyclopedia II - Ghost Festival - Buddhist Ghost Festival: Ullambana

Main article: O-bon O-bon, or simple Bon, is the Japanese version of the Ghost Festival. It has since been transformed over time into a family reunion holiday during which people from the big cities return to their home towns and visit and clean their ancestors' graves. Traditionally including a dance festival, it has existed in Japan for more than 500 years. It is held from 13th of July to the 16th ("Welcoming Obon" and "Farewell Obon" respectively) in the eastern part of ...

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Ghost Festival, Ghost Festival - Buddhist Ghost Festival: Ullambana, Ghost Festival - Mahāmaudgalyāyana Saves His Mother From Hell, Ghost Festival - Japanese Ghost Festival: O-bon

Read more here: » Ghost Festival: Encyclopedia II - Ghost Festival - Japanese Ghost Festival: O-bon

The Guru was born at Chempazhanthi a small village near Thiruvananthapuram circa 1856. As the only son of his parents, who had three daughters, the young boy was named Nānu (shortname for Nārāyanan). The small thatched house where Nānu was born is preserved to date as a historic monument. Nānu’s father Mādan Āśān, of the Valyalvārathu joint family, was, besides being an agriculturist, also a village teacher knowledgeable in astronomy, Ayurvedic medicine and the epics of Hinduism. Nānu’s uncle Krishnan Vaidyan was ...

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Narayana Guru, Narayana Guru - Early Life, Narayana Guru - Transformation as Master Yogi and Seeker of Truth, Narayana Guru - Enlightenment and its Poetic Expression, Narayana Guru - Consecration of Siva Lingam at Aruvippuram, Narayana Guru - Nārāyana Guru’s Philosophy, Narayana Guru - Nārāyana Guru Rationalism and Atheism, Narayana Guru - Works by Nārāyana Guru, Narayana Guru - In Malayalam, Narayana Guru - In Sanskrit, Narayana Guru - Notes, Narayana Guru - Bibiliography/Reference

Read more here: » Narayana Guru: Encyclopedia II - Narayana Guru - Early Life

Proposals linking Chimariko to other languages in various versions of the hypothetical Hokan family have been advanced. Roland Dixon suggested a relationship between Chimariko and the Shastan and Palaihnihan families. Edward Sapir's famous 1929 classification grouped Chimariko with Shastan, Palaihnihan, Pomoan, and the Karuk and Yana languages in a Hokan sub-grouping known as Northern Hokan. A Kahi family consisting of Chimariko, Shastan, Palaihnihan, and Karuk has been suggested (appearing also within Sapir's 1929 Northern Hokan). Most specialists currently find these relationships to be undemo ...

See also:

Chimariko language, Chimariko language - Genetic relations, Chimariko language - Bibilography

Read more here: » Chimariko language: Encyclopedia II - Chimariko language - Genetic relations

Three Vehicles

The yanas of Sravakas, Pratyekabuddhas and Bodhisattvas.

 (See also: Three Vehicles, Buddhism, Body Mind and Soul)

Devayana (Sanskrit) (from deva spiritual being + yana path)

The way of the gods.

(See also: Devayana, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

Sapir was born in Lauenburg, Germany, now Lębork in Poland, in 1884. In 1904 he graduated from Columbia University with a degree in Germanics, but his linguistic interests proved to be much broader. In the next two years he took up projects studying the Wishram and Takelma languages in the field. While at Columbia he met his mentor, anthropologist Franz Boas, who was probably the person who provided the most initial impetus for Sapir's study of American languages. He arranged Sapir's employment in 1907-08 researching the nearly extinct Yana ...

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Edward Sapir, Edward Sapir - Life and work, Edward Sapir - Books, Edward Sapir - Essays and articles, Edward Sapir - Bibliography

Read more here: » Edward Sapir: Encyclopedia II - Edward Sapir - Life and work

One-Vehicle Dharma

The one Yana, the vehicle of Oneness. The one Buddhayana, the One Vehicle, i.e., Mahayana, which contains the final or complete Law of the Buddha and not merely a part, or preliminary stage, as in Hinayana.

 (See also: One-Vehicle Dharma, Buddhism, Body Mind and Soul)

These are, in some way or other, texts associated with Gautama, the historical Buddha. Different schools, however, are not always in agreement about which texts are canonical, and the various recensions of the Buddhist Canon contain widely varying numbers and types of texts. Broadly speaking, the texts come in three types: sutras (i.e. discourses), vinaya (relating to the rules of monastic discipline), and abhidharma (analytical texts). Together these three make up what is known in Sanskrit as the Tripitaka and in Pali as the Tipitaka. Both ...

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Buddhist texts, Buddhist texts - Canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Texts of the Nikaya Schools, Buddhist texts - Vinaya, Buddhist texts - Sutta, Buddhist texts - Abhidharma, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Mahayana texts, Buddhist texts - Perfection of Wisdom Texts, Buddhist texts - Saddharma-pundarika, Buddhist texts - Pure Land Sutras, Buddhist texts - The Vimalakirti Nirdesha Sutra, Buddhist texts - Samadhi Sutras, Buddhist texts - Confession Sutras, Buddhist texts - The Avatamsaka Sutra, Buddhist texts - Third Turning Sutras, Buddhist texts - Tathagatagarbha class sutras, Buddhist texts - Collected Sutras, Buddhist texts - Transmigration Sutras, Buddhist texts - Discipline Sutras, Buddhist texts - Sutras Devoted to Individual Figures, Buddhist texts - Proto-Mahayana Sutras, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - References, Buddhist texts - Vajrayana Texts, Buddhist texts - Buddhist tantras, Buddhist texts - Other products of the Vajrayana literature

Read more here: » Buddhist texts: Encyclopedia II - Buddhist texts - Canonical texts

Non or semi-canonical texts have been important from very early in Buddhism. Extensive commentaries exist in Pali for the Pali Canon and in Tibetan, Chinese and other East Asian Languages. Important examples of non-canonical texts are the Visuddhimagga, or Path of Purification, by Buddhaghosa, which is a compendium of Theravada teachings that include quotes from the Pali Canon. The Milinda Pañha, or Questions of Milinda, is a popular condensation of the Dharma in the form of a dialogue between the Buddhist sage Nāga ...

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Buddhist texts, Buddhist texts - Canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Texts of the Nikaya Schools, Buddhist texts - Vinaya, Buddhist texts - Sutta, Buddhist texts - Abhidharma, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Mahayana texts, Buddhist texts - Perfection of Wisdom Texts, Buddhist texts - Saddharma-pundarika, Buddhist texts - Pure Land Sutras, Buddhist texts - The Vimalakirti Nirdesha Sutra, Buddhist texts - Samadhi Sutras, Buddhist texts - Confession Sutras, Buddhist texts - The Avatamsaka Sutra, Buddhist texts - Third Turning Sutras, Buddhist texts - Tathagatagarbha class sutras, Buddhist texts - Collected Sutras, Buddhist texts - Transmigration Sutras, Buddhist texts - Discipline Sutras, Buddhist texts - Sutras Devoted to Individual Figures, Buddhist texts - Proto-Mahayana Sutras, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - References, Buddhist texts - Vajrayana Texts, Buddhist texts - Buddhist tantras, Buddhist texts - Other products of the Vajrayana literature

Read more here: » Buddhist texts: Encyclopedia II - Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts

It was at Perunnalli Krishnan Vaidyar’s house that Chattampi Kunjan Pilla first met the young Nānu Āśān (later known as Sree Nārāyana Guru. By then Chattampi Kunjan Pilla was well versed in yoga and spiritual matters and their meeting proved to be the start of a profound and cherished companionship, although the two were of different temperaments. In those days Nānu Āśān was a soft-spoken introvert and Chattampi Kunjan Pilla an outspoken extrovert. When around 1884 Nānu Āśān was searching for a guru to teach him advanced yoga, Ch ...

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Chattampi Swamikal, Chattampi Swamikal - Early life, Chattampi Swamikal - Soul mate of Nānu Āśān, Chattampi Swamikal - Maha Samadhi, Chattampi Swamikal - Teachings of Chattampi Swamikal, Chattampi Swamikal - Literary works of Chattampi Swamikal

Read more here: » Chattampi Swamikal: Encyclopedia II - Chattampi Swamikal - Soul mate of Nānu Āśān

See Mahayana Sutras for a list of sutras categorised by source, without discussion. Buddhist texts - Perfection of Wisdom Texts. Deal with prajñā (wisdom or insight). Wisdom in this context means the ability to see Reality as it truly is. Do not contain an elaborate philosophical argument, but simply try to point to the true nature of reality, especially through the use of paradox. The basic premise is a radical non-dualism, in which every, and any dichotomist way of seeing things are denied: so p ...

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Buddhist texts, Buddhist texts - Canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Texts of the Nikaya Schools, Buddhist texts - Vinaya, Buddhist texts - Sutta, Buddhist texts - Abhidharma, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Mahayana texts, Buddhist texts - Perfection of Wisdom Texts, Buddhist texts - Saddharma-pundarika, Buddhist texts - Pure Land Sutras, Buddhist texts - The Vimalakirti Nirdesha Sutra, Buddhist texts - Samadhi Sutras, Buddhist texts - Confession Sutras, Buddhist texts - The Avatamsaka Sutra, Buddhist texts - Third Turning Sutras, Buddhist texts - Tathagatagarbha class sutras, Buddhist texts - Collected Sutras, Buddhist texts - Transmigration Sutras, Buddhist texts - Discipline Sutras, Buddhist texts - Sutras Devoted to Individual Figures, Buddhist texts - Proto-Mahayana Sutras, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - References, Buddhist texts - Vajrayana Texts, Buddhist texts - Buddhist tantras, Buddhist texts - Other products of the Vajrayana literature

Read more here: » Buddhist texts: Encyclopedia II - Buddhist texts - Mahayana texts

Hokan languages (28): Esselen-Yuman languages (10) Esselen language Yuman-Cochimí languages Northern Hokan languages (13) Chimariko language Karok-Shasta languages (4) Karok language Shasta-Palaihnihan languages (3) Palaihnihan languages (2) Shasta language Pomoan languages (7) Yana language Salinan-Seri languages (2) Salinan language Seri langua ...

See also:

Hokan languages, Hokan languages - Family outline, Hokan languages - Bibliography

Read more here: » Hokan languages: Encyclopedia II - Hokan languages - Family outline

Buddhist texts - Buddhist tantras. The canon of the Vajrayana schools includes a number of Nikaya-related texts from a number of the schools, as well as Mahayana sutras. However it is the specifically Vajrayana texts that most strongly characterise it. They are considered to be the word of the Buddha, and the Tibetan Canon contains translations of almost 500 tantras and over 2000 commentaries to them. The texts are typically concerned with elaborate rituals and meditations. A late Tibetan t ...

See also:

Buddhist texts, Buddhist texts - Canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Texts of the Nikaya Schools, Buddhist texts - Vinaya, Buddhist texts - Sutta, Buddhist texts - Abhidharma, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Mahayana texts, Buddhist texts - Perfection of Wisdom Texts, Buddhist texts - Saddharma-pundarika, Buddhist texts - Pure Land Sutras, Buddhist texts - The Vimalakirti Nirdesha Sutra, Buddhist texts - Samadhi Sutras, Buddhist texts - Confession Sutras, Buddhist texts - The Avatamsaka Sutra, Buddhist texts - Third Turning Sutras, Buddhist texts - Tathagatagarbha class sutras, Buddhist texts - Collected Sutras, Buddhist texts - Transmigration Sutras, Buddhist texts - Discipline Sutras, Buddhist texts - Sutras Devoted to Individual Figures, Buddhist texts - Proto-Mahayana Sutras, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - References, Buddhist texts - Vajrayana Texts, Buddhist texts - Buddhist tantras, Buddhist texts - Other products of the Vajrayana literature

Read more here: » Buddhist texts: Encyclopedia II - Buddhist texts - Vajrayana Texts

A Dutch philologist, Prof. Dr. C.C. Berg, has found several versions of Kidung Sunda. Out of them he has discussed and published two versions: Kidung Sunda Kidung Suṇḍâyana (The journey of the Sundanese) The former is longer than the latter. It also has better literary merits. That is also the version, which is discussed in this article. ...

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Kidung Sunda, Kidung Sunda - Different Versions of Kidung Sunda, Kidung Sunda - Synopsis, Kidung Sunda - Canto I, Kidung Sunda - Canto II, Kidung Sunda - Canto III, Kidung Sunda - Some Analysis, Kidung Sunda - Authorship, Kidung Sunda - Some fragments, Kidung Sunda - Gajah Mada who is verbally abused by the Sundanese envoy verse 1. 66b – 1. 68 a., Kidung Sunda - The king of Sunda rejecting the conditions of Majapahit verse 2.69 – 2.71, Kidung Sunda - Hayam Wuruk lamented the dead princess verse 3.29 – 3. 33, Kidung Sunda - Bibliography

Read more here: » Kidung Sunda: Encyclopedia II - Kidung Sunda - Different Versions of Kidung Sunda

There is some dispute over what to call the more conservative stratum of Buddhist schools and the texts associated with them. The most widely used term is Hinayana, but this is often seen as unsatisfactory for several reasons (see Hinayana). This article will use the phrase "Nikaya schools", which refers to the class of sutras they consider to be canonical. These sutras are sometimes referred to by members of other schools as nikayas or agamas. Although many versions of the Nikaya school texts were written in Sanskrit, the only comple ...

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Buddhist texts, Buddhist texts - Canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Texts of the Nikaya Schools, Buddhist texts - Vinaya, Buddhist texts - Sutta, Buddhist texts - Abhidharma, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - Mahayana texts, Buddhist texts - Perfection of Wisdom Texts, Buddhist texts - Saddharma-pundarika, Buddhist texts - Pure Land Sutras, Buddhist texts - The Vimalakirti Nirdesha Sutra, Buddhist texts - Samadhi Sutras, Buddhist texts - Confession Sutras, Buddhist texts - The Avatamsaka Sutra, Buddhist texts - Third Turning Sutras, Buddhist texts - Tathagatagarbha class sutras, Buddhist texts - Collected Sutras, Buddhist texts - Transmigration Sutras, Buddhist texts - Discipline Sutras, Buddhist texts - Sutras Devoted to Individual Figures, Buddhist texts - Proto-Mahayana Sutras, Buddhist texts - Non-canonical texts, Buddhist texts - References, Buddhist texts - Vajrayana Texts, Buddhist texts - Buddhist tantras, Buddhist texts - Other products of the Vajrayana literature

Read more here: » Buddhist texts: Encyclopedia II - Buddhist texts - Texts of the Nikaya Schools

Vehicle A principle or element, through which an entity is able to express itself, and which can therefore be called the carrier of that entity. Thus the human physical body is a vehicle for all the other human principles that express themselves through it; the linga-sarira is similarly a vehicle for all superior to it; or buddhi is a vehicle for atman.

 The same principle can be both a vehicle for what is above it, and an entity using another inferior principle as a vehicle. Equivalent to such terms as soul, or the Sanskrit vahana, yana, and upadhi (a carrier).

(See also: Vehicle, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body mind and Soul)