Encyclopedia - Yakuza: Encyclopedia - Yakuza
Yakuza (from Japanese やくざ or ヤクザ or 8-9-3), also known as gokudō, are members of traditional organized crime groups in Japa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yakuza: Encyclopedia Ii - Yakuza - Organization And Activities
Yakuza - Structure. During the formation of the yakuza, they adopted the traditional Japanese hierarchical structure of oyabun-kobun wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yakuza: Encyclopedia Ii - Yakuza - Origin And History
The term "Yakuza" comes from a Japanese card game, Oicho-Kabu (played with hanafuda or kabufuda cards). The worst hand in the game is a s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criminal Organization: Encyclopedia - Criminal Organization
A criminal organization is a group run by criminals to further their illegal activities. They are usually involved with drugs, prostituti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criminal Tattoo: Encyclopedia - Criminal Tattoo
Tattoos are used among criminals to show membership of gangs and record the wearer's personal history - such as his or her skills, speci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shōjo: Encyclopedia - Shōjo
Shōjo or shoujo (少女 lit. young woman) is, in western usage, a style of anime and manga intended for girls (that may have some crosso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Dragon Society: Encyclopedia - Black Dragon Society
The Black Dragon Society (黒竜会, kokuryūkai?) was a prominent paramilitary, ultra-nationalist right-wing group in Japan. Its name is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia - Triad
Triad (Simplified: 三合会; Traditional: 三合會; Hanyu Pinyin: Sānhéhuì; literally "Triad Society") is a collective term that des...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cinema Of Japan: Encyclopedia - Cinema Of Japan
Japanese cinema (映画; Eiga) has a history in Japan that spans more than 100 years. Cinema of Japan - Genres. Anime: Japanese animati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crime In Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Crime In Japan - Yakuza
The yakuza (underworld) had existed in Japan well before the 1800s and followed codes similar to the bushido of the samurai. Their early ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mind Game: Encyclopedia Ii - Mind Game - Father Of Myon And Yan
He had debts with the yakuza and left his family dealing with the problems he created, he spends his time away from home having fun with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crime In Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Crime In Japan - Inhuman Crimes
As in the West, a number of seemingly extremely brutal and inhumane crimes has contributed to a certain sense of malaise in contemporary ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crime In Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Crime In Japan - Social Factors
According to Ruth Benedict's shame culture/guilt culture analysis, an important factor keeping crime low is the traditional emphasis on t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criminal Tattoo: Encyclopedia Ii - Criminal Tattoo - Japanese
Extensive body tattoos ('body suits') are commonly worn by Yakuza members. These traditional tattoos are known as irezumi in Japanese. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series - Asian Gangs
List of gangs in Grand Theft Auto series - Liberty City Triads. Gang type: Street gang, possible involvement in organized crime as wel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gang: Encyclopedia Ii - Gang - Gang Identification
Gangs have been known to claim colors such as red or blue, a trend that started as far back as the late 18th century and early 19th centu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series - Afro-caribbean Gangs
List of gangs in Grand Theft Auto series - Uptown Yardies. Gang type: Street gang Appearance: GTA III, GTA:LCS Turf: Newport, Staunton...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series - Other Gangs
List of gangs in Grand Theft Auto series - Bikers. Gang type: Motorcycle gang Appearance: GTA:VC Turf: Downtown, Vice City Gang motorc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gang: Encyclopedia Ii - Gang - Gang Types
Apart from street gangs, there are motorcycle gangs (such as Hells Angels, the Gypsy Jokers, Mongols, Vagos, etc.), as well as other club...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series - Sicilian/italian-american Gangs
List of gangs in Grand Theft Auto series - The Leones. Gang type: La Cosa Nostra Family Appearances: GTA III, GTA:SA, GTA:LCS Turf: Sa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kabuki Comics: Encyclopedia Ii - Kabuki Comics - Core Plot
The character, codenamed Kabuki, is the granddaughter of a former World War II Japanese military man known as "the General" and an Ainu c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gang: Encyclopedia Ii - Gang - Gang Warfare
Gang warfare is the conflict between opposing gangs. Gang warfare is commonly held over turf boundary disputes, the takeover of an area i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tetsuzaemon Iba: Encyclopedia Ii - Tetsuzaemon Iba - Character Outline
Iba wears sunglasses and the standard shinigami uniform. He also smokes, thus somewhat resembling a typical yakuza gangster. On Iba's bac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series - African-american Gangs
List of gangs in Grand Theft Auto series - Southside Hoods. Gang type: Street gangs Appearance: GTA III, GTA:LCS Turf: Wichita Gardens...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Gangs In Grand Theft Auto Series - Hispanic Gangs
List of gangs in Grand Theft Auto series - Colombian Cartel. Gang type: Drug cartel Appearance: GTA III, GTA:LCS Fronts: Panlantic Con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gang: Encyclopedia Ii - Gang - Gang Identification
Gangs have been known to claim colors such as red or blue, a trend that started as far back as the late 18th century and early 19th centu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criminal Tattoo: Encyclopedia Ii - Criminal Tattoo - British
ACAB is an acronym often integrated into prison tattoos in the United Kingdom. It is most commonly rendered with one letter between the k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gang: Encyclopedia Ii - Gang - Gang Types
Apart from street gangs, there are motorcycle gangs (such as Hells Angels, the Gypsy Jokers, Mongols, Vagos, etc.), as well as other club...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criminal Tattoo: Encyclopedia Ii - Criminal Tattoo - North American
A tattoo of three dots in a triangle, usually found on the skin between the thumb and forefinger, stands for "mi vida loca" ("my crazy li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criminal Tattoo: Encyclopedia Ii - Criminal Tattoo - Russian
Russian criminal tattoos have a complex system of symbols which can 'read' to give quite detailed information about the wearer. Not only ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Takashi Miike: Encyclopedia Ii - Takashi Miike - Film Themes
Many of his films contain graphic, almost cartoonish violence and bloodshed; portray the activities of criminals (especially yakuza); or ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gang: Encyclopedia Ii - Gang - Gang Warfare
Gang warfare is the conflict between opposing gangs. Gang warfare is commonly held over turf boundary disputes, the takeover of an area i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organized Crime: Encyclopedia Ii - Organized Crime - Overview
Criminal organizations keep their illicit actions secret, and members communicate by word of mouth or telephone. Many organized crime ope...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - My Lucky Stars: Encyclopedia Ii - My Lucky Stars - Plot Summary
The plot involves Jackie Chan's character (an undercover cop) enlisting his childhood friends to travel to Japan to help him catch a Yaku...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Jack Manga: Encyclopedia Ii - Black Jack Manga - Summary
Black Jack is a medical mercenary, selling his skills to the highest bidder. He is a shadowy figure, with a black cloak, eerie black-and-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Takashi Miike: Encyclopedia Ii - Takashi Miike - Career Profile
Although Miike claimed rarely to have attended classes, he graduated from Yokohama Vocational School of Broadcast and Film (Yokohama Hoso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irezumi: Encyclopedia Ii - Irezumi - Tattoos In Modern Japan
At the beginning of the Meiji period the Japanese government, wanting to protect its image and make a good impression on the west, outlaw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Theft Auto Advance: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Theft Auto Advance - Storyline
Mike is a low-time criminal, working for the more connected Vinnie. They decide to leave Liberty City together and try their luck elsewhe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kill Bill: Encyclopedia Ii - Kill Bill - Volume 1
Kill Bill - Plot. Beatrix Kiddo, also known as The Bride, codename "Black Mamba" is a former member of "The Deadly Viper Assassination ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dead Or Alive Film: Encyclopedia Ii - Dead Or Alive Film - The Dead Or Alive Series
The Dead or Alive films are not connected in any way except by director Takashi Miike and stars and Riki Takeuchi and Sho Aikawa who alwa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Okinawa Rendez-vous: Encyclopedia Ii - Okinawa Rendez-vous - Plot Details
Jimmy Tong (Leslie Cheung) is an expert blackmailer and thief who specialises in white-collar crimes. With his side-kick (Vincent Kok), J...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kill Bill: Encyclopedia Ii - Kill Bill - Volume 1
Kill Bill - Plot. Beatrix Kiddo, also known as The Bride, codename "Black Mamba" is a former member of "The Deadly Viper Assassination ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nelson Erazo: Encyclopedia Ii - Nelson Erazo - Wrestling Facts
Nelson Erazo - Finishing and signature moves. Da Cop Killa / Kudo Driver (Back to back double underhook piledriver) West Brooklyn Lari...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia Ii - Triad - List Of Triads, Tongs And Chinese Gangs
Triad - Triads. 14K Group 14K Chung 14K Chung Yee Tang 14K Hau 14K Kia 14K Lun 14K Mui 14K Ngai 14K Sai Yee Tong 14K Shun 14K Tak 14K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia Ii - Triad - Gang Fighting
When triads have a "show of force" (known as 晒馬, sai ma in Chinese), they are only trying to negotiate with one another, they do not ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia Ii - Triad - Dealing With Triad Problems In Schools
While not all school violence is directly Triad related, it is believed[citation needed] the gang formation directly contributes to an in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia Ii - Triad - List Of Triads Tongs And Chinese Gangs
Triad - Triads. 14K Group 14K Chung 14K Chung Yee Tang 14K Hau 14K Kia 14K Lun 14K Mui 14K Ngai 14K Sai Yee Tong 14K Shun 14K Tak 14K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia Ii - Triad - Triad Groups
Triad - The 14K Triad. Main articles: 14K Triad, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]]   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wasabi Film: Encyclopedia Ii - Wasabi Film - Plot Summary
Hubert Fiorentini (Reno) is a French policeman and former intelligence operative who has been unable to forget his true love, Miko, a Jap...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia Ii - Triad - Triad Culture
Image:Guangong.jpg Triad societies have traditions and exotic rituals dating back to the early days of the Hung clan in the 18th century....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia Ii - Triad - Triad Organizational Structure
Hong Kong's triads are not as powerful as some people might expect. Unlike some of the biggest international drug dealers who have their ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia Ii - Triad - Portrayal Of Triad Societies In Popular Culture
The posters below are of local films about triads. The films depicted are Infernal Affairs, and the Young and Dangerous film series. Gang...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gozo Shioda: Encyclopedia Ii - Gozo Shioda - Early Years As An Uchi Deshi
His father was a keen judo practitioner who had his own dojo called the Yoshinkan as well. Shioda junior was a black belt in judo by the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia Ii - Triad - History Of Triads
Triad - Precursor to triads—Tian Di Hui. The Triads were started as a resistance to the Manchu Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. In the 17...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triad: Encyclopedia Ii - Triad - How Triads Are Tackled In Hong Kong
Even though there have been reports that 27,000-strong Hong Kong Police have difficulty in dealing with 100,000-strong gang members, the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Airsoft: Encyclopedia Ii - Airsoft - Airsoft Guns
Airsoft guns are classified as "toys." There are rumors that these "toys" can be modified to kill; however, airsoft enthusiasts know this...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Airsoft: Encyclopedia Ii - Airsoft - Airsoft Guns
Airsoft guns are classified as "toys." There are rumors that these "toys" can be modified to kill; however, airsoft enthusiasts know this...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Burakumin: Encyclopedia Ii - Burakumin - Modern Experience
In 1871, in an attempt to modernize Japan, the Meiji government abolished most derogatory names applying to the burakumin; despite this, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Takashi Miike: Encyclopedia Ii - Takashi Miike - Controversy
Miike's oeuvre is often regarded by detractors as offensively misogynistic. His supporters point out that it is usually Miike's female ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Japan-related Topics L-z: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Japan-related Topics L-z - Y
Yabakei, Oita, Yabe, Fukuoka, Yabe, Kumamoto, Yachimata, Chiba, Yachiyo, Chiba, Yachiyo, Hyogo, Yaeyama, Okinawa, Yagi antenna, Yagi Juki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Varley: Encyclopedia Ii - John Varley - Bibliography
John Varley - Novels. The Ophiuchi Hotline (1977) Titan (1979) Wizard (1980) Millennium (1983) Demon (1984) Steel Beach (1992) The Gol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chiaki Kuriyama: Encyclopedia Ii - Chiaki Kuriyama - Quotes
Complex Magazine (February/March 2004) "I've been playing these schoolgirl roles in all my movies. Every time I went to the set, it felt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shinshi Doumei Cross: Encyclopedia Ii - Shinshi Doumei Cross - Synopsis
Haine Otomiya is a 15-year-old high school girl who goes to an elite private school called the Imperial Academy (帝国学園 Teikoku Gak...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Claude Speed: Encyclopedia Ii - Claude Speed - Gta Iii-era Rendition
Claude Speed - San Andreas. Claude's first chronological appearance in the Grand Theft Auto III-era Grand Theft Auto storyline was as a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irezumi: Encyclopedia Ii - Irezumi - The Making Of A Japanese Tattoo
The prospective tattooee must first find a traditional tattoo artist. This in itself can be a daunting task (though it has been made easi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Theft Auto Advance: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Theft Auto Advance - Setting
The game is set in Liberty City, the fictional GTA city that appeared, most prominently, in Grand Theft Auto III. Indeed the earliest ann...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masaki Sumitani: Encyclopedia Ii - Masaki Sumitani - Early Career
Masaki Sumitani was born December 18, 1975 in Harima, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. He is 185 cm and weighs 90 kg, with a blood type of B. He ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Jack Manga: Encyclopedia Ii - Black Jack Manga - Anime Version
In 1992 Tezuka's protege Osamu Dezaki did the direction for an OVA series. Ten OVAs were made (six of which were originally only availabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ozomatli: Encyclopedia Ii - Ozomatli - Detailed History
Embrace the Chaos was released on the auspicious date of September 11, 2001. Although many American bands cancelled their concerts, Ozoma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kitaro: Encyclopedia Ii - Kitaro - Personal Life
Kitaro is a star, but he is very modest. "Nature inspires me. I am only a messenger", he said. "To me, some songs are like clouds, some a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - That Man: Encyclopedia Ii - That Man - Powers
That Man is clearly an enhanced human, as he most notably possesses the ability to shoot destructive energy beams from his hands and righ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Takeshi Kitano: Encyclopedia Ii - Takeshi Kitano - Film Career
After several other roles, mostly comedic, in 1989 he was cast in the lead for Violent Cop (Sono Otoko, Kyōbō ni Tsuki) as a sociopathi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tetsuzaemon Iba: Encyclopedia Ii - Tetsuzaemon Iba - History
Iba was originally from the 11th Division, but transferred to the 7th Division because getting promoted in the 11th division to lieutenan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sento: Encyclopedia Ii - Sento - Social And Cultural Aspects
Sento - Communication. The public bath is a very special area for communication and interaction. In normal life, most people define the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanafuda: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanafuda - History
Though refined card games were played in Japan by the nobility since its early eras, they were not commonly used for gambling, or played ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kill Bill: Encyclopedia Ii - Kill Bill - Overall Plot
Uma Thurman plays Beatrix Kiddo, "The Bride", seeking bloody revenge against Bill (played by David Carradine) and her former associates t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silver Samurai: Encyclopedia Ii - Silver Samurai - Character Biography
Silver Samurai, the illegitimate son of Shingen Harada, is a Japanese mutant with the power to charge his katana sword with mutant energy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Political Extremism In Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Political Extremism In Japan - Right-wing Extremism
Right-wing extremists were diverse. In 1989 there were 800 such groups with about 120,000 members altogether. By police count, however, o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Getbackers: Encyclopedia Ii - Getbackers - Story
The manga tells the story of the pair known as the GetBackers, consisting of both Ban Midou and Ginji Amano, who live in one of the seedi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Takeshi Kitano: Encyclopedia Ii - Takeshi Kitano - Other Work
Kitano has written over fifty books of poetry, film criticism, and several novels, a few of which have also been adapted into movies by o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bullseye Comics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bullseye Comics - Greatest Hits
If Bullseye: Greatest Hits is to be believed, Bullseye grew up in The Bronx, where he lived with his brother and his abusive father. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Takeshi Kitano: Encyclopedia Ii - Takeshi Kitano - Early Life
Born in Adachi, Tokyo in 1947. After dropping out of Meiji University, where he studied engineering for four years, he found work as an e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - De Lorean Dmc-12: Encyclopedia Ii - De Lorean Dmc-12 - Dmc-12 In Pop Culture
De Lorean DMC-12 - Famous DMC-12 owners. Johnny Carson - talk show host/comedian Matthew Reilly - Australian author Patrick Swayze - d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brian Keith: Encyclopedia Ii - Brian Keith - Career
Keith was a strong and capable actor who spent many years playing second leads and gruff sidekicks, He may be best known for his role as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kill Bill: Encyclopedia Ii - Kill Bill - Overall Plot
Uma Thurman plays Beatrix Kiddo, "The Bride", seeking bloody revenge against Bill (played by David Carradine) and her former associates t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Burakumin: Encyclopedia Ii - Burakumin - Burakumin In Film And Fiction
In High and Low (Japanese title 天国と地獄 Tengoku to jigoku, literally "Heaven and Hell") [9], a movie adapted in 1963 from Evan Hu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rikidozan: Encyclopedia Ii - Rikidozan - Career
Born Kim Sin-Nak (Hangul: 김신락; Hanja: 金信洛) in South Hamgyong, North Korea, he travelled to Japan and trained to be a sumo wre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gozo Shioda: Encyclopedia Ii - Gozo Shioda - As A Soldier In The Imperial Japanese Army
Shioda trained under Ueshiba on and off for a total of around ten years. He was posted to China in 1937 as part of the Imperial Japanese ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bullseye Comics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bullseye Comics - Character Biography
Bullseye is a psychotic assassin with the ability to use any object, frequently an ordinary playing card, and throw or shoot it with leth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irezumi: Encyclopedia Ii - Irezumi - History Of Japanese Tattoos
Tattooing for spiritual and decorative purposes in Japan is thought to extend back to at least the Jomon or paleolithic period (approxima...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Postman Pat: Encyclopedia Ii - Postman Pat - General
Pat is the owner of a small black and white cat named Jess, who always travels with him. Other characters include his wife Sarah, the pos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Postman Pat: Encyclopedia Ii - Postman Pat - 2004 Series
In 2004, a new series of the show was broadcast, with much more fluid animation and even mouth movements. Another set of 28 episodes has ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Jack Manga: Encyclopedia Ii - Black Jack Manga - Secondary Characters
Black Jack manga - Pinoko. Pinoko (pinochle, ピノコ) is Black Jack's sidekick, a little girl constructed entirely by him from spare ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Character Classes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Character Classes - Alternity
List of character classes - Player's Handbook Professions. Combat Spec Diplomat Free Agent Tech Op ... See also:List of character c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Theft Auto Advance: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Theft Auto Advance - Technical Details
The game had to be adapted to the GBA's hardware limitations. As a result it does not have voice acting or animated cutscenes, nor does i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Theft Auto 2: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Theft Auto 2 - Gta2: The Movie
The opening of the game was pieced together from live film-material that was taken from an 8 minute GTA2 short-movie created for the purp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Claude Speed: Encyclopedia Ii - Claude Speed - Gta2 Movie Rendition
Little history is known about the character from GTA2; however, DMA Design had previously released a promotional movie for the game, whic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brian Keith: Encyclopedia Ii - Brian Keith - Biographical Information
Brian Keith was born Robert Keith Richey, Jr. in Bayonne, New Jersey to actor Robert Keith and stage actress Helena Shipman (born in Aber...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Steven Seagal: Encyclopedia Ii - Steven Seagal - Residence
Seagal maintains a ranch in Colorado and a home in the Mandeville Canyon section of Brentwood, California, a wealthy suburb of Los Angele...   » Read the article

Article - Popular Pages Sitemap Vi - X
This is a sitemap for Popular Pages VI - X . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. ...   » Read the article