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Y-chromosomal Aaron | A Wisdom Archive on Y-chromosomal Aaron | | Y-chromosomal Aaron A selection of articles related to Y-chromosomal Aaron | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Y-chromosomal Aaron | | | |  Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Debate
Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion.
The date of the conversion, and whether it occurred as one event or as a sequence of events over time, is widely disputed. The issues surrounding this controversy are discussed above.
The number of Khazars who converted to Judaism is also hotly contested. D.M. Dunlop was of the opinion that only the upper class converted; this was the majority view until relatively recently. The relatively sudden shift in burial customs during the mid 800s suggests a more widespread conversion, which hypothesis has been rece ...
See also:Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915 Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Debate |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Semitic - Language The modern linguistic meaning of "Semitic" is therefore derived from, but not identical to Biblical usage. In a linguistic context the Semitic languages are a subgroup of the larger Afro-Asiatic language family (according to Greenberg's widely accepted classification) and include, among others, Akkadian, the ancient language of Babylon, Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, Arabic, the largest contemporary Semitic language, Aramaic, the mother-tongue of Jesus, Canaanite, Ge'ez, the ancient language of the Ethiopian Coptic scriptures, H ...
See also:Semitic, Semitic - Origin, Semitic - Language, Semitic - Geography, Semitic - Religion, Semitic - Ethnicity and race Read more here: » Semitic: Encyclopedia II - Semitic - Language |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Who is a Priest? King Melchizedek of Salem, identified by Rashi as being Shem the son of Noah by another name, is the first person in the Torah to be called a Kohen (Genesis 14:18).
When Esau sold the birthright of the first born to Jacob, Rashi explains that the Priesthood was sold along with it, because by right the priesthood belongs to the first born. Only when the firstborn (along with the rest of Israel) sinned at the Golden calf, the priesthood was given to the tribe of Levi, wh ...
See also:Kohen, Kohen - The high priest, Kohen - Biblical data, Kohen - Age and qualifications, Kohen - His costume, Kohen - Sanctity and functions, Kohen - In rabbinical literature, Kohen - His powers, Kohen - Restrictions, Kohen - Critical view, Kohen - Post-Exilic conditions, Kohen - Political aspects, Kohen - Connection with Sanhedrin, Kohen - The priesthood in the Hebrew Bible, Kohen - Importance of pedigree, Kohen - Rules protecting against ritual defilement, Kohen - Exceptions to rules for contact with the dead, Kohen - Division into work groups, Kohen - Post-Temple theology and practice, Kohen - Women and the priesthood, Kohen - Marriages involving Kohanim, Kohen - Historic and present-day Orthodox Judaism view, Kohen - Reform view, Kohen - Conservative Judaism view, Kohen - Kohanim in contemporary times, Kohen - Orthodox Jewish views, Kohen - Conservative and Masorti Jewish views, Kohen - Reform and Reconstructionist Jewish views, Kohen - Who is a Priest?, Kohen - Recent genetic findings: The Kohen gene, Kohen - Cohen as a surname, Kohen - Outside Judaism, Kohen - Trivia, Kohen - Bibliography Read more here: » Kohen: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Who is a Priest? |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Importance of pedigree Later Judaism enforced rigidly the laws relating to the pedigrees of priests, and even established similar requirements for the women they married. Proof of a spotless pedigree was necessary for admission to priestly service. Anyone unable to establish their status as a Kohen was excluded from the priesthood.
Unless a woman's pedigree was known to be unimpeachable, a Kohen, before marrying her, was required to examine it for four generations on both sides, in case she was of priestly lineage; for five ...
See also:Kohen, Kohen - The high priest, Kohen - Biblical data, Kohen - Age and qualifications, Kohen - His costume, Kohen - Sanctity and functions, Kohen - In rabbinical literature, Kohen - His powers, Kohen - Restrictions, Kohen - Critical view, Kohen - Post-Exilic conditions, Kohen - Political aspects, Kohen - Connection with Sanhedrin, Kohen - The priesthood in the Hebrew Bible, Kohen - Importance of pedigree, Kohen - Rules protecting against ritual defilement, Kohen - Exceptions to rules for contact with the dead, Kohen - Division into work groups, Kohen - Post-Temple theology and practice, Kohen - Women and the priesthood, Kohen - Marriages involving Kohanim, Kohen - Historic and present-day Orthodox Judaism view, Kohen - Reform view, Kohen - Conservative Judaism view, Kohen - Kohanim in contemporary times, Kohen - Orthodox Jewish views, Kohen - Conservative and Masorti Jewish views, Kohen - Reform and Reconstructionist Jewish views, Kohen - Who is a Priest?, Kohen - Recent genetic findings: The Kohen gene, Kohen - Cohen as a surname, Kohen - Outside Judaism, Kohen - Trivia, Kohen - Bibliography Read more here: » Kohen: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Importance of pedigree |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - The priesthood in the Hebrew Bible The Torah appoints Aaron, brother of Moses, and Aaron's descendants as Kohanim (Numbers 3:1–4). They were given duties associated with the Tabernacle (Numbers 1:47–54; 3:5–13,44–51; 8:5–26), primarily the daily and Jewish holiday offerings of various sacrifices, collectively known as the korbanot in Hebrew.
Since Aaron was a Levite, this means that all Kohanim are Levites. Most of the service, mainly of the korbanot, in the Temple could be conducted only by Kohani ...
See also:Kohen, Kohen - The high priest, Kohen - Biblical data, Kohen - Age and qualifications, Kohen - His costume, Kohen - Sanctity and functions, Kohen - In rabbinical literature, Kohen - His powers, Kohen - Restrictions, Kohen - Critical view, Kohen - Post-Exilic conditions, Kohen - Political aspects, Kohen - Connection with Sanhedrin, Kohen - The priesthood in the Hebrew Bible, Kohen - Importance of pedigree, Kohen - Rules protecting against ritual defilement, Kohen - Exceptions to rules for contact with the dead, Kohen - Division into work groups, Kohen - Post-Temple theology and practice, Kohen - Women and the priesthood, Kohen - Marriages involving Kohanim, Kohen - Historic and present-day Orthodox Judaism view, Kohen - Reform view, Kohen - Conservative Judaism view, Kohen - Kohanim in contemporary times, Kohen - Orthodox Jewish views, Kohen - Conservative and Masorti Jewish views, Kohen - Reform and Reconstructionist Jewish views, Kohen - Who is a Priest?, Kohen - Recent genetic findings: The Kohen gene, Kohen - Cohen as a surname, Kohen - Outside Judaism, Kohen - Trivia, Kohen - Bibliography Read more here: » Kohen: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - The priesthood in the Hebrew Bible |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Rules protecting against ritual defilement The Kohanim formed a holy order. For the purpose of protecting them against all ritual profanation and defilement they were to follow many rules.
Kohanim were forbidden to come in contact with dead bodies, except in the case of their nearest kin, nor were they permitted to perform the customary mourning rites. A Kohen is forbidden to enter any house or enclosure, or approach any spot, where a dead body, or part of a dead body, may be found. (Lev. x. 6, xxi. 1–5; Ezek. xliv. 20, 25).
A Kohen is forbidden to touc ...
See also:Kohen, Kohen - The high priest, Kohen - Biblical data, Kohen - Age and qualifications, Kohen - His costume, Kohen - Sanctity and functions, Kohen - In rabbinical literature, Kohen - His powers, Kohen - Restrictions, Kohen - Critical view, Kohen - Post-Exilic conditions, Kohen - Political aspects, Kohen - Connection with Sanhedrin, Kohen - The priesthood in the Hebrew Bible, Kohen - Importance of pedigree, Kohen - Rules protecting against ritual defilement, Kohen - Exceptions to rules for contact with the dead, Kohen - Division into work groups, Kohen - Post-Temple theology and practice, Kohen - Women and the priesthood, Kohen - Marriages involving Kohanim, Kohen - Historic and present-day Orthodox Judaism view, Kohen - Reform view, Kohen - Conservative Judaism view, Kohen - Kohanim in contemporary times, Kohen - Orthodox Jewish views, Kohen - Conservative and Masorti Jewish views, Kohen - Reform and Reconstructionist Jewish views, Kohen - Who is a Priest?, Kohen - Recent genetic findings: The Kohen gene, Kohen - Cohen as a surname, Kohen - Outside Judaism, Kohen - Trivia, Kohen - Bibliography Read more here: » Kohen: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Rules protecting against ritual defilement |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Division into work groups Not all Kohanim (priests) worked at the same time; they were divided into twenty-four groups. This is mentioned in Chronicles; this practice continued down to the destruction of the Second Temple, as statements to this effect by Josephus ("Ant." vii. 14, § 7; "Vita", § 1) and the Talmudic sources show.
These "divisions" of priests took turns in weekly service. Those who served changed every Shabbat (Sabbath), but on the Biblical fe ...
See also:Kohen, Kohen - The high priest, Kohen - Biblical data, Kohen - Age and qualifications, Kohen - His costume, Kohen - Sanctity and functions, Kohen - In rabbinical literature, Kohen - His powers, Kohen - Restrictions, Kohen - Critical view, Kohen - Post-Exilic conditions, Kohen - Political aspects, Kohen - Connection with Sanhedrin, Kohen - The priesthood in the Hebrew Bible, Kohen - Importance of pedigree, Kohen - Rules protecting against ritual defilement, Kohen - Exceptions to rules for contact with the dead, Kohen - Division into work groups, Kohen - Post-Temple theology and practice, Kohen - Women and the priesthood, Kohen - Marriages involving Kohanim, Kohen - Historic and present-day Orthodox Judaism view, Kohen - Reform view, Kohen - Conservative Judaism view, Kohen - Kohanim in contemporary times, Kohen - Orthodox Jewish views, Kohen - Conservative and Masorti Jewish views, Kohen - Reform and Reconstructionist Jewish views, Kohen - Who is a Priest?, Kohen - Recent genetic findings: The Kohen gene, Kohen - Cohen as a surname, Kohen - Outside Judaism, Kohen - Trivia, Kohen - Bibliography Read more here: » Kohen: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Division into work groups |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Kohanim in contemporary times
Kohen - Orthodox Jewish views.
Since the end of the Temple in Jerusalem, the Kohen has little formal rule in Jewish life. The one area in which the Kohen still has a formal and public ceremonial comes in the area of the aliyah, the ritual reading of the Torah during prayer services. Three times each week a portion from the Torah is read aloud in front of the congregation, in the original Hebrew, and this reading is split into a number of portions. It is customary to reserve the first reading of the Torah for a Kohen, and the second reading of the Torah for a Levite. In the Orthodox Jewish ...
See also:Kohen, Kohen - The high priest, Kohen - Biblical data, Kohen - Age and qualifications, Kohen - His costume, Kohen - Sanctity and functions, Kohen - In rabbinical literature, Kohen - His powers, Kohen - Restrictions, Kohen - Critical view, Kohen - Post-Exilic conditions, Kohen - Political aspects, Kohen - Connection with Sanhedrin, Kohen - The priesthood in the Hebrew Bible, Kohen - Importance of pedigree, Kohen - Rules protecting against ritual defilement, Kohen - Exceptions to rules for contact with the dead, Kohen - Division into work groups, Kohen - Post-Temple theology and practice, Kohen - Women and the priesthood, Kohen - Marriages involving Kohanim, Kohen - Historic and present-day Orthodox Judaism view, Kohen - Reform view, Kohen - Conservative Judaism view, Kohen - Kohanim in contemporary times, Kohen - Orthodox Jewish views, Kohen - Conservative and Masorti Jewish views, Kohen - Reform and Reconstructionist Jewish views, Kohen - Who is a Priest?, Kohen - Recent genetic findings: The Kohen gene, Kohen - Cohen as a surname, Kohen - Outside Judaism, Kohen - Trivia, Kohen - Bibliography Read more here: » Kohen: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Kohanim in contemporary times |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Marriages involving Kohanim
Kohen - Historic and present-day Orthodox Judaism view.
Such marriages are regulated by a number of special restrictions in addition to the general laws covering all Israelites. The Torah prohibits a Kohen from marrying women of certain specified categories: A divorcee, a "defiled" woman, or a "harlot". It ordains that any Kohen who makes such a marriage loses his priestly status while in that marriage. Note that the Kohen is not allowed to "choose to forgo his status" ...
See also:Kohen, Kohen - The high priest, Kohen - Biblical data, Kohen - Age and qualifications, Kohen - His costume, Kohen - Sanctity and functions, Kohen - In rabbinical literature, Kohen - His powers, Kohen - Restrictions, Kohen - Critical view, Kohen - Post-Exilic conditions, Kohen - Political aspects, Kohen - Connection with Sanhedrin, Kohen - The priesthood in the Hebrew Bible, Kohen - Importance of pedigree, Kohen - Rules protecting against ritual defilement, Kohen - Exceptions to rules for contact with the dead, Kohen - Division into work groups, Kohen - Post-Temple theology and practice, Kohen - Women and the priesthood, Kohen - Marriages involving Kohanim, Kohen - Historic and present-day Orthodox Judaism view, Kohen - Reform view, Kohen - Conservative Judaism view, Kohen - Kohanim in contemporary times, Kohen - Orthodox Jewish views, Kohen - Conservative and Masorti Jewish views, Kohen - Reform and Reconstructionist Jewish views, Kohen - Who is a Priest?, Kohen - Recent genetic findings: The Kohen gene, Kohen - Cohen as a surname, Kohen - Outside Judaism, Kohen - Trivia, Kohen - Bibliography Read more here: » Kohen: Encyclopedia II - Kohen - Marriages involving Kohanim |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage The word antisemitic (antisemitisch in German) was probably first used in 1860 by the Jewish scholar Moritz Steinschneider in the phrase "antisemitic prejudices" (German: "antisemitische Vorurteile"). Steinschneider used this phrase to characterize Ernest Renan's ideas about how "Semitic races" were inferior to "Aryan races." These pseudo-scientific theories had become quite widespread in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, especially as ...
See also:Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Khazar religion
Khazars - Turkic shamanism.
Originally, the Khazars practiced traditional Turkic shamanism, focused on the sky god Tengri, but were heavily influenced by Confucian ideas imported from China, notably that of the Mandate of Heaven. The Ashina clan were considered to be the chosen of Tengri and the kaghan was the incarnation of the favor the sky-god bestowed on the Turks. A kaghan who failed had clearly lost the god's favor and was typically ritually executed. Historians have sometimes wondered, only half in jest, if the Khazar tendency to occasionally execute their rulers on religious grounds le ...
See also:Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915 Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Khazar religion |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Rise
Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state.
Early Khazar history is intimately tied with that of the Gokturk empire, founded when the Ashina clan overthrew the Juan Juan in 552 CE. With the collapse of the Gokturk empire / tribal confederation due to internal conflict in the seventh century, the western half of the Turk empire itself split into two confederations, the Bulgars, led by the Dulo clan, and the Khazars, led by the Ashina clan, the traditional rulers of the Gok Turk empire. By 670, the Khazars had broken the Bulgar confederation, leaving the three Bulgar remnants on the Volg ...
See also:Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915 Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Rise |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism The earliest occurrence of antisemitism has received much investigation. Peter Schafer has argued that antisemitism was first spread by "the Greek retelling of ancient Egyptian prejudices". In view of the anti-Jewish writings of the Egyptian priest Manetho, Schafer suggests that anti-Semitism may have emerged "in Egypt alone". The hostility commonly faced by Jews in the Diaspora has been extensively described by John M. G. Barclay. The ancient Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria described an attack on Jews in Alexandria in 38 CE in Flaccu ...
See also:Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Economic position
Khazars - Trade.
The Khazars occupied a prime trade nexus. Goods from western Europe travelled east to Central Asia and China and vice versa, and the Muslim world could only interact with northern Europe via Khazar intermediaries. The Radanites, a guild of medieval Jewish merchants, had a trade route that ran through Khazaria, and may have been instrumental in the Khazars' conversion to Judaism.
No Khazar paid taxes to the central government. Revenue came from a 10% levy on goods transiting through the reg ...
See also:Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915 Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Economic position |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Decline and fall
Khazars - Rise of Rus.
Originally the Khazars were probably allied with various Norse factions who controlled the region around Novgorod and regularly travelled through Khazar-held territory to attack territories around the Black and Caspian Seas. By 913, however, the Khazars were engaged in open hostilities with Norse marauders. The Khazar fortress of Sarkel, constructed with Byzantine aid around 830, may have been constructed as a defense against Rus incursions, as well as atta ...
See also:Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915 Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Decline and fall |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Extent of influence The Khazar Khaganate was, at its height, an immensely powerful state. The Khazar heartland was on the lower Volga and the Caspian coast as far south as Derbent. In addition, from the late 600s the Khazars controlled most of the Crimea and the northeast littoral of the Black Sea. By 800 Khazar holdings included most of the Pontic steppe as far west as the Dneiper and as far east as the Aral Sea (some Turkic history atlases show the Khazar sphere of influence extending well east of the Aral). During the Khazar-Arab war of the early 700s, some Khazars evacuated to the Ural foothills, and some settlements may have remained.
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See also:Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915 Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Extent of influence |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Tribes The Khazars' tribal structure is not well understood. They appear, like many Turkic nations, to have been divided between Ak-Khazars ("White Khazars") and Kara-Khazars ("Black Khazars"). Writers such as Graetz mistakenly believed that these were racial designations; in fact, such distinctions have nothing to do with physical appearance or racial identification. The White-Black distinction is a common social division in Eurasian nomadic tribes, with the "White" group representing the nobility, warrior elite and ruling classes, and the "Black" group making ...
See also:Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915 Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Tribes |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Government
Khazars - Khazar Kingship.
Main Articles: Khagan; Khagan Bek; for names of Khazar rulers see List of Khazar rulers.
Khazar kingship was divided between the khagan and the Bek or Khagan Bek. Contemporary Arab historians related that the Khagan was purely a spiritual ruler or figurehead with limited powers, while the Bek was responsible for administration and military affairs.
Both the Khagan and the Khagan Bek lived in Itil. The Khagan's palace, according to Arab sources, was on an island in the Volga River. He was reported to have 25 wives, each the daughter of a client ruler; this ma ...
See also:Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915 Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Government |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism Racial anti-Semitism replaced the hatred of Judaism with the hatred of Jews as a group. In the context of the Industrial Revolution, following the emancipation of the Jews, Jews rapidly urbanized and experienced a period of greater social mobility. With the decreasing role of religion in public life tempering religious anti-Semitism, a combination of growing nationalism, the rise of eugenics, and resentment at the socio-economic success of the Jews led to the newer, and more virulent, racist anti-Semitism.
An ...
See also:Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Origins and prehistory The origins of the Khazars are unclear. Following their conversion to Judaism, the Khazars themselves traced their origins to Kozar, a son of Togarmeh. Togarmeh is mentioned in the Hebrew scriptures as a grandson of Japheth. It is unlikely, however, that he was regarded as an ancestor before the introduction of Biblical traditions to Khazaria.
Some historians have looked for possible connections between the Khazars and the lost tribes of Israel, but modern scholars generally consider them to be Turks who migrated from the East. Schola ...
See also:Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915 Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Origins and prehistory |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries
Anti-Semitism - United States.
Jews were often condemned by populist politicians alternately for their left-wing politics, or their perceived wealth, at the turn of the century. Anti-semitism grew in the years leading up to America's entry into World War II, Father Charles Coughlin, an anti-Semitic radio preacher, as well as many other prominent public figures, condemned "the Jews," and Henr ...
See also:Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries |
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| | | | | Y-chromosomal Aaron: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world Anti-Semitism within Islam is discussed in the article on Islam and anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism in the Arab World is discussed in the article on Arabs and anti-Semitism
The Qur'an, Islam's holy book, accuses the Jews of corrupting the Hebrew Bible. Muslims refer to Jews and Christians as a "People of the book"; Islamic law demands that when under Muslim rule they should be tolerated as dhimmis - from the Arab term ahl adh-dhimma. The writer Bat Ye'or introduced the modern word Dhimmitude as a generic indication o ...
See also:Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world |
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