Chewing gum is a type of confectionery which is designed to be chewed, not swallowed. Traditionally, it was made of chicle, a natural latex product, although for reasons of economy many modern chewing gums use petroleum-based plastic instead of chicle. Chicle is nonetheless still the base of choice for some "upscale" gum brands, as well as some regional markets, such as in Japan. Chewing gum - History of gum. Chewing gum, in various forms, has existed since at least Ancient Greece. The Greeks chewed mastic ...

Including:

• Chewing gum - History of gum
• Chewing gum - Types of gum
• Chewing gum - Composition and manufacture
• Chewing gum - Gum and society
• Chewing gum - Gum and military
• Chewing gum - Footnotes

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A sugar substitute is a food additive which duplicates the effect of sugar in taste, but often with less food energy. In Commonwealth English, sugar substitutes are often referred to as "sweeteners" (to the exclusion of sugar). An important class of sugar substitutes are known as high intensity sweeteners. These are compounds whose sweetness is many times that of sucrose; accordingly, much less sweetener is required and energy contribution often negligible. The sensation of sweetness caused by these compounds (the "sweetness profile") is sometimes notably different from sucrose, so they are used in complex ...

Including:

• Sugar substitute - Reasons for using sugar substitutes
• Sugar substitute - Sugar substitute health controversies
• Sugar substitute - Cyclamate controversy
• Sugar substitute - Saccharin controversy
• Sugar substitute - Aspartame controversy
• Sugar substitute - Sucralose controversy
• Sugar substitute - List of sugar substitutes
• Sugar substitute - Natural sugar substitutes
• Sugar substitute - Artificial sugar substitutes

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Xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth due to a lack of saliva. Xerostomia is sometimes colloquially called pasties or cottonmouth, the latter especially when occurring as a side effect, primarily after smoking marijuana or during a hangover. Xerostomia can cause difficulty in speech and eating. It also leads to halitosis and a dramatic rise in the number of cavities, as the protective effect of saliva is no longer present, and can make the ...

Including:

• Xerostomia - Causes
• Xerostomia - Treatment

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Dental caries (tooth decay) is one of the most common of all disorders, second only to the common cold. It usually occurs in children and young adults, but can affect any person. It is the most significant cause of tooth loss in younger people. The mouth contains a wide variety of bacteria, but only a few specific strains of bacteria cause dental caries: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli. These bacteria convert foods—especially sugar and starch—into acids such as lactic acid created through fermentation processes ...

See also:

Dental caries, Dental caries - Causes, Dental caries - Signs and symptoms, Dental caries - Types of carious lesions cavities, Dental caries - Diagnosis of caries, Dental caries - Treatment, Dental caries - Expectations, Dental caries - Prevention

Read more here: » Dental caries: Encyclopedia II - Dental caries - Causes

Dental caries (tooth decay) is one of the most common of all disorders, second only to the common cold. It usually occurs in children and young adults, but can affect any person. It is the most significant cause of tooth loss in younger people. The mouth contains a wide variety of bacteria, but only a few specific strains of bacteria cause dental caries: S. Mutans and Lactobacilli. These bacteria convert foods—especially sugar and starch—into acids such as lactic acid created through fermentation processes. These acids seep into t ...

See also:

Dental caries, Dental caries - Causes, Dental caries - Signs and symptoms, Dental caries - Types of carious lesions cavities, Dental caries - Diagnosis of caries, Dental caries - Treatment, Dental caries - Expectations, Dental caries - Prevention

Read more here: » Dental caries: Encyclopedia II - Dental caries - Causes

Treatment depends on the cause and severity of fecal incontinence; it may include dietary changes, medication, bowel training, or surgery. More than one treatment may be necessary for successful control since continence is a complicated chain of events. There are several devices and medications to combat fecal incontinence. Fecal incontinence - Dietary changes. Food affects the consistency of stool and how quickly it passes through the digestive system. One way to help control fecal incontinence in ...

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Fecal incontinence, Fecal incontinence - Prevalence, Fecal incontinence - Causes, Fecal incontinence - Muscle damage, Fecal incontinence - Nerve damage, Fecal incontinence - Loss of storage capacity, Fecal incontinence - Diarrhea, Fecal incontinence - Pelvic floor dysfunction, Fecal incontinence - Diagnosis, Fecal incontinence - Treatment, Fecal incontinence - Dietary changes, Fecal incontinence - Medication, Fecal incontinence - Bowel training, Fecal incontinence - Surgery, Fecal incontinence - What to do about anal discomfort, Fecal incontinence - Emotional considerations, Fecal incontinence - Everyday practical tips, Fecal incontinence - Fecal incontinence in children, Fecal incontinence - Why children get constipated, Fecal incontinence - Reference

Read more here: » Fecal incontinence: Encyclopedia II - Fecal incontinence - Treatment

Erythritol - Heat of Solution. Erythritol has a strong cooling effect (negative heat of solution) when it dissolves in water, which combines superbly with mint flavors, but often proves distracting with more subtle flavors and textures. The cooling effect is only present when erythritol is not already dissolved in water, a situation that might be experienced in an erythritol-sweetened frosting, chocolate bar, chewing gum, or hard candy. When combined with solid fats, such as coconut oil, cocoa butter or cow's but ...

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Erythritol, Erythritol - Erythritol and Human Digestion, Erythritol - Physical Properties, Erythritol - Heat of Solution, Erythritol - Taste & Synergistic Sweetening, Erythritol - Blending for Sugar-Like Properties, Erythritol - Erythritol and Bacteria

Read more here: » Erythritol: Encyclopedia II - Erythritol - Physical Properties

Maltitol, like other sugar alcohols, does not brown or caramelize. It is not metabolized by oral bacteria, so it does not promote tooth decay. It is more slowly absorbed than sugar which makes it somewhat more suitable for people with diabetes than white sugar (sucrose) but it is very important to note that its blood sugar impact is far from negligible and some traditional sugars, such as fructose, actually have a significantly lower impact on blood sugar. Its food energy value is 2.1 calories pe ...

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Maltitol, Maltitol - Production & Uses, Maltitol - Metabolism of Maltitol, Maltitol - Miscellaneous, Maltitol - External link

Read more here: » Maltitol: Encyclopedia II - Maltitol - Metabolism of Maltitol

Chewing gum, in various forms, has existed since at least Ancient Greece. The Greeks chewed mastic gum, made from the resin of the mastic tree. Betel, a mild narcotic, has enjoyed popularity in India for millennia. Many other cultures have chewed gum-like substances made from plants, grasses, and resins. The American Indians chewed resin made from the sap of spruce trees. The New England settlers picked up this practice, and in the early 1880s attempts were made to commercially market spruce gum. Around 1850 a gum made from paraffin wax was developed a ...

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Chewing gum, Chewing gum - History of gum, Chewing gum - Types of gum, Chewing gum - Composition and manufacture, Chewing gum - Gum and society, Chewing gum - Gum and military, Chewing gum - Footnotes

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There is ongoing controversy over the supposed health risks of artificial sweeteners such as saccharin and aspartame. Some studies suggest that they may cause diseases in laboratory animals, but this is usually after "mega-dosing" animals already predisposed to disease. No scientific study has demonstrated health risks of saccharin to humans at normal doses. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration determined in 1981 that aspartame is safe to use in foods. It has also ruled that all products containing aspartame must include a warning to phenylketonurics that the sweetener contains phenylalanine (as do many food ...

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Sugar substitute, Sugar substitute - Reasons for using sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Sugar substitute health controversies, Sugar substitute - Cyclamate controversy, Sugar substitute - Saccharin controversy, Sugar substitute - Aspartame controversy, Sugar substitute - Sucralose controversy, Sugar substitute - List of sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Natural sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Artificial sugar substitutes

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It may be a sign of an underlying disease, such as Sjögren's syndrome, poorly controlled diabetes, or Eaton-Lambert syndrome, but this is not always so. Other causes of insufficient saliva include side effects of drugs, medications, or alcohol, trauma to the salivary glands or their ducts or nerves, dehydration, excessive mouth breathing, or previous radiation therapy. Playing or exercising a long time outside on a hot day will often cause your saliva glands to simply dry up as your bodily fluids are concentrated elsewhere. Marijuana acts as a particularly strong catalyst in dryi ...

See also:

Xerostomia, Xerostomia - Causes, Xerostomia - Treatment

Read more here: » Xerostomia: Encyclopedia II - Xerostomia - Causes

If one's child has fecal incontinence, one needs to see a doctor to determine the cause and treatment. Fecal incontinence can occur in children because of a birth defect or disease, but in most cases it's because of chronic constipation. Potty-trained children often get constipated simply because they refuse to go to the bathroom. The problem might stem from embarrassment over using a public toilet or unwillingness to stop playing and go to the bathroom. But if the child continues to hold in stool, the feces will accumulate and harden ...

See also:

Fecal incontinence, Fecal incontinence - Prevalence, Fecal incontinence - Causes, Fecal incontinence - Muscle damage, Fecal incontinence - Nerve damage, Fecal incontinence - Loss of storage capacity, Fecal incontinence - Diarrhea, Fecal incontinence - Pelvic floor dysfunction, Fecal incontinence - Diagnosis, Fecal incontinence - Treatment, Fecal incontinence - Dietary changes, Fecal incontinence - Medication, Fecal incontinence - Bowel training, Fecal incontinence - Surgery, Fecal incontinence - What to do about anal discomfort, Fecal incontinence - Emotional considerations, Fecal incontinence - Everyday practical tips, Fecal incontinence - Fecal incontinence in children, Fecal incontinence - Why children get constipated, Fecal incontinence - Reference

Read more here: » Fecal incontinence: Encyclopedia II - Fecal incontinence - Fecal incontinence in children

Erythritol has long been part of the human diet. In the body, erythritol is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine, and then for the most part excreted unchanged in the urine. Because erythritol is normally absorbed before it enters the large intestine, it does not normally cause laxative effects as are often experienced after over-consumption of other sugar alcohols and most people will enjoy erythritol with absolutely zero side effects. This is very unique, as other sugar a ...

See also:

Erythritol, Erythritol - Erythritol and Human Digestion, Erythritol - Physical Properties, Erythritol - Heat of Solution, Erythritol - Taste & Synergistic Sweetening, Erythritol - Blending for Sugar-Like Properties, Erythritol - Erythritol and Bacteria

Read more here: » Erythritol: Encyclopedia II - Erythritol - Erythritol and Human Digestion

Fecal incontinence can have several causes: diarrhea pelvic floor dysfunction an extended period without defecation severe muscular strain in the abdominal area, particularly when giving birth damage to the anal sphincter muscles damage to the nerves of the anal sphincter muscles or the rectum loss of storage capacity in the rectum, e.g. due to surgery or a combination thereof. < ...

See also:

Fecal incontinence, Fecal incontinence - Prevalence, Fecal incontinence - Causes, Fecal incontinence - Muscle damage, Fecal incontinence - Nerve damage, Fecal incontinence - Loss of storage capacity, Fecal incontinence - Diarrhea, Fecal incontinence - Pelvic floor dysfunction, Fecal incontinence - Diagnosis, Fecal incontinence - Treatment, Fecal incontinence - Dietary changes, Fecal incontinence - Medication, Fecal incontinence - Bowel training, Fecal incontinence - Surgery, Fecal incontinence - What to do about anal discomfort, Fecal incontinence - Emotional considerations, Fecal incontinence - Everyday practical tips, Fecal incontinence - Fecal incontinence in children, Fecal incontinence - Why children get constipated, Fecal incontinence - Reference

Read more here: » Fecal incontinence: Encyclopedia II - Fecal incontinence - Causes

There are three main reasons for using a sugar substitute: To assist in weight loss — some people choose to limit their food energy intake by substituting high-energy sugar with other sweeteners with little or no energy. This allows them to eat the same foods they normally would while allowing them to lose weight and avoid other problems associated with excessive energy intake. However, it should be noted that changing the food energy intake from one food will not necessarily change a persons overall food energy ...

See also:

Sugar substitute, Sugar substitute - Reasons for using sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Sugar substitute health controversies, Sugar substitute - Cyclamate controversy, Sugar substitute - Saccharin controversy, Sugar substitute - Aspartame controversy, Sugar substitute - Sucralose controversy, Sugar substitute - List of sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Natural sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Artificial sugar substitutes

Read more here: » Sugar substitute: Encyclopedia II - Sugar substitute - Reasons for using sugar substitutes

Carious lesions may form on different surfaces on a tooth. A cavity on the Occlusal surface is on the chewing surface of the tooth. A cavity on the Buccal surface is on the surface of the tooth next to the cheek. A cavity on the Lingual surface is on the surface next to the tongue. Interproximal cavities occur in between two adjacent teeth. Cavities that occur on the root usually occur when gross decay on the buccal surfaces extends downwards past the crown or when someone has exposed roots, either due to g ...

See also:

Dental caries, Dental caries - Causes, Dental caries - Signs and symptoms, Dental caries - Types of carious lesions cavities, Dental caries - Diagnosis of caries, Dental caries - Treatment, Dental caries - Expectations, Dental caries - Prevention

Read more here: » Dental caries: Encyclopedia II - Dental caries - Types of carious lesions cavities

The standard type of gum is a small stick or wad of gum. Gum comes in a variety of flavors, depending on location and is most often chewed for the flavor. Some brands of gum are: Juicy Fruit, Dubble Bubble, Orbit, Bubble Yum, Trident, Chiclets, Bazooka, Super Bubble, Carefree, Freedent, Bubblicious and many others. Nicotine gum is designed especially for people who are trying to quit smoking. The gum contains a small amount of nicotine to combat cravings, and gives the former smoker something to do besides hold a cigarette in their mouth. Several types of gum are designed specifically for dental hygiene. There are gums to wh ...

See also:

Chewing gum, Chewing gum - History of gum, Chewing gum - Types of gum, Chewing gum - Composition and manufacture, Chewing gum - Gum and society, Chewing gum - Gum and military, Chewing gum - Footnotes

Read more here: » Chewing gum: Encyclopedia II - Chewing gum - Types of gum

The three primary compounds used as sugar substitutes in the United States are saccharin (e.g. Sweet'N Low), aspartame (e.g. Equal, NutraSweet) and sucralose (e.g. Splenda). In many other countries cyclamate is used extensively. Sugar substitute - Natural sugar substitutes. Brazzein — Protein, 2,000x sweetness of sucrose (by weight), Exxx Curculin — Protein, 550x sweetness (by weight), Exxx Erythritol — 0.7x sweetness (by weight), 14x sweetness of s ...

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Sugar substitute, Sugar substitute - Reasons for using sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Sugar substitute health controversies, Sugar substitute - Cyclamate controversy, Sugar substitute - Saccharin controversy, Sugar substitute - Aspartame controversy, Sugar substitute - Sucralose controversy, Sugar substitute - List of sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Natural sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Artificial sugar substitutes

Read more here: » Sugar substitute: Encyclopedia II - Sugar substitute - List of sugar substitutes

There are three main reasons for using a sugar substitute: To assist in weight loss (and metabolic health) — some people choose to limit their food energy intake by substituting high-energy sugar with other sweeteners with little or no energy. This allows them to eat the same foods they normally would while allowing them to lose weight and avoid other problems associated with excessive energy intake. However, it should be noted that changing the food energy intake from one food will not necessarily change a perso ...

See also:

Sugar substitute, Sugar substitute - Reasons for using sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Sugar substitute health controversies, Sugar substitute - Cyclamate controversy, Sugar substitute - Saccharin controversy, Sugar substitute - Aspartame controversy, Sugar substitute - Sucralose controversy, Sugar substitute - List of sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Natural sugar substitutes, Sugar substitute - Artificial sugar substitutes

Read more here: » Sugar substitute: Encyclopedia II - Sugar substitute - Reasons for using sugar substitutes

The chewing gum is made of a "gum base" with added food coloring and flavoring. The exact composition of gum bases is usually a trade secret, but common ingredients can be latexes (eg. leche, caspi, sorva, nispero, tunu, jelutong, or chicle, which is still commercially produced), paraffin wax or beeswax, polyethylene, polyvinyl acetate, stearic acid, and various natural gums. Old gum bases were based on latexes, vegetable gums like chicle, spruce gum, or mastic gum. Al ...

See also:

Chewing gum, Chewing gum - History of gum, Chewing gum - Types of gum, Chewing gum - Composition and manufacture, Chewing gum - Gum and society, Chewing gum - Gum and military, Chewing gum - Footnotes

Read more here: » Chewing gum: Encyclopedia II - Chewing gum - Composition and manufacture