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Xiongnu | A Wisdom Archive on Xiongnu | | Xiongnu A selection of articles related to Xiongnu | |
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xiongnu, Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Confederation under Maodun, Xiongnu - Did the Xiongnu become the Huns?, Xiongnu - Footnotes, Xiongnu - Leadership struggle among the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Northern and southern Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Origins and early history of the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - The Xiongnu after the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu - The marriage treaty system, Xiongnu - Tributary relations with the Han, Xiongnu - War with Han China, Xiongnu - Nature of the Xiongnu state
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Xiongnu | | | |  Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Han Xin - Early life and careerHan's father died early, and he had a poor childhood. It was said that one time when he was alone playing, he was confronted by a couple of hoodlums. They wanted to make fun of him that they made him crawl under their crotch. Han Xin knew at that time that if he were to combat them, he would be at a great disadvantage. So instead of putting up a fight, he did as he was told. This incident as he recalled later on was the best thing that happened in his life, because instead of letting his misfortunes handle his life, he used this event as a s ...
See also:Han Xin, Han Xin - Early life and career, Han Xin - Han's masterplan for Liu Bang, Han Xin - Northern campaign, Han Xin - Participation in the campaign of Xiang Yu's destruction, Han Xin - Demotion and death, Han Xin - Impact on Chinese history Read more here: » Han Xin: Encyclopedia II - Han Xin - Early life and career |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo - Conquest of the north In 395, during a campaign against Baekje, the emperor himself attacked and conquered Biryu, a small nation located in cenral Manchuria. Its exact location is not known but it was not very far from the Songhwa River.
In 400 the Kingdom of Later Yan, founded by the Murong clan of the Xianbei in present-day Liaoning province, attacked Goguryeo. Gwanggaeto responded swiftly, recovering most of the territory seized by the Xienpei and driving most of them from Goguryeo. Then in 402, he decided to launch an attack on Xienpei itself, determin ...
See also:Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo, Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo - Birth and background, Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo - Rise to power and campaigns against Baekje, Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo - Conquest of the north, Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo - Southeastern campaigns, Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo - Death and legacy Read more here: » Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo: Encyclopedia II - Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo - Conquest of the north |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personality By historians' account, Liu Bang was the contrary to his rival, Xiang Yu. While Xiang Yu was normally depicted as a romantic and noble man, Liu Bang was often mentioned as a rogue. Xiang Yu was always kind and gentle to his peer and subordinates. However, he was inferior in political maneuver. Han Xin described Xiang Yu as "having the kindness of women," meaning that, in his opinion, Xiang's "kindness" was petty ...
See also:Emperor Gaozu of Han, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Early Life, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Insurrection against Qin, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Chu-Han Contention, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Reign as the Emperor, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Succession, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personality, Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personal information Read more here: » Emperor Gaozu of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Gaozu of Han - Personality |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Geographic expansion
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China.
To the north, Euthydemus also ruled Sogdiana and Ferghana, and there are indications that from Alexandria Eschate the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as Kashgar and Urumqi in Chinese Turkestan, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BCE. The Greek historian Strabo too writes that:
"they extended their empire even as far as the Seres (Chinese) and the Phryni" (Strabo ...
See also:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Independence from the Seleucid Empire 250 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - The Euthydemid dynasty 230 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Conflict with the Seleucid empire and Parthia, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Greek culture in Bactria, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Geographic expansion, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with India 250–180, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Expansion into India after 180 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Usurpation of Eucratides, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Defeat against Parthia, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Nomadic invasions, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - First Yueh-Chih expansion c. 162 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Second Yueh-Chih expansion c. 120 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Main Greco-Bactrian kings and territories, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Diodotus, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Euthydemus, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Eucratides, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Notes Read more here: » Greco-Bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Geographic expansion |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion In addition to the worship of the Classical pantheon of the Greek deities found on their coins (Zeus, Herakles, Athena, Apollo...), the Indo-Greeks were involved with local faiths, particularly with Buddhism, but also with Hinduism and Zoroastrianism.
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism.
Main article: Greco-Buddhism
The Edicts of Ashoka, inscribed during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE), claim that the Greek populations of the northwestern Indian subcontinent (in today's Afghani ...
See also:Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Liu Cong - Early reign After Liu Cong took the throne, he created his brother Liu Ai crown prince, promising to eventually give Liu Ai the throne that he offered to Liu Cong instead. He created his wife Princess Huyan empress, and created her son Liu Can the Prince of Jin, putting him in charge of much of his troops, along with his cousin Liu Yao the Prince of Shi'an. Both Liu Yuan's empress Empress Dan and Liu Cong's own mother Consort ...
See also:Liu Cong, Liu Cong - Early career, Liu Cong - Early reign, Liu Cong - Late reign, Liu Cong - Era names, Liu Cong - Personal information Read more here: » Liu Cong: Encyclopedia II - Liu Cong - Early reign |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Prince of Dai - Princes
Prince of Dai - Princes of Dai First Creation.
Xi, Prince of Dai,(201 BC-200 BC)
Ruyi, Prince Yin of Zhao, (200 BC-198 BC)
Prince of Dai - Princes of Dai Second Creation.
Prince of Dai, (196 BC-180 BC)
Prince of Dai - Princes of Dai Third Creation.
Wu, Prince Xiao of Liang, (179 BC-178 BC)
Can, Prince Xiao of Dai, (178 BC-162 BC)
Deng, Prince Gong of Dai, (161 BC-133 BC)
Xi, Prince Gang of Qin ...
See also:Prince of Dai, Prince of Dai - Princes, Prince of Dai - Princes of Dai First Creation, Prince of Dai - Princes of Dai Second Creation, Prince of Dai - Princes of Dai Third Creation Read more here: » Prince of Dai: Encyclopedia II - Prince of Dai - Princes |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Wei Man - Korea Man was a general of the Yan Principality, whose prince Lu Wan (盧綰), Emperor Gao's old ally, ruled. However, Lu Wan fled to the Xiongnu in 195 B.C. because he was suspected of rebellion and was attacked by the Emperor. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Man led 1,000 people, dressed in barbarian costume, crossed the Pei River(浿水; Chŏngchŏn River?) into Korea. He organized natives in Zhenfan and Chaoxian and Chinese refugees from Yan and Qi and came to the crown. He put the capital in Wangxian (P'yŏngyang), and his kingdom came t ...
See also:Wei Man, Wei Man - Korea Read more here: » Wei Man: Encyclopedia II - Wei Man - Korea |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Wei Qing - Career as general Great wealth would not be all that Wei would have. Emperor Wu saw qualities in him that he believed would make a great general -- including horsemanship, archery, and bravery, as well as excellent leadership qualities, including the ability to sympathize with his soldiers and receiving their loyalty. In 129 BC, when Xiongnu attacked the Commandery of Shanggu (上谷, roughly modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), Emperor Wu dispatched Wei Qing (with the title General Cheqi (車騎將軍)), Gongsun Ao, and Li Guang (李廣) against Xiongnu. Li and Gongs ...
See also:Wei Qing, Wei Qing - Family background and early career, Wei Qing - Career as general, Wei Qing - Involvement in Li Guang's death, Wei Qing - Late career and death Read more here: » Wei Qing: Encyclopedia II - Wei Qing - Career as general |
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| | | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Zhou Yafu - Early career Zhou's father, Zhou Bo (周勃) was one of the key generals for Liu Bang during the Chu Han Contention who would continue to play important roles in government and who was instrumental in the ascension to the throne by Emperor Jing's father Emperor Wen. For his accomplishments, Zhou Bo was created the Marquess of Jiang. After Zhou Bo died in 169 BC, his son and Zhou Yafu's older brother Zhou Shengzhi (周勝之) inherited the march, but after one year he was accused of murder and executed. In his stead, Zhou Yafu was created a marquess, but ...
See also:Zhou Yafu, Zhou Yafu - Early career, Zhou Yafu - Actions during the Rebellion of the Seven States, Zhou Yafu - Post-Rebellion career, Zhou Yafu - Death, Zhou Yafu - Impact on Chinese history Read more here: » Zhou Yafu: Encyclopedia II - Zhou Yafu - Early career |
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| | | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Su Wu - Mission to Xiongnu Not much is known about Su's early life or career. The first reference to him was the incident that he is most well-known for -- a mission to Xiongnu that would turn out to be drastically more trying and lengthy than anyone would have expected.
In 100 BC, there was a short-lived détente between long-term adversaries Han and Xiongnu. One year earlier, in 101 BC, there had been a new chanyu who came into power in Xiongnu -- Chanyu Qiedihou (且鞮侯), who had expressed interest in peace with Han and who, as a goodwill gesture, had allowed some Han diplomats who had been detained by Xiongnu to retu ...
See also:Su Wu, Su Wu - Mission to Xiongnu, Su Wu - Life in exile, Su Wu - Return to Han, Su Wu - Impact on Chinese history Read more here: » Su Wu: Encyclopedia II - Su Wu - Mission to Xiongnu |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Ran Min - During the confusion after Shi Hu's death After Shi Hu's death in 349, his youngest son and crown prince Shi Shi became emperor, but the government was controlled by Shi Shi's mother Empress Dowager Liu and the official Zhang Chai (張豺). Shi Shi's older brother Shi Zun the Prince of Pengcheng was unhappy about the situation, and a number of generals who were unimpressed with Empress Dowager Liu and Zhang, including Shi Min, suggested that he march to the capital Yecheng (鄴城, in modern Handan, Hebei) and overthrow them. Shi Zun did so -- and also promised to create Shi Min cro ...
See also:Ran Min, Ran Min - Family background, Ran Min - During Shi Hu's reign, Ran Min - During the confusion after Shi Hu's death, Ran Min - As emperor of Ran Wei, Ran Min - Ran Wei, Ran Min - Personal information Read more here: » Ran Min: Encyclopedia II - Ran Min - During the confusion after Shi Hu's death |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Sima Ying - After overthrowing Sima Lun Some thought that a power balance that Emperor Wu had hoped for at his death might be restored, as Princes Jiong and Ying were each given regent titles (and awarded the nine bestowments, in one rare case where the nine bestowments were not signs of an impending usurpation, although Prince Ying declined the bestowments), and many talented officials were promoted into important positions. However, the Princes Jiong and Ying were actually apprehensive of each other's power, and Prince Ying decided to yield the central government regency to Prin ...
See also:Sima Ying, Sima Ying - Early career, Sima Ying - After overthrowing Sima Lun, Sima Ying - As regent and crown prince, Sima Ying - After removal as crown prince Read more here: » Sima Ying: Encyclopedia II - Sima Ying - After overthrowing Sima Lun |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Sima Yong - Participation in various campaigns during the War of the Eight Princes When Emperor Hui's throne was usurped by Sima Lun the Prince of Zhao in 301, Sima Jiong the Prince of Qi (Emperor Hui's cousin) started a rebellion to restore Emperor Hui. Initially, Sima Yong sent his general Zhang Fang (張方) to support Sima Lun, but once he heard that Sima Jiong and his ally, Sima Ying the Prince of Chengdu (Emperor Hui's brother) had overwhelming force, he switched side and declared for the rebels. After Princes Jiong and Ying defeated and killed Sima Lun, Prince Jiong became regent and he, while angry at Sima Yong for initially suppo ...
See also:Sima Yong, Sima Yong - Early career, Sima Yong - Participation in various campaigns during the War of the Eight Princes, Sima Yong - As regent Read more here: » Sima Yong: Encyclopedia II - Sima Yong - Participation in various campaigns during the War of the Eight Princes |
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| | | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Qin Shi Huang - Naming conventions Qin Shi Huang was born in the Chinese month zheng (正), the first month of the year in the Chinese calendar (in the 3rd century BC the Chinese year started before the Winter solstice, and not after as it does today), and so he received the name Zheng (政), both characters were being used interchangeably in ancient China. In Chinese antiquity, people never joined family name and given name together as is customary today, so it is anachronistic to refer to Qin Shi Huang as "Ying Zheng". The given name was never used except by close re ...
See also:Qin Shi Huang, Qin Shi Huang - Naming conventions, Qin Shi Huang - Youth and King of Qin: the conqueror, Qin Shi Huang - First Emperor: the unifier, Qin Shi Huang - Death and aftermath, Qin Shi Huang - Qin Shi Huang in historiography, Qin Shi Huang - Qin Shi Huang in fiction, Qin Shi Huang - Miscellaneous Read more here: » Qin Shi Huang: Encyclopedia II - Qin Shi Huang - Naming conventions |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Rebellion of the Seven States - Other theaters The only other theater that Wu forces engaged in was a small one. Liu Pi's guest Zhou Qiu (周丘) was looked down on by Liu Pi, but he, with Liu Pi's approval, had some successes on a surprising plan he hatched. He headed to his home town Xiapei (下邳, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) and, under the guise of being an imperial messenger, had the county magistrate killed, and took over the county's militia. He then persuaded the people of the county to join the rebellion, and they headed north and had victories over the forces of the Principality of Chengyang (modern southeastern Shandong). However, after hearing that Liu ...
See also:Rebellion of the Seven States, Rebellion of the Seven States - Prelude to the rebellion, Rebellion of the Seven States - Events immediately prior to the rebellion, Rebellion of the Seven States - The start of the rebellion, Rebellion of the Seven States - Rebel campaigns and strategies, Rebellion of the Seven States - Emperor Jing's responses, Rebellion of the Seven States - Main campaign, Rebellion of the Seven States - Other theaters, Rebellion of the Seven States - Impact Read more here: » Rebellion of the Seven States: Encyclopedia II - Rebellion of the Seven States - Other theaters |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - China - Terminology
China - Zhongguo.
China is called Zhongguo in Mandarin Chinese (Simplified: 中国, Traditional: 中國; also romanized as Jhongguo or Chung-kuo), which is usually translated as "Middle Kingdom", but could also be translated as "Central State" or "Central Country". Zhong (中) means "middle" or "center" while guo (国 or 國) means "country," "kingdom," "state," or "land", referring to the claim that Chin ...
See also:China, China - Terminology, China - Zhongguo, China - China, China - History, China - Chinese Pre-history, China - Political history, China - Territory, China - Historical overview, China - Historical political divisions, China - Geography and climate, China - Economy, China - Society, China - Demographics, China - Culture, China - Religion, China - Arts scholarship and literature, China - Science and technology, China - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » China: Encyclopedia II - China - Terminology |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Shared kingship By 432, the Huns were united under Ruga. In 434 Ruga died, leaving his nephews Attila and Bleda, the sons of his brother Mundjuk, in control over all the united Hun tribes. At the time of their accession, the Huns were bargaining with Theodosius II's envoys over the return of several renegade tribes who had taken refuge within the Byzantine Empire. The following year, Attila and Bleda met with the imperial legation at Margus (present-day Požarevac) and, all seated on horseback in the Hunnic manner, negotiated a successful treaty: the Romans ...
See also:Attila the Hun, Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings, Attila the Hun - Shared kingship, Attila the Hun - Sole ruler, Attila the Hun - Attila in the west, Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death, Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name, Attila the Hun - Notes Read more here: » Attila the Hun: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Shared kingship |
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| | | | | Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Ancient histories Archaeological sites such as Sanxingdui (三星堆) and Erlitou (二里頭) show evidence of a Bronze Age civilization in China. The earliest written record of China's past dates from the Shang Dynasty in perhaps the 13th century BC, and takes the form of inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animals—the so-called oracle bones (甲骨文). However the earliest comprehensive history of China, the Historical Records (史記) by Sima Qian (司馬遷), a renowned Chinese historiographer of the 2nd century B ...
See also:History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Ancient histories |
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