Xiongnu

Starting about 113 BC, Emperor Wu appeared to begin to display further signs of abusing his power. He began to incessantly tour the commanderies, initially nearby Chang'an, but later extending to much farther places, worshipping the various gods on the way, perhaps again in the search of immortality. He also had a succession of magicians whom he honored with great things, even, in one case, making one a marquess and marrying a daughter to him. (That magician, after he was exposed to be a fraud, however, was executed.) Emperor Wu's expenditur ...

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Emperor Wu of Han, Emperor Wu of Han - Background birth and years as crown prince, Emperor Wu of Han - Early reign: the young years, Emperor Wu of Han - Maturity in reign and territorial expansion, Emperor Wu of Han - Further territorial expansion old age and paranoia, Emperor Wu of Han - The Crown Prince Ju revolt, Emperor Wu of Han - Late reign and death, Emperor Wu of Han - Legacy, Emperor Wu of Han - Bisexuality?, Emperor Wu of Han - Personal information, Emperor Wu of Han - Era names, Emperor Wu of Han - Notes

Read more here: » Emperor Wu of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Wu of Han - Further territorial expansion old age and paranoia

The issue of dealing with powerful princes would soon erupt into a war later known as the Rebellion of the Seven States. Emperor Jing already had an inimical relationship with his cousin-once-removed (the nephew of his grandfather Emperor Gao) Liu Pi (劉濞), the prince of the wealthy Principality of Wu (modern southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, southern Anhui, and northern Jiangxi), which enjoyed, among other natural resources, abundant copper and salt supplies. While Emperor Jing was crown prince, Liu Pi's heir apparent Liu Xian (劉賢 ...

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Emperor Jing of Han, Emperor Jing of Han - Early life and career as crown prince, Emperor Jing of Han - Era names, Emperor Jing of Han - Early reign, Emperor Jing of Han - The Rebellion of the Seven States, Emperor Jing of Han - Middle reign and succession issues, Emperor Jing of Han - Late reign, Emperor Jing of Han - Impact on Chinese history, Emperor Jing of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Jing of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Jing of Han - The Rebellion of the Seven States

Barbarian comes from the ancient Greek word βάρβαρος (barbaros) which meant a non-Greek, someone whose (first) language was not Greek. The word is imitative, the "bar-bar" representing the impression of random hubbub produced by hearing spoken a language that one cannot understand. Originally the term is empty of content beyond 'not Greek'. The Greeks encountered scores of different foreign cultures, including the Egyptians, Persians, Phoenicians, Etruscans, Romans, Carthaginians, Kurdish, Basques, ...

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Barbarian, Barbarian - Greek origins of the term, Barbarian - Hellenic stereotype, Barbarian - Later developments other cultures, Barbarian - A functional definition, Barbarian - Romantic and post-Romantic barbarians, Barbarian - Compare

Read more here: » Barbarian: Encyclopedia II - Barbarian - Greek origins of the term

China - Zhongguo. China is called Zhongguo in Mandarin Chinese (Simplified: 中国, Traditional: 中國; also romanized as Jhongguo or Chung-kuo), which is usually translated as "Middle Kingdom", but could also be translated as "Central State" or "Central Country". Zhong (中) means "middle" or "center" while guo (国 or 國) means "country," "kingdom," "state," or "land", referring to the claim that China stood at the centre of that society's "known world", s ...

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China, China - Terminology, China - Zhongguo, China - China, China - History, China - Chinese Pre-history, China - Political history, China - Territory, China - Historical overview, China - Historical political divisions, China - Geography and climate, China - Society, China - Demographics, China - Culture, China - Religion, China - Arts scholarship and literature, China - Science and technology, China - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » China: Encyclopedia II - China - Terminology

Emperor Guangwu of Han - The ascension of Emperor Gengshi. Main article: Emperor Gengshi of Han By this point, many other rebel leaders had become jealous of Liu Yan's capabilities, and while a good number of their men admired Liu Yan and wanted him to become the emperor of a newly declared Han Dynasty, they had other ideas. They found another local rebel leader, Liu Xuan, a third cousin of Liu Yan, who was claiming the title of General Gengshi (更始將軍) at the time and who was considered a wea ...

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Emperor Guangwu of Han, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Family background, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Participation in his brother's rebellion, Emperor Guangwu of Han - As official under Emperor Gengshi, Emperor Guangwu of Han - The ascension of Emperor Gengshi, Emperor Guangwu of Han - The Battle of Kunyang, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Liu Yan's death and Liu Xiu's bare survival, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Role in reorganization of Emperor Gengshi's regime and dispatch to northern China, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Independence from Emperor Gengshi, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Campaign to unify the empire, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Victory over the Chimei, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Gradual victories over other regional powers, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Reign over unified empire, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Marital and succession issues, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Late reign, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Era names, Emperor Guangwu of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Guangwu of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Guangwu of Han - As official under Emperor Gengshi

By historians' account, Liu Bang was the contrary to his rival, Xiang Yu. While Xiang Yu was normally depicted as a romantic and noble man, Liu Bang was often mentioned as a rogue. Xiang Yu was always kind and gentle to his peer and subordinates. However, he was inferior in political maneuver. Han Xin described Xiang Yu as "having the kindness of women," meaning that, in his opinion, Xiang's "kindness" was petty and did ...

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Gaozu of Han, Gaozu of Han - Early Life, Gaozu of Han - Insurrection against Qin, Gaozu of Han - Chu-Han Contention, Gaozu of Han - Reign as the Emperor, Gaozu of Han - Succession, Gaozu of Han - Personality, Gaozu of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Gaozu of Han: Encyclopedia II - Gaozu of Han - Personality

After the coup d'etat against the Dous, Emperor He appeared actually take power, and Empress Dowager Dou lost all power, although he continued to honor her as his mother, apparently having some inkling but not knowing for sure that she was not his birth mother. Prince Qing became a trusted advisor of his, as did Zheng -- which started an escalating trend of eunuchs being involved with government matters, lasting for the rest of the Eastern Han Dynasty; in fact, in 102, Zheng was created marquess, in an unprecedented action. In the aftermaths ...

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Emperor He of Han, Emperor He of Han - Family background, Emperor He of Han - Early reign under the shadow of the Dous, Emperor He of Han - The coup d'etat against the Dous, Emperor He of Han - Late reign, Emperor He of Han - Issues with the Qiang, Emperor He of Han - Marital issues, Emperor He of Han - Death and succession problems, Emperor He of Han - Era names, Emperor He of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor He of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor He of Han - Late reign

Throughout most of history, various parts of what is now Inner Mongolia alternated in control between Chinese agriculturalists in the south and Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan, Nurchen, and Mongol nomads of the north. Under the Manchu Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Mongolia was administered in a different way for each region: "Outer Mongolia": The four leagues (aimag) of the Khalkha Mongols in northern and central Mongolia, as well as the Tannu Uriankhai and Hovd regions in northwestern Mongolia, were overseen by the General o ...

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Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia - Name, Inner Mongolia - History, Inner Mongolia - Geography, Inner Mongolia - Administrative divisions, Inner Mongolia - Economy, Inner Mongolia - Demographics, Inner Mongolia - Culture, Inner Mongolia - Tourism, Inner Mongolia - Miscellaneous topics, Inner Mongolia - Colleges and universities

Read more here: » Inner Mongolia: Encyclopedia II - Inner Mongolia - History

The opening of the Tang dynasty, in 618, saw the beginning of a prolonged struggle between China and the Western Turks for control of the Tarim Basin. In 635 the Tang Annals report an embassy from the king of Kashgar. In 639 there was a second embassy bringing products of Kashgar as a token of submission. Xuan Zang passed through Kashgar (which he calls Ka-sha) in 644 on his return journey from India to China. The Buddhist religion, then beginning to decay in India, was active in Kashgar. Xuan Zang records that they flat ...

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Kashgar, Kashgar - Geography, Kashgar - History of the Site, Kashgar - Name, Kashgar - Early History, Kashgar - The Kushans, Kashgar - Three Kingdoms to the Sui, Kashgar - The Tang Dynasty, Kashgar - The Arab Invasions, Kashgar - The Uighurs, Kashgar - The Mongols, Kashgar - Chinese Garrison, Kashgar - The 1862 Revolt, Kashgar - Sights, Kashgar - Demographics, Kashgar - Economics & Society

Read more here: » Kashgar: Encyclopedia II - Kashgar - The Tang Dynasty

The oasis of Khotan is strategically located at the junction of the southern (and most ancient) branch of the famous “Silk Route” joining China and the West with one of the main routes from India and Tibet to Central Asia and China. It provided a convenient meeting place where not only goods, but technologies, philosophies, and religions were transmitted from one culture to another. Khotan, from the traditional time of its founding during the reign of the great Indian emperor Aśoka Maurya (c. 269 to 231 B.C.) until the Muslim con ...

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Khotan, Khotan - Facts, Khotan - Historical, Khotan - Early History, Khotan - Additional links

Read more here: » Khotan: Encyclopedia II - Khotan - Early History

Sacred Heart Cathedral of Guangzhou - Sai Kung - San Da - Sangokushi - Saisiyat - Sakya - Salar - Salween River - Sally Yeh - Samjeondo Monument - Sammi Cheng - Sampan - Samguk Sagi - Sammo Hung - Samson Chiu - San Min Chu I - Sanguo Zhi - Sanjiang - SARS virus - Science and technology in China - Scripture for Humane Kings - Seal script - Second Manchu expedition to Korea - Second Opium War - Secretariat of the Communist Party of China - Self-Strengthening Movement - Senkaku Islands - Seven Little Fortunes - Seven Yea ...

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List of China-related topics M-Z, List of China-related topics M-Z - M, List of China-related topics M-Z - N, List of China-related topics M-Z - O, List of China-related topics M-Z - P, List of China-related topics M-Z - Q, List of China-related topics M-Z - R, List of China-related topics M-Z - S, List of China-related topics M-Z - T, List of China-related topics M-Z - U, List of China-related topics M-Z - V, List of China-related topics M-Z - W, List of China-related topics M-Z - X, List of China-related topics M-Z - Y, List of China-related topics M-Z - Z

Read more here: » List of China-related topics M-Z: Encyclopedia II - List of China-related topics M-Z - S

Indo-Scythians - Abiria to Surastrene. The first Indo-Scythian kingdom in the Indian subcontinent occupied the southern part of Pakistan (which they accesses from southern Afghanistan), in the areas from Abiria (Sindh) to Surastrene (Gujarat), from around 110 to 80 BCE. They progressively further moved north into Indo-Greek territory until the conquests of Maues, circa 80 BCE. The Indo-Scythians ultimately established a kingdom in the northwest, based in Taxila, with two Great Satraps, one in Mathura in the east, and one in Surastrene (Gujarat) in the southwest. See also:

Indo-Scythians, Indo-Scythians - Origins, Indo-Scythians - Indo-Scythian kingdoms, Indo-Scythians - Abiria to Surastrene, Indo-Scythians - Gandhara and Punjab, Indo-Scythians - Mathura, Indo-Scythians - Kushan and Indo-Parthian conquests, Indo-Scythians - Western Kshatrapas legacy, Indo-Scythians - The Indo-Scythians and Buddhism, Indo-Scythians - Mathura lion capital, Indo-Scythians - Coinage, Indo-Scythians - Indo-Scythians in Ancient Indian Litterature, Indo-Scythians - Degraded Kshatriyas from the northwest, Indo-Scythians - Invasion of India 180 BCE onward, Indo-Scythians - Extinction in the 5th century CE, Indo-Scythians - Main Indo-Scythian rulers

Read more here: » Indo-Scythians: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Scythians - Indo-Scythian kingdoms

Ever since Joseph de Guignes in the 18th century identified the Huns with the Xiongnu or (H)siung-nu, the research and debate about the Asian ancestral origins of the Huns has continued. Recent research has suggested that many of the great confederations of steppe warriors were not entirely of the same race, but rather tended to be mixtures of Central Asian and eastern Caucasian. Also, many clans may have claimed to be Huns simply based on the prestige and fame of the name, or it was attributed to them by outsiders descr ...

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Huns, Huns - Origins and research, Huns - History, Huns - 3rd-5th centuries, Huns - European Huns, Huns - Avars, Huns - Historiography, Huns - Modern ethnic Huns?, Huns - Possible Successor Nations

Read more here: » Huns: Encyclopedia II - Huns - Origins and research

Emperor Wen quickly showed an aptitude to govern the empire with diligence, and appeared to be genuinely concerned for the People's welfare. Heavily influenced by his wife Empress Dou, who was an adherent to Taoism, Emperor Wen governed the country with the general policies of non-intereference with the people and relaxed laws. His personal life was marked by thriftiness and general willingness to forgive. He was initially very deferential to Zhou Bo, Chen Ping (陳平), and Guan Ying (灌嬰), who were instrumental in his accessi ...

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Emperor Wen of Han, Emperor Wen of Han - Era names, Emperor Wen of Han - Early life and career as Prince of Dai, Emperor Wen of Han - Ascension to the throne, Emperor Wen of Han - Early reign, Emperor Wen of Han - Middle reign, Emperor Wen of Han - Late reign, Emperor Wen of Han - Impact on history, Emperor Wen of Han - Bisexuality?, Emperor Wen of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Wen of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Wen of Han - Early reign

Early in his reign, now-Emperor Wang Mang was self-confident and believed that he now had the power to implement his ideals of restoring the legendary golden age of the early Zhou Dynasty. To those ends, he modified the governmental structure in many ways to conform with Zhou standards. He also continued the regime of modifying geographical names to fit with ancient names (or more euphemistic names, as he saw fit) -- so much so that even imperial edicts discussing the locations by their new names were forced to include notes on the old names ...

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Wang Mang, Wang Mang - Early life and career, Wang Mang - First tenure as the commander of the armed forces, Wang Mang - Retirement during Emperor Ai's reign, Wang Mang - Regency and buildup of personality cult, Wang Mang - As acting emperor, Wang Mang - Early reign: mistakes, Wang Mang - Economic policies, Wang Mang - Deterioration of the relationship with Xiongnu and other vassals, Wang Mang - Paralysis and corruption of the government, Wang Mang - Middle reign: agrarian rebellions, Wang Mang - Late reign: hopelessness, Wang Mang - Reasons for Wang Mang's failure, Wang Mang - Personal information

Read more here: » Wang Mang: Encyclopedia II - Wang Mang - Early reign: mistakes

In 82 BC, a man whose appearance was similar to the former Crown Prince Ju suddenly appeared at the palace, claiming that he was in fact Prince Ju and that he was there to claim the throne. He was arrested and shown to be an imposter named Cheng Fangsui (成方遂), and then executed. Later that year, Shangguan An was created a marquess, and he became extremely arrogant and wild in his behavior. In the same year, at the suggestion of Du Yannian (杜延年), Huo started considering terminating some of the policies of Emperor Wu ...

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Emperor Zhao of Han, Emperor Zhao of Han - Birth and childhood before ascending the throne, Emperor Zhao of Han - Early reign and marriage, Emperor Zhao of Han - Middle reign and the struggle between Shangguan and Huo, Emperor Zhao of Han - Late reign, Emperor Zhao of Han - Era names, Emperor Zhao of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Zhao of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Zhao of Han - Middle reign and the struggle between Shangguan and Huo

Manchukuo - Marco Polo - Mausoleum of Genghis Khan - Mengjiang - Mengke Bateer - MIAT-Mongolian - Military of Mongolia - Möngke Khan Mongol Empire - Mongol invasion of Russia - Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Mongolia - Mongolia (region) - Mongolian - Mongolian alphabet - Mongolian Deathworm - Mongolian Democratic Union - Mongolian language - Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party - Mongols - ...

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List of Mongolia-related topics, List of Mongolia-related topics - A, List of Mongolia-related topics - B, List of Mongolia-related topics - C, List of Mongolia-related topics - D, List of Mongolia-related topics - E, List of Mongolia-related topics - F, List of Mongolia-related topics - G, List of Mongolia-related topics - H, List of Mongolia-related topics - I, List of Mongolia-related topics - J, List of Mongolia-related topics - K, List of Mongolia-related topics - L, List of Mongolia-related topics - M, List of Mongolia-related topics - N, List of Mongolia-related topics - O, List of Mongolia-related topics - P, List of Mongolia-related topics - Q, List of Mongolia-related topics - R, List of Mongolia-related topics - S, List of Mongolia-related topics - T, List of Mongolia-related topics - U, List of Mongolia-related topics - V, List of Mongolia-related topics - W, List of Mongolia-related topics - X, List of Mongolia-related topics - Y, List of Mongolia-related topics - Z

Read more here: » List of Mongolia-related topics: Encyclopedia II - List of Mongolia-related topics - M

There is no direct translation for the term China proper in the Chinese language. China proper no longer corresponds to ethnic, demographic, or administrative boundaries in China, and the concept is generally unfamiliar to contemporary Chinese; moreover, the concept of "China proper" may imply that China proper is "separate" from Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, or Tibet, or that areas outside of China proper are somehow less a part of China; many Chinese would find this idea offensive. Contemporary Chinese usually think in terms of modern political divisions of China, which do not correspond ...

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China proper, China proper - Origin of the Concept, China proper - Extent of China and China proper, China proper - The term in Chinese, China proper - Taiwan

Read more here: » China proper: Encyclopedia II - China proper - The term in Chinese

Hohhot was founded by Altan Khan around 1580. Until 1954, Hohhot was referred to by the Chinese as Guisui (歸綏 Guīsuī), or Kweisui, which is the acronym of the two districts of the city: Guihua (歸化): Southeastern old section, business district, established as a town in the Wanli era of the Ming Dynasty Suiyuan (綏遠): Northeastern "New Town", government district. Established in the 17th century by the Manchus. The two sections later became Guihua District (歸化縣) of the Qing Empire, renamed to Guisui County (歸綏縣) in 1913, and upgraded to a city in 1950. It was the capita ...

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Hohhot, Hohhot - History, Hohhot - Geography, Hohhot - Subdivisions, Hohhot - Demographics, Hohhot - Education, Hohhot - Artifacts, Hohhot - Points of interest

Read more here: » Hohhot: Encyclopedia II - Hohhot - History

Emperor Zhao, as the youngest son of Emperor Wu, drew jealousy from his older brothers, and in his reign there were multiple conspiracies. In 86 BC, a conspiracy involving Liu Dan (劉旦), the Prince of Yan (燕王) and an elder son of Emperor Wu, was discovered, but the prince was not punished, presumably under Huo's decision, even though the other conspirators were executed. In the same year, Jin, a moderating influence in the coregency, died. After Jin's death, Shangguan became increasingly jealous of Huo's powers, even though the ...

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Huo Guang, Huo Guang - Service under Emperor Wu, Huo Guang - Service under Emperor Zhao, Huo Guang - The Prince He Incident and the installation of Emperor Xuan, Huo Guang - Service under Emperor Xuan, Huo Guang - Death and subsequent destruction of the Huo clan, Huo Guang - Impact on Chinese history

Read more here: » Huo Guang: Encyclopedia II - Huo Guang - Service under Emperor Zhao

After defeating and pushing Goguryeo northward, Geunchogo established a friendly relationship with Silla, which bordered Baekje on the east. With alliances with Silla, and the subjugation of Gaya, the total power of all three southern kingdoms almost equaled with it of much stronger Goguryeo. Geunchogo also imported Chinese culture and learning from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and exported it in turn to Baekje's allies in the Wa kingdom of Yamato period Japan. The evidence of freindly relationship of Baekje with Japan is the Chiljido, th ...

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Geunchogo of Baekje, Geunchogo of Baekje - Strengthening royal authority, Geunchogo of Baekje - Terrirorial expansion, Geunchogo of Baekje - Foreign relations, Geunchogo of Baekje - Improvement of culture

Read more here: » Geunchogo of Baekje: Encyclopedia II - Geunchogo of Baekje - Foreign relations

In 108 B.C. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conquered the area under Youqu (右渠), a grandson of Wei Man. The Emperor set up Lelang, Lintun, Xuantu and Zhenfan commanderies in the Korean Peninsula. Lelang was located in northwestern Korea and consisted of 11 prefectures. Its capital was put near P'yŏngyang. (Rangrang 樂浪/락랑 is a district in central P'yŏngyang today.) After Emperor Wu's death, Zhenfan and Lintun were abolished and Xuantu was moved to Liaodong. Some prefectures of the abolished commanderies were incorporated in ...

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Lelang Commandery, Lelang Commandery - History

Read more here: » Lelang Commandery: Encyclopedia II - Lelang Commandery - History