Women as imams - Traditionally. In the Hanbali madhhab, women are allowed to lead mixed congregations in the optional tarawih prayers in Ramadan if they are well-versed in the Qur'an; however, they are to stand behind the men, in the women's rows, rather than in front. The Hanbalite jurists stipulate that this to be permissible only for old women, only when no man knowledgeable in the Qur'an is present. They do not consider it permissible for the Jumu'ah (Fri ...

See also:

Women as imams, Women as imams - Canonical position, Women as imams - Women imams in women-only congregations, Women as imams - Women as imams of mixed-gender congregations, Women as imams - Traditionally, Women as imams - People's Republic of China, Women as imams - South Africa 1994 to date, Women as imams - North American Queer Muslim community 1999 to date, Women as imams - Canada Mainstream Mosques, Women as imams - Bahrain, Women as imams - USA, Women as imams - Spain

Read more here: » Women as imams: Encyclopedia II - Women as imams - Women as imams of mixed-gender congregations

Though the original list and website exist now as an archive, the term 'Women in Refrigerators' continues to spark discussion in comic book fandom on the Internet. The term, and the website, had and continues to have an impact on the comicbook subculture. As recently as 2003, with the mainstream superhero comic 'Identity Crisis' the term began to float around again in fan circles. The WiR content also often sparked discussion outside of comic book fandom. In 2000, several national newspapers ran articles that referenced the site. Some ...

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Women in Refrigerators, Women in Refrigerators - Women in Refrigerators Syndrome, Women in Refrigerators - Brief History of Women in Refrigerators, Women in Refrigerators - The List, Women in Refrigerators - Development of Website, Women in Refrigerators - Responses from Fans and Creators, Women in Refrigerators - New Home, Women in Refrigerators - Women in Refrigerators in Pop Culture, Women in Refrigerators - External Sites

Read more here: » Women in Refrigerators: Encyclopedia II - Women in Refrigerators - Women in Refrigerators in Pop Culture

Women in the Old Testament were not the social or economic equals of men. A married woman would be largely subject to the wishes of her husband, and an unmarried one to the wishes of her father. For example a husband or father had to consent before a woman could take religious vows (Numbers 30:3-5). This situation was roughly similar to the position of women in the surrounding societies of the time. Women were not mere possessions, however. The killing of a woman was considered murder, and not theft. Wives could not be disposed of at ...

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Old Testament views on women, Old Testament views on women - Social position of women, Old Testament views on women - Morality Plays: Women as Victims, Old Testament views on women - Morality Plays: Women as the cause of Sin, Old Testament views on women - Women as Leaders

Read more here: » Old Testament views on women: Encyclopedia II - Old Testament views on women - Social position of women

Women's suffrage has been granted (and been revoked) at various times in various countries throughout the world. In many countries women's suffrage was granted before universal suffrage, so women (and men) from certain races were still unable to vote. The first women's suffrage (with the same property qualifications as for men) was accidentally granted in New Jersey in 1776 (the word "people" was used instead of "men") and rescinded in 1807. The Pitcairn Islands granted women's suffrage in 1838. Various countries and states granted re ...

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Women's suffrage, Women's suffrage - Timeline, Women's suffrage - Countries without women's suffrage, Women's suffrage - United States, Women's suffrage - Reference

Read more here: » Women's suffrage: Encyclopedia II - Women's suffrage - Timeline

Women's suffrage has been granted (and been revoked) at various times in various countries throughout the world. In many countries women's suffrage was granted before universal suffrage, so women (and men) from certain races were still unable to vote. The first women's suffrage (with the same property qualifications as for men) was accidentally granted in New Jersey in 1776 (the word "people" was used instead of "men") and rescinded in 1807. The Pitcairn Islands granted women's suffrage in 1838. Various countries and states grant ...

See also:

Women's suffrage, Women's suffrage - Timeline, Women's suffrage - Countries without women's suffrage, Women's suffrage - United States, Women's suffrage - Reference

Read more here: » Women's suffrage: Encyclopedia II - Women's suffrage - Timeline

Women as imams - Traditionally. In the Hanbali madhhab, women are allowed to lead mixed congregations in the optional tarawih prayers in Ramadan if they are well-versed in the Qur'an; however, they are to stand behind the men, in the women's rows, rather than in front. The Hanbalite jurists stipulate that this to be permissible only for old women, only when no man knowledgeable in the Qur'an is present. They do not consider it permissible for the Jumu'ah (Friday) pr ...

See also:

Women as imams, Women as imams - Canonical position, Women as imams - Women imams in women-only congregations, Women as imams - Women as imams of mixed congregations, Women as imams - Traditionally, Women as imams - People's Republic of China, Women as imams - South Africa 1994 to date, Women as imams - North American Queer Muslim community 1999 to date, Women as imams - Toronto Canada mainstream mosque; 2004, Women as imams - Bahrain attempt in disguise; 2004, Women as imams - USA March 18 2005, Women as imams - Canada

Read more here: » Women as imams: Encyclopedia II - Women as imams - Women as imams of mixed congregations

The experiences of women during the colonial era varied greatly from colony to colony. In New England, the Puritan settlers brought their strong religious values with them to the New World, which dictated that the wife be subordinate to her husband and dedicate herself to rearing God-fearing children to the best of her ability. In the early Chesapeake colonies, very few women were present. Much of the population consisted of young, single, white indentured servants, and as such the colonies to a large degree lacked any social cohesiveness. A ...

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History of women in the United States, History of women in the United States - Women in colonial times, History of women in the United States - The Revolutionary period, History of women in the United States - The Cult of True Womanhood, History of women in the United States - Early feminism, History of women in the United States - Seneca Falls and the growth of the movement, History of women in the United States - Feminism during the Progressive Era, History of women in the United States - Depression and War, History of women in the United States - The growth of modern feminism, History of women in the United States - Progress towards integration in politics, History of women in the United States - Bibliography

Read more here: » History of women in the United States: Encyclopedia II - History of women in the United States - Women in colonial times

The popular conception of "comfort women" outside Japan is that all comfort women were kidnapped by Japanese soldiers to serve as sex slaves under direct order from the Japanese government. The Japanese who are familiar with the issue believe that there are aspects that are missed. Prostitution and bonded labour were both legal when the events of WWII unfolded. Apologists for the Japanese government assert that if the middlemen were coercing women, then much of the blame, whether legal or moral, can be shifted to them. While there is ...

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Comfort women, Comfort women - Brothels as part of Japanese military policy, Comfort women - Responsibility and compensation, Comfort women - The ongoing debate over comfort women, Comfort women - Military brothels human trafficking and sexual slavery in context, Comfort women - United States, Comfort women - Vietnamese and Viet Cong in Vietnam, Comfort women - United Nations Peacekeeping Forces, Comfort women - NATO

Read more here: » Comfort women: Encyclopedia II - Comfort women - The ongoing debate over comfort women

Several women sages and seers are mentioned in the Upanishads, the philosophical part of the Vedas, notable among them being Gargi and Maitreyi. The sanskrit word for female teachers as Acharyā (as opposed to Acharya for teacher and Acharyini for teacher's wife) reveal that women were also given a place as Gurus. In contrast, the Bhagavat Purana, says that women are unfit for hearing the Veda: "And as women, Sudras and the inferior members of the twice-born classes were unfit for hearing the Veda, and were infatuated with the ...

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Women in Hinduism, Women in Hinduism - Gender of God, Women in Hinduism - Status of women, Women in Hinduism - Marriage, Women in Hinduism - Divorce, Women in Hinduism - Remarriage, Women in Hinduism - Incest, Women in Hinduism - Sati, Women in Hinduism - Property rights, Women in Hinduism - Study of Scriptures

Read more here: » Women in Hinduism: Encyclopedia II - Women in Hinduism - Study of Scriptures

The nebulous revivalist movement termed Islamism is one of the most dynamic movements within Islam in the 20th and 21st centuries. Islamists tend to minimize the role of women in some aspects of civil life, although in the longest-standing Islamist state - Iran - women legislators are included in the Majlis, and women comprise 60% of university students.[16] Women in Islam - Taliban. In Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, only the Taliban's version of Islam was permitted. The Taliban prevented women from worki ...

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Women in Islam, Women in Islam - Right to work, Women in Islam - Marriage, Women in Islam - Divorce, Women in Islam - Women as clergy and religious scholars, Women in Islam - As national leaders, Women in Islam - Right to vote, Women in Islam - Clothing, Women in Islam - Domestic violence, Women in Islam - How severe a beating?, Women in Islam - Domestic violence among Muslims, Women in Islam - Legal status, Women in Islam - Honor killings, Women in Islam - Women as prisoners of war or as slaves, Women in Islam - The effect of Islamism, Women in Islam - Taliban, Women in Islam - The effect of feminism on Islam

Read more here: » Women in Islam: Encyclopedia II - Women in Islam - The effect of Islamism

In Islamic law the legal status of women is similar to that of men, but in certain cases men have advantages. It is mentioned in the Qur'an: "... And women shall have rights similar to the rights against them, according to what is equitable; but men have a degree (of advantage) over them. And Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise." Sura 2:228[7] Women are entitled the right of inheritance: "From what is left by parents and those nearest related there is a share for men and a share for women, whether the property be small ...

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Women in Islam, Women in Islam - Right to work, Women in Islam - Marriage, Women in Islam - Divorce, Women in Islam - Women as clergy and religious scholars, Women in Islam - As national leaders, Women in Islam - Right to vote, Women in Islam - Clothing, Women in Islam - Domestic violence, Women in Islam - How severe a beating?, Women in Islam - Domestic violence among Muslims, Women in Islam - Legal status, Women in Islam - Honor killings, Women in Islam - Women as prisoners of war or as slaves, Women in Islam - The effect of Islamism, Women in Islam - Taliban, Women in Islam - The effect of feminism on Islam

Read more here: » Women in Islam: Encyclopedia II - Women in Islam - Legal status

There is a disputed Sunni hadith reported by Bukhari (Sahih Bukhari, Volume 5, Book 59, Number 709) which reports that Muhammad said that a people with a female ruler will never be successful. Many traditional Muslim societies have been unwilling to allow women to rule for this reason[citation needed]. Some interpretations of Islamic law hold that women should not lead men, and thus are forbidden from working in the government. This has been a wides ...

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Women in Islam, Women in Islam - Right to work, Women in Islam - Marriage, Women in Islam - Divorce, Women in Islam - Women as clergy and religious scholars, Women in Islam - As national leaders, Women in Islam - Right to vote, Women in Islam - Clothing, Women in Islam - Domestic violence, Women in Islam - How severe a beating?, Women in Islam - Domestic violence among Muslims, Women in Islam - Legal status, Women in Islam - Honor killings, Women in Islam - Women as prisoners of war or as slaves, Women in Islam - The effect of Islamism, Women in Islam - Taliban, Women in Islam - The effect of feminism on Islam

Read more here: » Women in Islam: Encyclopedia II - Women in Islam - As national leaders

According to most interpretations of Sharia (Islamic law), authorization for the husband to physically beat disobedient wives is provided only under certain conditions. First, admonishment is verbal and secondly a period of refraining from intimate relations is observed. Finally, if the husband finds the situation very serious, he may hit her: "Men are the maintainers of women because Allah has made some of them to excel others and because they spend out of their property; the good women are therefore obedient, guarding the unseen ...

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Women in Islam, Women in Islam - Right to work, Women in Islam - Marriage, Women in Islam - Divorce, Women in Islam - Women as clergy and religious scholars, Women in Islam - As national leaders, Women in Islam - Right to vote, Women in Islam - Clothing, Women in Islam - Domestic violence, Women in Islam - How severe a beating?, Women in Islam - Domestic violence among Muslims, Women in Islam - Legal status, Women in Islam - Honor killings, Women in Islam - Women as prisoners of war or as slaves, Women in Islam - The effect of Islamism, Women in Islam - Taliban, Women in Islam - The effect of feminism on Islam

Read more here: » Women in Islam: Encyclopedia II - Women in Islam - Domestic violence

Islam does not prohibit women from working, though, it does emphasize the primary duty, applied to both parents, is of caring for the family and the household. Many Muslims believe that a woman should work only if she can work without defying Islamic teachings. Often, this means that she must not do work that offends her modesty (Hijab) and chastity. In many interpretations it also means she must not work ...

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Women in Islam, Women in Islam - Right to work, Women in Islam - Marriage, Women in Islam - Divorce, Women in Islam - Women as clergy and religious scholars, Women in Islam - As national leaders, Women in Islam - Right to vote, Women in Islam - Clothing, Women in Islam - Domestic violence, Women in Islam - How severe a beating?, Women in Islam - Domestic violence among Muslims, Women in Islam - Legal status, Women in Islam - Honor killings, Women in Islam - Women as prisoners of war or as slaves, Women in Islam - The effect of Islamism, Women in Islam - Taliban, Women in Islam - The effect of feminism on Islam

Read more here: » Women in Islam: Encyclopedia II - Women in Islam - Right to work

Artists from this period include Constance Mayer, Marie Ellenrieder, Rosa Bonheur, Elizabeth Butler, Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, Camille Claudel, Suzanne Valadon and Lucy Bacon. Women such as Marie Ellenrieder and Marie-Denise Villers worked in the field of portraiture in the beginning of the century, and Rosa Bonheur excelled in realist painting and sculpture. Photography was a new medium in this era and several woman became well-known in the field such as ...

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Women artists, Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists, Women artists - Ancient and classical period, Women artists - Medieval era, Women artists - Renaissance era, Women artists - Baroque era, Women artists - 18th century, Women artists - 19th century, Women artists - 20th century, Women artists - Partial bibliography

Read more here: » Women artists: Encyclopedia II - Women artists - 19th century

Attainment of Buddhahood by women

(Jpn.: nyonin jobutsu)

See: attainment of Buddhahood

(See also: Attainment of Buddhahood by women, Enlightenment, Buddhism Enlightenment, Buddhism Enlightenment Dictionary)

Australia made history in 1902 when the passage of the Commonwealth Franchise Act allowed women to both vote and stand for election to the Parliament of Australia.[1] [2] Numerous women stood unsuccessfully as independents or as representatives of minor parties for election to the Senate, incl ...

See also:

Women in the Australian Senate, Women in the Australian Senate - History, Women in the Australian Senate - List of women in the Australian Senate, Women in the Australian Senate - Notes

Read more here: » Women in the Australian Senate: Encyclopedia II - Women in the Australian Senate - History

The status of women in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has been a source of public debate beginning in the 19th century, when the church clashed with the federal government over its practice of polygyny. Despite polygyny, 19th century women played a significant public leadership role in Latter-day Saint culture, politics, and even doctrine. Indeed, some critics view the role of women in the 19th century Church as the zenith of women's institutional and leadership participation in the church hierarchy. ...

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Women and Mormonism, Women and Mormonism - Women in early Mormonism, Women and Mormonism - Women in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Women and Mormonism - Frontier women in 19th century Utah, Women and Mormonism - The LDS Church and modern feminism, Women and Mormonism - Women in the Community of Christ, Women and Mormonism - Women in Mormon Fundamentalist groups

Read more here: » Women and Mormonism: Encyclopedia II - Women and Mormonism - Women in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The status of women in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has been a source of public debate beginning in the 19th century, when the church clashed with the federal government over its practice of polygyny. Despite the legal and cultural issues related to plural marriage, 19th century women played a significant public leadership role in Latter-day Saint culture, politics, and even doctrine. Indeed, some critics view the role of women in the 19th century Church as the zenith of women's institutional and leadership participation in the church hierarchy. ...

See also:

Women and Mormonism, Women and Mormonism - Women in early Mormonism, Women and Mormonism - Women in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Women and Mormonism - Frontier women in 19th century Utah, Women and Mormonism - The LDS Church and modern feminism, Women and Mormonism - Women in the Community of Christ, Women and Mormonism - Women in Mormon Fundamentalist groups

Read more here: » Women and Mormonism: Encyclopedia II - Women and Mormonism - Women in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Due to the prevalance of honor killings in some Muslim societies, "Honor killings" are often identified with Islam, with some writers asserting that they are part of Islamic teaching. However, many Muslim scholars and commentators say that honor killings are a cultural practice which is neither exclusive to, nor universal within, the Islamic world. Such killings take place within a few Muslim communities around the Mediterranean as well as in Brazil, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the Punjab in India (see http://www.dfn.org/articles/currenteven ...

See also:

Women in Islam, Women in Islam - Right to work, Women in Islam - Marriage, Women in Islam - Divorce, Women in Islam - Women as clergy and religious scholars, Women in Islam - As national leaders, Women in Islam - Right to vote, Women in Islam - Clothing, Women in Islam - Domestic violence, Women in Islam - How severe a beating?, Women in Islam - Domestic violence among Muslims, Women in Islam - Legal status, Women in Islam - Honor killings, Women in Islam - Women as prisoners of war or as slaves, Women in Islam - The effect of Islamism, Women in Islam - Taliban, Women in Islam - The effect of feminism on Islam

Read more here: » Women in Islam: Encyclopedia II - Women in Islam - Honor killings

Artists from this period include Ende, Diemudus, Guda, Claricia, Herrade of Landsberg and Hildegard of Bingen. In the early Medieval period, women often worked alongside men. Manuscript illuminations, embroideries, and carved capital from the period demonstrate examples of women at work. Documents show that they were brewers, butchers, wool merchants, ironmongers. Women artists of the time period were from a small subset of society whose status allowed them freedom from these more strenuous types of work. Female artists were of ...

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Women artists, Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists, Women artists - Ancient and classical period, Women artists - Medieval era, Women artists - Renaissance era, Women artists - Baroque era, Women artists - 18th century, Women artists - 19th century, Women artists - 20th century, Women artists - Partial bibliography

Read more here: » Women artists: Encyclopedia II - Women artists - Medieval era

Arthashastra and Manusamhita are sources about the woman's right to property or ‘Stridhan’, (literally meaning, property of wife). It is of two types: maintenance (in money or land given by the husband), and anything else like ornaments given to her by her family, husband, in-laws and the friends of her husband. Manu further subdivides this into six types - the property given by parents at marriage, given by the parental family when she is going to her husband’s house, given by her husband out of affection (not maintenance which he is ...

See also:

Women in Hinduism, Women in Hinduism - Gender of God, Women in Hinduism - Status of women, Women in Hinduism - Marriage, Women in Hinduism - Divorce, Women in Hinduism - Remarriage, Women in Hinduism - Incest, Women in Hinduism - Sati, Women in Hinduism - Property rights, Women in Hinduism - Study of Scriptures

Read more here: » Women in Hinduism: Encyclopedia II - Women in Hinduism - Property rights