This ordination of women is currently and historically practised in some Buddhist regions and not in others. The tradition of the ordained monastic community (sangha) began with Buddha, who established orders of Bhikkhu (monks) and later, after an initial reluctance, of Bhikkuni (nuns). The stories, sayings and deeds of some of the distinguished Bhikkhuni of early Buddhism are recorded in many places in the Pali Canon, most notably in the Therigatha. However, not only did the Buddha lay down more rules of discipline for the bhikkhuni (311 compared to the bhikkhu's 227), he also ...

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Ordination of women, Ordination of women - Christianity, Ordination of women - Roman Catholic Church, Ordination of women - Eastern Orthodox, Ordination of women - Anglican Communion, Ordination of women - Other communions, Ordination of women - Judaism, Ordination of women - Islam, Ordination of women - Buddhism, Ordination of women - Thailand

Read more here: » Ordination of women: Encyclopedia II - Ordination of women - Buddhism

The Women's Battalion was called into action against the Germans during the June Offensive. They were assigned to the 525th Kuriag-Daryjuski Regiment and occupied an abandoned trench near Kovno. Although the offensive was delayed for many hours by pacifist-aggressors within the Russian army, the Women's Battalion was able to persuade some three hundred men to join their ranks and led the attack near dusk. The battalion pushed past three trenches into German territory, where the trailing Russian army discovered a hidden stash of vodka and became dangerously drunk. The newly-promoted Lieutenant Bachkarovna or ...

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Women's Battalion, Women's Battalion - Formation, Women's Battalion - Action, Women's Battalion - Bolshevik Revolution

Read more here: » Women's Battalion: Encyclopedia II - Women's Battalion - Action

The Qur'an requires believers, both male and female, to dress modestly. "And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and guard their private parts and not to display their adornment except that which ordinarily appears thereof and to draw their headcovers over their chests and not to display their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands fathers, their sons." (24:31). All those in whose presence a woman is not obliged to c ...

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Women in Islam, Women in Islam - Right to work, Women in Islam - Marriage, Women in Islam - Divorce, Women in Islam - Women as clergy and religious scholars, Women in Islam - As national leaders, Women in Islam - Right to vote, Women in Islam - Clothing, Women in Islam - Domestic violence, Women in Islam - How severe a beating?, Women in Islam - Domestic violence among Muslims, Women in Islam - Legal status, Women in Islam - Honor killings, Women in Islam - Women as prisoners of war or as slaves, Women in Islam - The effect of Islamism, Women in Islam - Taliban, Women in Islam - The effect of feminism on Islam

Read more here: » Women in Islam: Encyclopedia II - Women in Islam - Clothing

The rules for Talaq (divorce) vary among the major Islamic schools. Most importantly Shi'a and Sunni Muslims have different rules to engage a Talaq. In both the Sunni and Shia traditions the right of divorce is preserved primarily for men, unless otherwise specified in the marriage contract, so that women can only seek divorce through court proceedings by convincing a Qadi to grant a divorce. Shi'as believe that a wife has the right to divorce but only after talking with a religious scholar and convincing him that her problem is serio ...

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Women in Islam, Women in Islam - Right to work, Women in Islam - Marriage, Women in Islam - Divorce, Women in Islam - Women as clergy and religious scholars, Women in Islam - As national leaders, Women in Islam - Right to vote, Women in Islam - Clothing, Women in Islam - Domestic violence, Women in Islam - How severe a beating?, Women in Islam - Domestic violence among Muslims, Women in Islam - Legal status, Women in Islam - Honor killings, Women in Islam - Women as prisoners of war or as slaves, Women in Islam - The effect of Islamism, Women in Islam - Taliban, Women in Islam - The effect of feminism on Islam

Read more here: » Women in Islam: Encyclopedia II - Women in Islam - Divorce

Books Ally Acker, Reel Women. Pioneers of the Cinema. 1896 to the Present, London: B.T. Batsford 1991 Attwood, Lynne, Ed., Red Women on the Silver Screen: Soviet Women and Cinema from the Beginning to the End of the Communist Era, London: Pandora 1993 Jacqueline Bobo (ed.), Black Women Film and Video Artists (AFI Film Readers), Routledge 1998 Russell Campbell, Marked Women: Prostitutes and Prostitution in the Cinema University of Wisconsin Press 2005 Ellerson ...

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Women's cinema, Women's cinema - Silent films, Women's cinema - Classic Hollywood, Women's cinema - Experimental and avant-garde cinema, Women's cinema - Impact of second-wave feminism, Women's cinema - Representing sexuality, Women's cinema - Resisting violence and violent resistance, Women's cinema - Afro-American, Women's cinema - African, Women's cinema - Asian, Women's cinema - Latin American, Women's cinema - European, Women's cinema - Re-entering the mainstream?, Women's cinema - Bibliography, Women's cinema - Films small selection, Women's cinema - Films about women directors, Women's cinema - Film festivals

Read more here: » Women's cinema: Encyclopedia II - Women's cinema - Bibliography

Islam does require a type of dowry but it is different from anthropological notions of brideprice. Islam requires that a husband make a gift, or settle money upon the bride. This is called mahr, mehr, or meher. The gift can be intangible or negligible, or it can be a valuable gift of real property or investments. The mahr may also be divided into portions, one to be given the bride at marriage, the other to be given the wife if she is widowed or divorced. The mahr can be a wo ...

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Women in Islam, Women in Islam - Right to work, Women in Islam - Marriage, Women in Islam - Divorce, Women in Islam - Women as clergy and religious scholars, Women in Islam - As national leaders, Women in Islam - Right to vote, Women in Islam - Clothing, Women in Islam - Domestic violence, Women in Islam - How severe a beating?, Women in Islam - Domestic violence among Muslims, Women in Islam - Legal status, Women in Islam - Honor killings, Women in Islam - Women as prisoners of war or as slaves, Women in Islam - The effect of Islamism, Women in Islam - Taliban, Women in Islam - The effect of feminism on Islam

Read more here: » Women in Islam: Encyclopedia II - Women in Islam - Marriage

The original goal of Defense was to help clarify Mencken's views on women, garnered from an inconsistent and confusing reputation in newspaper columns, various reviews, and several plays. Along with Marion Bloom and Kay Laurell, Mencken gathered material for his book not from libraries and universities, but from saloons and hotels. The original title for Defense was A Book for Men Only, but other working titles included The Eternal Feminine as well as The Infernal Feminine. Originally published by Philip Goodman, ...

See also:

In Defense of Women, In Defense of Women - History, In Defense of Women - Content, In Defense of Women - General, In Defense of Women - Suffrage, In Defense of Women - Misogyny, In Defense of Women - Critics reviews

Read more here: » In Defense of Women: Encyclopedia II - In Defense of Women - History

(Complete article: Sati) Sati is the voluntary immolation of a woman on her husband's funeral pyre. (It was practiced by the Scythians and also the ancient peoples of Scythia, Egypt, Scandinavia and China) Sati was performed ideally as an act of immortal love and was believed to purged the couple of all accumulated sin. Though no scripture mandates it, the Puranas, part of the Hindu Smriti, mention sati as highly meritorious in several instances. A few instances of sati are recorded in the Hindu epics, which are otherwise reple ...

See also:

Women in Hinduism, Women in Hinduism - Gender of God, Women in Hinduism - Status of women, Women in Hinduism - Marriage, Women in Hinduism - Divorce, Women in Hinduism - Remarriage, Women in Hinduism - Incest, Women in Hinduism - Sati, Women in Hinduism - Property rights, Women in Hinduism - Study of Scriptures

Read more here: » Women in Hinduism: Encyclopedia II - Women in Hinduism - Sati

The English Women's FA was formed in 1969 (as a result of the increased interest generated by the 1966 World Cup), and the FA's ban was finally lifted in 1971. However women's football in UK has not recovered to the popularity it once had. In the 1970s, Italy became the first country with professional women's football players, albeit on a part-time basis. The first full-time professional team was the United States national squad, and in 1992 ...

See also:

Women's football soccer, Women's football soccer - Early Women's football, Women's football soccer - The 'revival' of the Women's game, Women's football soccer - International competitions

Read more here: » Women's football soccer: Encyclopedia II - Women's football soccer - The 'revival' of the Women's game

Under Non-Formal Education programme, about 40% of the centers in states and 10% of the centers in UTs are exclusively reserved for girls. As of 2000, about 0.3 million NFE centers were catering to about 7.42 milion children, out of which about 0.12 million were exclusively for girls. Currently, in engineering, medical and other colleges, 30% of the seats have been reserved for women. ...

See also:

Women in India, Women in India - Role models in modern Indian society, Women in India - Education, Women in India - Self-help groups and NGOs, Women in India - Missing Women, Women in India - Dowry & Domestic Violence, Women in India - Historically, Women in India - The Purdah system, Women in India - Reform movements, Women in India - Modern reform movements

Read more here: » Women in India: Encyclopedia II - Women in India - Education

The complete epic comprised five books of verse in dactylic hexameter. Each book may have been up to 1000 lines long. The poem is not a heroic epic, in the way that the Iliad is, though it shares many of its characteristics; it belongs rather to the genre of antiquarian or didactic epic. The poem consists of genealogies of famous women in Greek mythology, and their descendants by both men and gods. The poem opens, "Sing now of the tribe of women, sweet-voiced Olympian Muses, daughters of aigis-bearing Zeus: those women who were the noblest, and had sex with gods." This i ...

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Catalogue of Women, Catalogue of Women - Title and date, Catalogue of Women - Fragmentary epic, Catalogue of Women - Content, Catalogue of Women - Reception and influence, Catalogue of Women - Bibliography, Catalogue of Women - Editions, Catalogue of Women - References

Read more here: » Catalogue of Women: Encyclopedia II - Catalogue of Women - Content

Women's football has been played for a long time with reports of the game being played in the 1790s [1] [2]. The first match recorded by the Scottish Football Association took place in 1892 in Glasgow. In England the first recorded game of football between women took place in England in 1895 [3]. However the women's game was frowned upon by the British Football Associations, and continued without their support. It has been speculated that this ...

See also:

Women's football soccer, Women's football soccer - Early Women's football, Women's football soccer - The 'revival' of the Women's game, Women's football soccer - International competitions

Read more here: » Women's football soccer: Encyclopedia II - Women's football soccer - Early Women's football

In a Hindu marriage, both husband and wife are two parts of one, complementing each other and becoming one in their spiritual journey. The most sacred part of the cermony involves circumbulating the sacred fire in seven steps to a Vedic mantra where the groom addresses his wife thus "Dear Wife! By taking these seven steps, you have become my dearest friend. I pledge my unfailing loyalty to you. Let us stay together for the rest of our lives. Let us not separate from each other ever. Let us be of one mind in carrying out our respons ...

See also:

Women in Hinduism, Women in Hinduism - Gender of God, Women in Hinduism - Status of women, Women in Hinduism - Marriage, Women in Hinduism - Divorce, Women in Hinduism - Remarriage, Women in Hinduism - Incest, Women in Hinduism - Sati, Women in Hinduism - Property rights, Women in Hinduism - Study of Scriptures

Read more here: » Women in Hinduism: Encyclopedia II - Women in Hinduism - Marriage

Euripides' play follows the fates of the women of Troy after their city has been sacked, their husbands killed, and as their remaining families are about to be taken away as slaves. The Greek herald Talthybius arrives to tell the dethroned queen Hecabe what will befall her and her children. Hecabe will be taken away with the Greek general Odysseus, and her daughter Cassandra is slated to become the conquering general Agamemnon's concubine. Cassandra, who has been driven partially mad due to a curse by which she can see the future but will ne ...

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The Trojan Women, The Trojan Women - Characters and Setting, The Trojan Women - Plot, The Trojan Women - The Trojan Women in Modern Times

Read more here: » The Trojan Women: Encyclopedia II - The Trojan Women - Plot

Main article: Sati Sati is an old funeral custom in which the widow was immolated alive on her husband’s funeral pyre. The act was supposed to be voluntary on the widow's part, and was deemed an act of peerless piety. In practice though, it is believed to have been sometimes forced on the widow by various social pressures, by relatives eager to obtain the widow's property or was committed to escape the widows' vulnerability to rape and sexual abuse by other men. The custom of the immolation of a widow (or other close relatives and slaves) is not unique to India; it was also practiced by the ancient pe ...

See also:

Women in India, Women in India - Role models in modern Indian society, Women in India - Education, Women in India - Self-help groups and NGOs, Women in India - Missing Women, Women in India - Dowry & Domestic Violence, Women in India - Historically, Women in India - The Purdah system, Women in India - Reform movements, Women in India - Modern reform movements

Read more here: » Women in India: Encyclopedia II - Women in India - Historically

The term Women in Refrigerators was coined by writer Gail Simone in early 1999 during on-line discussions about comic books with friends. Simone then developed a character list of superheroines who had been "killed, maimed or depowered" with the help of her friends. The list was then circulated via the Internet over bbs, e-mail and listservs. Simone also e-mailed many comic book creators directly for their resp ...

See also:

Women in Refrigerators, Women in Refrigerators - Women in Refrigerators Syndrome, Women in Refrigerators - Brief History of Women in Refrigerators, Women in Refrigerators - The List, Women in Refrigerators - Development of Website, Women in Refrigerators - Responses from Fans and Creators, Women in Refrigerators - New Home, Women in Refrigerators - Women in Refrigerators in Pop Culture, Women in Refrigerators - External Sites

Read more here: » Women in Refrigerators: Encyclopedia II - Women in Refrigerators - Brief History of Women in Refrigerators

Directed by George Cukor, it was adapted for the screen by Anita Loos and Jane Murfin, who toned down the innuendo for a movie audience, and released as a 1939 comedy film which was one of the great successes of its day. The film continued the play's all-female tradition - the entire cast of more than 130 speaking roles was female. Set in the glamorous Manhattan apartments of high society evoked by Cedric Gibbons, and in Reno where they obtain their divorces, it presents an acidic commentary on the pampered lives and power struggles o ...

See also:

The Women, The Women - Film Version, The Women - 1956 Remake, The Women - Broadway Revival, The Women - 2006 Remake

Read more here: » The Women: Encyclopedia II - The Women - Film Version

Elvira Notari was a pioneer of Italian cinema. During the "golden age" of "Classical" French cinema Jacqueline Audry was the only woman to direct commercial movies. In 1959 writer Marguerite Duras wrote the script for Alain Resnais' Hiroshima mon Amour. She turned to directing with La Musica in 1966. Among the best known French women film makers are Agnes Varda, Claire Denis, Nelly Kaplan. The work of many more French women directors is rarely screened outside France. German woman filmmaker Helke Sander was also one of the pioneers of the feminist movement. Other prominent women film makers include Marg ...

See also:

Women's cinema, Women's cinema - Silent films, Women's cinema - Classic Hollywood, Women's cinema - Experimental and avant-garde cinema, Women's cinema - Impact of second-wave feminism, Women's cinema - Representing sexuality, Women's cinema - Resisting violence and violent resistance, Women's cinema - Afro-American, Women's cinema - African, Women's cinema - Asian, Women's cinema - Latin American, Women's cinema - European, Women's cinema - Re-entering the mainstream?, Women's cinema - Bibliography, Women's cinema - Films small selection, Women's cinema - Films about women directors, Women's cinema - Film festivals

Read more here: » Women's cinema: Encyclopedia II - Women's cinema - European

Before 1980 it had been virtually impossible for a woman in India to become a film maker. Now Mira Nair, Aparna Sen, Vijaya Metah, Sai Paranjpye, Kalpapana Lajmi, Deepa Mehta and Gurinder Chadha are among the best known indian women film makers. The portrayal of female sexuality, especially lesbian, is still very controversial in India. In Japan for a long time Kinuyo Tanaka was the only woman to make feature films. She was able to do this against fierce resistance because she enjoyed a status as star actress. Using genre conventions her films showed women "with a humorous affection rare in Japan ...

See also:

Women's cinema, Women's cinema - Silent films, Women's cinema - Classic Hollywood, Women's cinema - Experimental and avant-garde cinema, Women's cinema - Impact of second-wave feminism, Women's cinema - Representing sexuality, Women's cinema - Resisting violence and violent resistance, Women's cinema - Afro-American, Women's cinema - African, Women's cinema - Asian, Women's cinema - Latin American, Women's cinema - European, Women's cinema - Re-entering the mainstream?, Women's cinema - Bibliography, Women's cinema - Films small selection, Women's cinema - Films about women directors, Women's cinema - Film festivals

Read more here: » Women's cinema: Encyclopedia II - Women's cinema - Asian

There are some important problems in delineating the history of women artists. First, for some periods, there is a distinct scarcity of biographical information. While this is true of male artists, as there were likely many fewer female artist, this dearth of information is even more problematic. Anonymity is another major problem. Women often were often engaged in artistic expressions that were not typically signed. This includes many forms of textile production, including weaving, embroidery and lace-making. During the Early Medieva ...

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Women artists, Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists, Women artists - Ancient and classical period, Women artists - Medieval era, Women artists - Renaissance era, Women artists - Baroque era, Women artists - 18th century, Women artists - 19th century, Women artists - 20th century, Women artists - Partial bibliography

Read more here: » Women artists: Encyclopedia II - Women artists - Issues in constructing a history of women artists

Definition and meaning of Women's Rights

Women's Rights

Women's rights are economic, social, legal, and political rights for women equal to those granted men. Beginning in the 1840s many women sought equal representation through suffrage (the right to vote). The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protected this right. The amendment was first presented to Congress in 1878 and ratified in 1920. Women remained subject to discrimination and in 1923 women's rights leaders submitted the Equal Rights Amendment to Congress. The ERA strove to prevent unfair treatment on the basis of gender. In the early 1970s, activists renewed efforts to pass the ERA in an attempt to strengthen protection for women as workers and as property holders. Three-fourths of the state legislatures never approved the amendment. When the time limit for consideration expired in 1982, 35 states had ratified the ERA, three short of the number required. Regardless, some states adopted more equal measures in their state constitutions to protect property rights, and women gained greater employment opportunities.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Women's Rights

Women's Rights

Women's rights are economic, social, legal, and political rights for women equal to those granted men. Beginning in the 1840s many women sought equal representation through suffrage (the right to vote). The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protected this right. The amendment was first presented to Congress in 1878 and ratified in 1920. Women remained subject to discrimination and in 1923 women's rights leaders submitted the Equal Rights Amendment to Congress. The ERA strove to prevent unfair treatment on the basis of gender. In the early 1970s, activists renewed efforts to pass the ERA in an attempt to strengthen protection for women as workers and as property holders. Three-fourths of the state legislatures never approved the amendment. When the time limit for consideration expired in 1982, 35 states had ratified the ERA, three short of the number required. Regardless, some states adopted more equal measures in their state constitutions to protect property rights, and women gained greater employment opportunities.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap