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ARTICLES RELATED TO Western betrayal | | | |  Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Poland
Western betrayal - First World War aftermath.
After the First World War, Poland regained independence after 123 years of partitions. While the victorious Western allies proclaimed their support for an independent Poland, their hidden motivation was to weaken Germany and Russia. Therefore their actual support was limited. One instance is the affair of Silesia. Many French and British politicians desired the industrial region of Silesia to remain part of Germany, so that Germany would have an easier time paying the ...
See also:Western betrayal, Western betrayal - Diplomacy & Eastern Europe Between the Wars, Western betrayal - Croatia, Western betrayal - Czechoslovakia, Western betrayal - Munich Conference, Western betrayal - Second World War Ally, Western betrayal - Finland, Western betrayal - Poland, Western betrayal - First World War aftermath, Western betrayal - Up to 1939, Western betrayal - 1940s, Western betrayal - Russia, Western betrayal - Spain, Western betrayal - Ukraine, Western betrayal - Yugoslavia, Western betrayal - Essays and articles, Western betrayal - Dictionaries Read more here: » Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Western betrayal - Poland |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Warsaw Uprising - Eve of the battle The Home Army's initial plans for a national uprising, Operation Tempest, which would link up with British forces, changed in 1943 when it became apparent that the Red Army would force the Germans from Poland. The discovery of the Katyn massacre occasioned the breaking-off of Polish-Soviet relations in April, and they never properly recovered. Although doubts existed about the military wisdom of a major uprising, the planning continued.
The situation came to a head as Operation Bagration, the Soviet attack on Germany, reached the old ...
See also:Warsaw Uprising, Warsaw Uprising - Eve of the battle, Warsaw Uprising - Opposing forces, Warsaw Uprising - The battle, Warsaw Uprising - Life behind the front lines, Warsaw Uprising - Lack of outside support, Warsaw Uprising - The capitulation, Warsaw Uprising - Destruction of the city, Warsaw Uprising - Liberation of the ruins, Warsaw Uprising - The legacy, Warsaw Uprising - After the war, Warsaw Uprising - Note Read more here: » Warsaw Uprising: Encyclopedia II - Warsaw Uprising - Eve of the battle |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1939–1945 - German and Soviet Invasion The Polish armed forces resisted the German invasion, but their strategic position was hopeless since Poland was surrounded on three sides by Germany and German-controlled Czechoslovakia. It was in Poland that the Germans first used the tactics of Blitzkrieg ("lightning war"): rapid advance of Panzer (armored) divisions, dive bombing to break up troop concentrations, and aerial bombing of undefended cities to sap civilian morale. The Polish Army and Air Force had little modern equipment to match the onslaught.
German forces wer ...
See also:History of Poland 1939–1945, History of Poland 1939–1945 - German and Soviet Invasion, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Dismemberment of Poland, History of Poland 1939–1945 - The General Government, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Treatment of the Poles, History of Poland 1939–1945 - The Holocaust in Poland, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Governments in exile, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Resistance, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Aftermath of the War, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Yalta and the Soviet Occupation 1943–45 Read more here: » History of Poland 1939–1945: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1939–1945 - German and Soviet Invasion |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign
Polish September Campaign - Plans.
The German plan Fall Weiss, for what became known as the September campaign, was created by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. The plan called for the start of hostilities before the declaration of war and to pursue the doctrine of lightning war, later known as blitzkrieg. The novel concept of blitzkrieg called for German tanks (panzers) to attac ...
See also:Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes Read more here: » Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign
Polish September Campaign - Plans.
The German plan Fall Weiss, for what became known as the September campaign, was created by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. The plan called for the start of hostilities before the declaration of war and to pursue a traditional doctrine of mass encirclement and destruction of enemy forces, assisted by the Germans' material advantages, including the use of mo ...
See also:Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes Read more here: » Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Polish contribution to World War II - Army After the country's defeat in the 1939 campaign, the Polish government in exile quickly organized in France a new army of about 80,000 men. In 1940 a Polish Highland Brigade took part in the Battle of Narvik (Norway), and two Polish divisions (First Grenadier Division, and Second Infantry Fusiliers Division) took part in the defense of France, while a Polish motorized brigade and two infantry divisions were in process of forming. A Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade was formed in French-mandated Syria, to which many Polish troops had esca ...
See also:Polish contribution to World War II, Polish contribution to World War II - Army, Polish contribution to World War II - Air Force, Polish contribution to World War II - Navy, Polish contribution to World War II - Intelligence, Polish contribution to World War II - Underground, Polish contribution to World War II - Battles, Polish contribution to World War II - Technical inventions Read more here: » Polish contribution to World War II: Encyclopedia II - Polish contribution to World War II - Army |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Curzon Line - History of the Curzon Line At the end of World War I the Allies agreed that an independent Polish state should be formed from territories previously part of the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 said that the eastern border of Poland would be "subsequently determined." The lands lying between Poland and its eastern neighbours were inhabited by a mixed population of Poles, Lithuanians, Jews, Ukrainians and Belarusians, with no single group being a majority. Lord Curzon of Kedleston, on behalf of the Allies, sugges ...
See also:Curzon Line, Curzon Line - History of the Curzon Line, Curzon Line - Ethnography to the east of the Curzon Line, Curzon Line - Ethnography to the west of the Curzon Line Read more here: » Curzon Line: Encyclopedia II - Curzon Line - History of the Curzon Line |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Witold Pilecki - Biography
Witold Pilecki - Pilecki's early life.
Witold Pilecki was born May 13, 1901, in Olonets on the shores of Lake Ladoga in Karelia, Russia, where his family had been forcibly resettled by Tsarist Russian authorities after the suppression of Poland's January Uprising of 1863-1864. His grandfather, Józef Pilecki, had spent seven years in exile in Siberia for his part in the Uprising. In 1910 Pilecki moved with his family to Wilno (now Vilnius, Lithuania), where he completed Commercial School and joined the secret ZHP scouts organization. In 1916 he moved to Orel, ...
See also:Witold Pilecki, Witold Pilecki - Biography, Witold Pilecki - Pilecki's early life, Witold Pilecki - World War II breaks out, Witold Pilecki - The Auschwitz campaign: 945 days, Witold Pilecki - Back outside Auschwitz: the Warsaw Uprising., Witold Pilecki - Liberation: Soviet-dominated Poland, Witold Pilecki - Summary of Pilecki's Polish Army career Read more here: » Witold Pilecki: Encyclopedia II - Witold Pilecki - Biography |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Władysław Sikorski - Biography
Władysław Sikorski - Early life and World War I.
Sikorski was born May 20, 1881, in Tuszów Narodowy, Polish Galicia, then a territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father was Tomasz Sikorski, of impoverished Polish gentry (coat of arms Kopaszyna); his mother was Emilia Habrowska. Young Sikorski studied engineering at the Lwów Polytechnic, specializing in road and bridge construction. After graduation he worked for the Galician administration in the petroleum industry. In 1906 Sikorski volunteered for a ...
See also:Władysław Sikorski, Władysław Sikorski - Biography, Władysław Sikorski - Early life and World War I, Władysław Sikorski - Polish-Soviet War, Władysław Sikorski - In government and in opposition, Władysław Sikorski - Prime Minister in Exile, Władysław Sikorski - Katyn, Władysław Sikorski - Death, Władysław Sikorski - Aftermath, Władysław Sikorski - Controversy surrounding Sikorski's death, Władysław Sikorski - Further reading and other media Read more here: » Władysław Sikorski: Encyclopedia II - Władysław Sikorski - Biography |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1939–1945 - Resistance Resistance to the German occupation began almost at once, although there is little terrain in Poland suitable for guerilla operations. The Home Army (in Polish Armia Krajowa or AK), loyal to the Polish government in exile in London, was formed from a number of smaller groups in 1942. From 1943 the AK was in competition with the People's Army (Armia Ludowa or AL), backed by the Soviet Union and controlled by the Polish Communist Party. By 1944 the AK had some 380,000 men, although few arms: the AL was much smaller. The Polish resistance or ...
See also:History of Poland 1939–1945, History of Poland 1939–1945 - German and Soviet Invasion, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Dismemberment of Poland, History of Poland 1939–1945 - The General Government, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Treatment of the Poles, History of Poland 1939–1945 - The Holocaust in Poland, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Governments in exile, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Resistance, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Aftermath of the War, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Yalta and the Soviet Occupation 1943–45 Read more here: » History of Poland 1939–1945: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1939–1945 - Resistance |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, took power in Germany in 1933. Hitler at first ostentatiously pursued a policy of rapprochement with Poland, culminating in the Polish-German Non-aggression pact of 1934. However, following Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938, and most of Czechoslovakia in 1939, under the continued Allied policy of appeasement, the Nazi regime turned its attention to Poland. Of special concern to Germany was the Free City of Danzig and the fact that German exclave of East Prussia was separated from mainland by little- ...
See also:Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes Read more here: » Polish September Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1939–1945 - Yalta and the Soviet Occupation 1943–45 As the Soviets advanced through Poland in late 1944 the German administration collapsed. The Communist-controlled Committee of National Liberation (PKWN, Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego), headed by Bolesław Bierut, was installed by the Soviet Union in Lublin, the first major Polish city to be liberated, in July, and began to take over the administration of the country as the Germans retreated. The government in exile in London had only one card to play, the forces of the AK. This was why the government in exile was determined th ...
See also:History of Poland 1939–1945, History of Poland 1939–1945 - German and Soviet Invasion, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Dismemberment of Poland, History of Poland 1939–1945 - The General Government, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Treatment of the Poles, History of Poland 1939–1945 - The Holocaust in Poland, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Governments in exile, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Resistance, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Aftermath of the War, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Yalta and the Soviet Occupation 1943–45 Read more here: » History of Poland 1939–1945: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1939–1945 - Yalta and the Soviet Occupation 1943–45 |
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| | | | Western betrayal: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1939–1945 - Aftermath of the War Hans Frank was captured by American troops in May 1945 and was one of the defendants at the Nuremberg Trials. During his trial he converted to Catholicism. Frank surrendered forty volumes of his diaries to the Tribunal and much evidence against him and others was gathered from them. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and on 1 October 1946 he was sentenced to death by hanging.
In 1945 Poland's borders were redrawn, following the decision taken at the Teheran Conference of 1943 at the insistence of the Soviet ...
See also:History of Poland 1939–1945, History of Poland 1939–1945 - German and Soviet Invasion, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Dismemberment of Poland, History of Poland 1939–1945 - The General Government, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Treatment of the Poles, History of Poland 1939–1945 - The Holocaust in Poland, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Governments in exile, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Resistance, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Aftermath of the War, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Yalta and the Soviet Occupation 1943–45 Read more here: » History of Poland 1939–1945: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1939–1945 - Aftermath of the War |
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