West Germanic strong verb - Class 1

Class 1, Sweet's "drive conjugation", represents all verbs in which the IE Ablaut-vowel was followed by an i. This combination is effectively a diphthong in PIE, or in the zero-grade, a simple i. Regular vowel shifts in Germanic change ei>ī and oi>ai. Metaphony does not affect class 1. In Old English, Germanic ai becomes ā. rīdan rītt rād ridon riden ("to ride") wrītan wrītt wrāt writon writen ("to write") scīn ...

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Class 3, Sweet's "bind conjugation", represents all verbs in which the IE Ablaut-vowel was followed by a nasal (n) or a liquid (r/l) and another consonant. Also possible is h plus another consonant. So the combinations are: With nasals (class 3a): CVnC, CVnn, CVmC, CVmm With liquids (class 3b): CVlC, CVll, CVrC, CVhC In the zero-grade forms, the nasal or liquid became a syllabic sonorant in PIE, transcribed as a circle belo ...

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Class 5, Sweet's "give conjugation", represents all verbs in which the IE Ablaut-vowel was followed by a single consonant other than a nasal or a liquid. This class is originally similar to class 4 except in the participle. There is also a small sub-group called "j-presents" which show umlaut throughout the whole of the present stem. In Old English the preterite is in æ/ǽ, as in class 4. sprecan spricþ spræc sprǽcon sprecen ("to speak") cweþa ...

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Class 6, Sweet's "shake conjugation", represents all verbs in which the IE Ablaut-vowel was adjacent to a laryngeal h2 and thus in later PIE had an a colouring. Possibly in some cases the a may be an example of the a-grade of ablaut, though this is controversial. Like class 5, this class too has j-presents. In Old English scacan scæcþs scōc scōcon scacen ("to shake") faran færþ fōr fōron faren ("to travel") sacan scæcþ sōc sōcon sacen ("to quarrel") Contracted slēan s ...

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Class 7, Sweet's "fall conjugation", is not based on an Indo-European ablaut sequence as such. Rather, it represents all verbs of classes 1 to 6 which were originally reduplicating. Reduplication can be seen operating in the East Germanic strong verb. Four examples from Gothic will illustrate this here. In each case we give just the infinitive and the preterite singular, and put the reduplication in bold print: falþan faifalþ ("to fold") slēpan saíslēp ("to sleep") háitan haíháit ("to be called" - German "heißen")See also:

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Class 4, Sweet's "Bear conjugation", represents all verbs in which the ablaut vowel was followed by a single nasal or liquid. The zero-grade in the participle becomes a u in Germanic, but then changes to o by a-mutation; as a single nasal is not enough to block this mutation, subgroups do not form in the Germanic class 4 as they do in class 3. In Old English, the general pattern is: beran bierþ bær bǽron boren ("to bear") breca ...

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Class 2, Sweet's "choose conjugation", represents all verbs in which the IE Ablaut-vowel was followed by a u. In PIE it is therefore very similar to class 1. A regular vowel shift in Germanic changes ou>au. In two separate metaphony processes, the present singular is umlauted because of an i in the inflection and the u in the past participle is assimilated to the a in the inflection. There was also a sub-class with present stem in ūSee also:

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Six different ablaut sequences (German: Ablautreihe) exist in the Germanic languages. We refer to these as the six classes of the strong verb. In PIE there were already several ablaut sequences possible in the conjugation of the verb. The Germanic verb is based on the following four patterns. (For orientation, the numbers of the Germanic principal parts and verb classes are included in this table, but the vowels are those of PIE.) (Part ...

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West Germanic strong verb, West Germanic strong verb - Conjugation, West Germanic strong verb - Verb classes, West Germanic strong verb - General developments, West Germanic strong verb - Class 1, West Germanic strong verb - Class 2, West Germanic strong verb - Class 3, West Germanic strong verb - Class 4, West Germanic strong verb - Class 5, West Germanic strong verb - Class 6, West Germanic strong verb - Class 7, West Germanic strong verb - Sources

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Before looking at the seven classes individually it is helpful to consider first the general developments which affected all of them. The following phonological changes are relevant for the discussion of the ablaut system: From PIE to Germanic General sound shifts: a > o ; ei > ī ; oi > ai ; ou > au. Elimination of the zero grade before liquids by insertion of u. The development of grammatischer Wechsel (variations in the consonant ...

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West Germanic strong verb, West Germanic strong verb - Conjugation, West Germanic strong verb - Verb classes, West Germanic strong verb - General developments, West Germanic strong verb - Class 1, West Germanic strong verb - Class 2, West Germanic strong verb - Class 3, West Germanic strong verb - Class 4, West Germanic strong verb - Class 5, West Germanic strong verb - Class 6, West Germanic strong verb - Class 7, West Germanic strong verb - Sources

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As an example of the conjugation of a strong verb, we may take the Old English class 2 verb bēodan, "to command" (cf. English "bid"). This has the following forms: ic bēode þu bīetst he bīett we bēodaþ ge bēodaþ hie bēodaþ ic bēad þu bude he bēad we budon ge budon hie budon While the inflections are more or less regular, the vowel changes in the stem are not predictable without an understanding of the Indo-European ablautSee also:

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