West Germanic is the largest branch of the Germanic family of languages, including such languages as German, English and Dutch. The other families of Germanic are North Germanic and East Germanic. West Germanic languages - History. From the time of their earliest attestation, the Germanic dialects are divided into three groups, West, East and North Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained mutually intelligible t ...

Including:

• West Germanic languages - History
• West Germanic languages - Family tree

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From the time of their earliest attestation, the Germanic dialects are divided into three groups, West, East and North Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration period, so that some individual dialects are difficult to classify. The Western group would have formed as a dialect of Proto-Germanic in the late Jastorf culture (ca. 1st century BC). During the Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the second ...

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West Germanic languages, West Germanic languages - History, West Germanic languages - Family tree

Read more here: » West Germanic languages: Encyclopedia II - West Germanic languages - History

Vive, Viva and Vivat are interjections used in the Romance languages. Vive, in French, and Viva, in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, Vivat, in Romanian are subjunctive forms of the verb "to live". They literally mean, "may it live", and are usually translated to English as "long live". They are often used to salute a person or non-personal entity: "Vive le Québec libre" (from Charles de Gaulle's Vive le Québec libre speech in Montréal), or "Viva il Duce!", the rough equivalent in Fas ...

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Techniques - Utensils Weights and measures Spices and Herbs Sauces - Soups - Desserts Cheese - Pasta - Bread Other ingredients Africa - Asia - Caribbean South Asian - Latin America Middle East - The West Other cuisines... Famous chefs Kitchens - Meals Wikibooks: Cookbook Cheese is a solid food made from the curdled milk of cows, goats, sheep, or other mammals. The milk is curdled using some combination of rennet (or re ...

Including:

• Cheese - History
• Cheese - Origins
• Cheese - Classical times
• Cheese - Post-classical Europe
• Cheese - Modern era
• Cheese - Cultural attitudes
• Cheese - Types of cheese
• Cheese - Fresh
• Cheese - Distinctively aged
• Cheese - Other categories
• Cheese - Health and nutrition
• Cheese - Making cheese
• Cheese - Curdling
• Cheese - Curd processing
• Cheese - Aging
• Cheese - Cheese in language
• Cheese - Notes

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A bard is a poet or singer, in religious or feudal contexts. Bard - Etymology. The word is a loanword from Proto-Celtic *bardos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gwerh2: "to raise the voice; praise". The word entered the West Germanic languages twice. The first recorded example is in 1449 from the Scottish Gaelic language into the Scots Language, denoting an itinerant musician, usually with a contemptuous connotation. A Scots ordnance of ca. 1500 orders that Including:

• Bard - Etymology
• Bard - Uses

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The word is a loanword from Proto-Celtic *bardos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gwerh2: "to raise the voice; praise". The word entered the West Germanic languages twice. The first recorded example is in 1449 from the Scottish Gaelic language into the Scots Language, denoting an itinerant musician, usually with a contemptuous connotation. A Scots ordnance of ca. 1500 orders that "All vagabundis, fulis, bardis, scudlaris, and siclike idill pepill, sall be brint on the cheek". The word subsequently entered the English language ...

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Bard, Bard - Etymology, Bard - Uses

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Cheese is an ancient food whose origins may predate recorded history. Probably discovered in Central Asia or the Middle East, cheesemaking spread to Europe and had become a sophisticated enterprise by Roman times. As Rome's influence receded, local cheesemaking techniques diverged from one another and each region became home to specific types of cheese. This diversity reached its peak in the early industrial age and has declined somewhat since then due to mechanization and economic factors. ...

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Cheese, Cheese - History, Cheese - Origins, Cheese - Classical times, Cheese - Post-classical Europe, Cheese - Modern era, Cheese - Cultural attitudes, Cheese - Types of cheese, Cheese - Fresh, Cheese - Distinctively aged, Cheese - Other categories, Cheese - Health and nutrition, Cheese - Making cheese, Cheese - Curdling, Cheese - Curd processing, Cheese - Aging, Cheese - Cheese in language, Cheese - Notes

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There are two main branches, West Scandinavian and East Scandinavian. The eastern branch is heavily influenced by especially Middle Low German and consists of Danish and Swedish along with their various dialects and varieties. The western branch includes Norwegian, Faroese and Icelandic. There is another way of classifying the languages that focuses more on mutual intelligibility than historical development that classifies Norwegian with Danish and Swedish as Continental ScandinavianSee also:

North Germanic languages, North Germanic languages - Classification, North Germanic languages - Family tree

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The Jastorf culture is an Iron Age material culture in northern Europe, dated from about 600 BC to 1. It is named after a site near the village of Jastorf, Lower Saxony (53°3′N 10°36′E). Its area was first delimited by the Weser in the West, the Aller in the South, and the Danish Islands in the North, but later it expanded southwards towards the Rhine and the Harz. It evolved out of the Nordic Bronze Age, through influence from the Halstatt culture further south. It was part of the Pre-Roman Iron Age and the south Scandinavian cu ...

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Pre-Roman Iron Age, Pre-Roman Iron Age - Jastorf Culture

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In some cases, a regional language may be closely related to the state's main language or official language. For example: Walloon, a regional language of France and Belgium, belongs to the same family of Oïl languages as French; Scots, a regional language of the United Kingdom, belongs to the same family of West Germanic languages as English. Frisian, a regional language of The Netherlands and Germany, belongs to the same language family as Dutch and German Võro, a regional language of Estonia, belon ...

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Regional language, Regional language - Definition in international law, Regional language - Influence of number of speakers, Regional language - Relationship with official languages, Regional language - Official languages as regional languages

Read more here: » Regional language: Encyclopedia II - Regional language - Relationship with official languages

Cheese is an ancient food whose origins may predate recorded history. Probably discovered in Central Asia or the Middle East, cheesemaking spread to Europe and had become a sophisticated enterprise by Roman times. As Rome's influence receded, distinct local cheesemaking techniques emerged. This diversity reached its peak in the early industrial age and has declined somewhat since then due to mechanization and economic factors. ...

See also:

Cheese, Cheese - History, Cheese - Origins, Cheese - Classical times, Cheese - Post-classical Europe, Cheese - Modern era, Cheese - Cultural attitudes, Cheese - Types of cheese, Cheese - Fresh, Cheese - Distinctively aged, Cheese - Other categories, Cheese - Health and nutrition, Cheese - Making cheese, Cheese - Curdling, Cheese - Curd processing, Cheese - Aging, Cheese - Cheese in language, Cheese - Notes

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Class 3, Sweet's "bind conjugation", represents all verbs in which the IE Ablaut-vowel was followed by a nasal (n) or a liquid (r/l) and another consonant. Also possible is h plus another consonant. So the combinations are: With nasals (class 3a): CVnC, CVnn, CVmC, CVmm With liquids (class 3b): CVlC, CVll, CVrC, CVhC In the zero-grade forms, the nasal or liquid became a syllabic sonorant in PIE, transcribed as a circle belo ...

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West Germanic strong verb, West Germanic strong verb - Conjugation, West Germanic strong verb - Verb classes, West Germanic strong verb - General developments, West Germanic strong verb - Class 1, West Germanic strong verb - Class 2, West Germanic strong verb - Class 3, West Germanic strong verb - Class 4, West Germanic strong verb - Class 5, West Germanic strong verb - Class 6, West Germanic strong verb - Class 7, West Germanic strong verb - Sources

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In some cases, a regional language may be closely related to the state's main language or official language. For example: Walloon, a regional language of France and Belgium, belongs to the same family of Oïl languages as French; Scots, a regional language of Scotland and Ireland, belongs to the same family of West Germanic languages as English. Frisian, a regional language of The Netherlands and Germany, belongs to the same language family as Dutch and German Võro, a regional language of Estonia, bel ...

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Regional language, Regional language - Definition in international law, Regional language - Influence of number of speakers, Regional language - Relationship with official languages, Regional language - Official languages as regional languages

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High German consonant shift - Phase 1. The first phase, which may have begun in the fourth century and affected the whole of the High German area, saw the voiceless stops become geminated fricatives intervocalically, or single fricatives postvocalically in final position. p→ff or final f t→zz (later German ss) or final < ...

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High German consonant shift, High German consonant shift - General description, High German consonant shift - Overview table, High German consonant shift - The four phases in detail, High German consonant shift - Phase 1, High German consonant shift - Phase 2, High German consonant shift - Phase 3, High German consonant shift - Phase 4, High German consonant shift - Chronology, High German consonant shift - Geographical distribution, High German consonant shift - East Germanic hypotheses, High German consonant shift - Sample texts, High German consonant shift - Sources

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Explaining the origins of the Goths, Jordanes recounted: The same mighty sea has also in its arctic region, that is in the north, a great island named Scandza, from which my tale (by God's grace) shall take its beginning. For the race whose origin you ask to know burst forth like a swarm of bees from the midst of this island and came into the land of Europe. [...] Now from this island of Scandza, as from a hive of races or a womb of nations, the Goths are said to have come forth long ago under their king, Berig by name ...

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Goths, Goths - Historical sources, Goths - History, Goths - Origins, Goths - Archaeology, Goths - Linguistics, Goths - Symbolic meaning, Goths - Notes

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Explaining the origins of the Goths, Jordanes recounted: The same mighty sea has also in its arctic region, that is in the north, a great island named Scandza, from which my tale (by God's grace) shall take its beginning. For the race whose origin you ask to know burst forth like a swarm of bees from the midst of this island and came into the land of Europe. [...] Now from this island of Scandza, as from a hive of races or a womb of nations, the Goths are said to have come forth long ago under their king, Berig by name ...

See also:

Goths, Goths - History, Goths - Origins, Goths - Archaeology, Goths - Linguistics, Goths - Symbolic meaning, Goths - Notes

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East Low German belongs to the dialect continuum of the continental West Germanic languages. In the West it fades into West Low German. The distinction is usually made referring to the plural endings of the verbs: East Low German endings are based on the old first/third person ending: -e(n), whereas West Low German endings are based on the old second person ending: -(e)t. In the South, it fades into East Central German. The difference is that the Est Low German varieties have not been affected by the High German consonant shift ...

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East Low German, East Low German - Related languages, East Low German - Dialects, East Low German - The Lord's Prayer in Plautdietsch, East Low German - Writers

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German is spoken primarily in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, in two-thirds of Switzerland, in two-thirds of the South Tyrol province of Italy (in German, Südtirol), in the small East Cantons of Belgium, and in some border villages of the South Jutland County (in German, Nordschleswig, in Danish, Sønderjylland) of Denmark. In Luxembourg (in German, Luxemburg), as well as in the French régions of Alsace (in German, Elsass) and parts of Lorraine (in German, Lothringen), th ...

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German language, German language - Geographic distribution, German language - History, German language - Classification and related languages, German language - Neighboring languages, German language - Official status, German language - Dialects, German language - Standard German, German language - Grammar, German language - Noun inflection, German language - Verb Inflection, German language - Writing system, German language - Alphabet, German language - Phonology, German language - Cognates with English, German language - Examples of German, German language - Names of the German language in other languages, German language - Reference

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Throughout the history of the English language, the word cheese has been chese (in Middle English) and cīese or cēse (in Old English). Similar words are shared by other West Germanic languages — Frisian tsiis, Dutch kaas, German Käse, Old High German chāsi — all of which probably come from the reconstructed West-Germanic root *kasjus, which in turn is an early borrowing from Latin. The Latin word caseus — from which are derived the Spanish queso, Portugues ...

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Cheese, Cheese - History, Cheese - Origins, Cheese - Classical times, Cheese - Post-classical Europe, Cheese - Modern era, Cheese - Cultural attitudes, Cheese - Types of cheese, Cheese - Fresh, Cheese - Distinctively aged, Cheese - Other categories, Cheese - Health and nutrition, Cheese - Making cheese, Cheese - Curdling, Cheese - Curd processing, Cheese - Aging, Cheese - Cheese in language, Cheese - Notes

Read more here: » Cheese: Encyclopedia II - Cheese - Cheese in language

As an example of the effects of the shift one may compare the following texts from the later Middle Ages, on the left a Middle Low German citation from the Sachsenspiegel (1220), which does not show the shift, and on the right the same text from the Middle High German Deutschenspiegel (1274), which shows the shifted consonants; both are standard legal texts of the period. (Translations: Sachsenspiegel: "The man is also guardian of his wife / as soon as she is married to him. / The wife is also the m ...

See also:

High German consonant shift, High German consonant shift - General description, High German consonant shift - Overview table, High German consonant shift - The four phases in detail, High German consonant shift - Phase 1, High German consonant shift - Phase 2, High German consonant shift - Phase 3, High German consonant shift - Phase 4, High German consonant shift - Chronology, High German consonant shift - Geographical distribution, High German consonant shift - East Germanic hypotheses, High German consonant shift - Sample texts, High German consonant shift - Sources

Read more here: » High German consonant shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - Sample texts