Wei

The Kangxi Emperor ordered the compiling of the most complete dictionary of Chinese characters ever put together, The Kangxi Dictionary. He also invented a very useful and effective Chinese calendar. In many ways this was an attempt to win over the Chinese gentry. Many scholars still refused to serve a foreign conquestion dynasty and remained loyal to the Ming Dynasty. Kangxi persuaded many scholars to work on the dictionary without asking them to formally serve the Qing. In effect they found themselves gradually taking on more and ...

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Kangxi Emperor, Kangxi Emperor - The Beginning of the Reign, Kangxi Emperor - Russia and the Mongols, Kangxi Emperor - Cultural achievements, Kangxi Emperor - Twice Removing the Crown Prince, Kangxi Emperor - Disputed Succession, Kangxi Emperor - Family

Read more here: » Kangxi Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Kangxi Emperor - Cultural achievements

At the same time, the Emperor was faced with the Russian advance from the north. The Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire fought along the Sahaliyan ula (Amur) Valley region in 1650s, which ended with a Qing victory. The Russians invaded the northern frontier again in 1680s. After series of battles and negotiations, the two empires signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 giving China the Amur valley and fixing a border. At this time the Khalkha Mongols preserved their independence and only paid tribute to the Manchu Empire. A conflict b ...

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Kangxi Emperor, Kangxi Emperor - The Beginning of the Reign, Kangxi Emperor - Russia and the Mongols, Kangxi Emperor - Cultural achievements, Kangxi Emperor - Twice Removing the Crown Prince, Kangxi Emperor - Disputed Succession, Kangxi Emperor - Family

Read more here: » Kangxi Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Kangxi Emperor - Russia and the Mongols

Technically, the Kangxi Emperor inherited his father Shunzhi's throne at the age of seven. His father died in his early twenties, and as Kangxi was not able to rule in his minority, the Shunzhi Emperor appointed Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi as the Four Regents. Sonin died soon after his granddaughter was made the Empress, leaving Suksaha at odds with Oboi politically. In a fierce power struggle, Oboi seized absolute power as sole Regent. For a while Kangxi and the Court accepted this arrangement. In 1669 the Emperor arrested Oboi with help from the Grand Empress Dowager ...

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Kangxi Emperor, Kangxi Emperor - The Beginning of the Reign, Kangxi Emperor - Russia and the Mongols, Kangxi Emperor - Cultural achievements, Kangxi Emperor - Twice Removing the Crown Prince, Kangxi Emperor - Disputed Succession, Kangxi Emperor - Family

Read more here: » Kangxi Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Kangxi Emperor - The Beginning of the Reign

Koei released a new series called Samurai Warriors (Sengoku Musou) that is instead based on the Sengoku Period of Japanese history. Also made by Omega Force, Samurai Warriors uses the same engine and design as Dynasty Warriors making the gameplay similar yet different at the same time. However, Samurai Warriors has a very limited cast of characters (20, including Xtreme Legends) comp ...

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Dynasty Warriors, Dynasty Warriors - Games in the Series, Dynasty Warriors - Game Characteristics, Dynasty Warriors - Playable Characters, Dynasty Warriors - Wei 魏, Dynasty Warriors - Shu 蜀, Dynasty Warriors - Wu 呉, Dynasty Warriors - Others 他, Dynasty Warriors - Notes, Dynasty Warriors - Criticism of English Voice-work

Read more here: » Dynasty Warriors: Encyclopedia II - Dynasty Warriors - Notes

In 334 BC, the rulers of Wei and Qi agreed to recognize each other as Kings (王), formalizing the independence of the states and the powerlessness of the Zhou throne since the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The King of Wei and the King of Qi joined the ranks of the King of Chu, whose predecessors had been Kings since the Spring and Autumn Period. From this point on, all the other states eventually declare their Kingship, signifying the beginning of the end of the Zhou Dynasty. In 325 BC, the ruler of Qin declared himself as King. In 323 BC, the rulers of Han and Yan declared themselves as ...

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Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms

Early in the Warring States Period, Chu was one of the strongest states in China. The state rose to a new level around 389 BC when the King of Chu named the famous reformer Wu Qi (吳起) to be his prime minister. Chu rose to its peak in 334 BC when it gained vast amounts of territory. The series of events leading up to this began when Yue prepared to attack Qi. The King of Qi sent a emissary who persuaded the King of Yue to attack Chu instead. Yue initiated a large scale attack at Chu, but was devastatingly defeated by Chu's counter-attack. Chu the ...

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Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats

Chinese chess has a long history. Though its precise origins have not yet been definitely confirmed, our earliest indications reveal the game may have been played as early as the 4th century BC, by Meng Changjun for example. (See chess in early literature or timeline of chess.) Judging by its rules, we can conclude that the origin of Chinese chess was apparently closely related to military strategists in ancient China. The word xiàngqí's meaning "figure game" can also be treated as meaning "constellation game". It is believed ...

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Xiangqi, Xiangqi - Rules of the game, Xiangqi - Board, Xiangqi - Pieces, Xiangqi - Ending the game, Xiangqi - Notation, Xiangqi - Notational system 1, Xiangqi - Notational system 2, Xiangqi - Gameplay and strategy, Xiangqi - Openings, Xiangqi - History, Xiangqi - Xiangqi tournaments and leagues, Xiangqi - Rankings, Xiangqi - Xiangqi and computers, Xiangqi - Books, Xiangqi - Notes

Read more here: » Xiangqi: Encyclopedia II - Xiangqi - History

Xiangqi plays faster than Western chess for several reasons. First, the barrier of pawns is reduced dramatically. Second, the cannons jump to capture, making them a long-range threat early in the game. In addition, since the general is confined to only moving within the palace, it can be checkmated more easily unless it is protected by other pieces. While in Western chess, the battle between opposing sides is concentrated in the middle few rows for the bulk of the game, this is not the case in xiangqi. The board is bigger than the Wes ...

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Xiangqi, Xiangqi - Rules of the game, Xiangqi - Board, Xiangqi - Pieces, Xiangqi - Ending the game, Xiangqi - Notation, Xiangqi - Notational system 1, Xiangqi - Notational system 2, Xiangqi - Gameplay and strategy, Xiangqi - Openings, Xiangqi - History, Xiangqi - Xiangqi tournaments and leagues, Xiangqi - Rankings, Xiangqi - Xiangqi and computers, Xiangqi - Books, Xiangqi - Notes

Read more here: » Xiangqi: Encyclopedia II - Xiangqi - Gameplay and strategy

Xiangqi - Notational system 1. The book The Chess of China[1] describes a notational system of absolute positional references in which the ranks of the board are numbered 1 to 10 from closest to farthest away, followed by a digit 1 to 9 for files from right to left. Both values are relative to the moving player. Moves are then indicated as follows: [piece name] ([former rank][former file])-[new rank][new file] Thus, the most common opening in the game would be written as:

Xiangqi, Xiangqi - Rules of the game, Xiangqi - Board, Xiangqi - Pieces, Xiangqi - Ending the game, Xiangqi - Notation, Xiangqi - Notational system 1, Xiangqi - Notational system 2, Xiangqi - Gameplay and strategy, Xiangqi - Openings, Xiangqi - History, Xiangqi - Xiangqi tournaments and leagues, Xiangqi - Rankings, Xiangqi - Xiangqi and computers, Xiangqi - Books, Xiangqi - Notes

Read more here: » Xiangqi: Encyclopedia II - Xiangqi - Notation

Shanxi is divided into 11 prefecture-level divisions, all of them prefecture-level cities: Taiyuan (Simplified Chinese: 太原市, Hanyu Pinyin: Tàiyuán Shì) Datong (大同市 Dàtóng Shì) Yangquan (阳泉市 Yángquán Shì) Changzhi (长治市 Chángzhì Shì) Jincheng (晋城市 Jìnchéng Shì) Shuozhou (朔州市 Shuòzhōu Shì) Jinzhong (晋中市 Jìnzhōng Shì) Yuncheng (运城市 Yùnchéng Shì) Xinzhou (忻州市 Xīnzhōu Shì) Linfen (临汾市 Línfén Shì) ...

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Shanxi, Shanxi - History, Shanxi - Geography, Shanxi - Administrative divisions, Shanxi - Economy, Shanxi - Demographics, Shanxi - Culture, Shanxi - Tourism, Shanxi - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Shanxi: Encyclopedia II - Shanxi - Administrative divisions

In Europe and Asia there are significantly more xiangqi leagues and clubs than in the United States. Each European nation generally has its own governing league; for example, in Britain xiangqi is regulated by the United Kingdom Chinese Chess Association. Asian countries also have nationwide leagues, such as the Malaysia Chinese Chess Association in Malaysia. In addition, there are also several international federations and tournaments. For example, the Chinese Xiangqi Association hosts several tournaments every year, including the Yi ...

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Xiangqi, Xiangqi - Rules of the game, Xiangqi - Board, Xiangqi - Pieces, Xiangqi - Ending the game, Xiangqi - Notation, Xiangqi - Notational system 1, Xiangqi - Notational system 2, Xiangqi - Gameplay and strategy, Xiangqi - Openings, Xiangqi - History, Xiangqi - Xiangqi tournaments and leagues, Xiangqi - Rankings, Xiangqi - Xiangqi and computers, Xiangqi - Books, Xiangqi - Notes

Read more here: » Xiangqi: Encyclopedia II - Xiangqi - Xiangqi tournaments and leagues

As of 2005, the world's best human xiangqi players remain better than the world's best computer players. The game-tree complexity of xiangqi is approximately 10150, so it is projected that a human top player will be defeated before 2010[9]. ...

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Xiangqi, Xiangqi - Rules of the game, Xiangqi - Board, Xiangqi - Pieces, Xiangqi - Ending the game, Xiangqi - Notation, Xiangqi - Notational system 1, Xiangqi - Notational system 2, Xiangqi - Gameplay and strategy, Xiangqi - Openings, Xiangqi - History, Xiangqi - Xiangqi tournaments and leagues, Xiangqi - Rankings, Xiangqi - Xiangqi and computers, Xiangqi - Books, Xiangqi - Notes

Read more here: » Xiangqi: Encyclopedia II - Xiangqi - Xiangqi and computers

Shanxi is located on a plateau, which is in turn made up of higher ground to the east (Taihang mountains) and the west (Lüliang mountains), and a series of valleys in the center through which the Fen River flows. The highest peak is Mount Wutai (Wutai Shan) at an altitude of 3058 m. The Fen and Qin rivers, tributaries of Huang He (or the Yellow River), drain much of the province; the north is drained by tributaries of the Hai River, such as Sanggan and Hutuo rivers. Shanxi has a continental monsoon climate, and is rather arid. Annual precipitation averages around 350-700 mm. There is very little ...

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Shanxi, Shanxi - History, Shanxi - Geography, Shanxi - Administrative divisions, Shanxi - Economy, Shanxi - Demographics, Shanxi - Culture, Shanxi - Tourism, Shanxi - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Shanxi: Encyclopedia II - Shanxi - Geography

Xiang, jealous of Liu, suggested to Prince Xin of Chu that while Liu should be made a prince, he should not be given Qin. Prince Xin responded that he was inclined to carry out his promise. Xiang, now firmly in control, in response, deposed Prince Xin. While ostensibly offering Prince Xin the even more honorable title of "Emperor Yi," he in fact put Emperor Yi's "empire" in the then-uncivilized region around Chencheng (郴城, in modern Chenzhou, Hunan) and exiled him there. In spring 206 BC, Xiang divided the former Qin empire into 18 princ ...

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Xiang Yu, Xiang Yu - Early career, Xiang Yu - The Battle of Julu and Xiang's rise to military supremacy, Xiang Yu - Entry into Qin proper and Xiang's jealousy of Liu Bang, Xiang Yu - Xiang's deposition of Prince Xin of Chu and division of the empire, Xiang Yu - Xiang's downfall, Xiang Yu - Impact on Chinese history

Read more here: » Xiang Yu: Encyclopedia II - Xiang Yu - Xiang's deposition of Prince Xin of Chu and division of the empire

Song Yi was a general who appeared brilliant while talking but was fairly incompetent. Believing that Qin and Zhao forces will wear each other out and not realizing that Zhao was in danger of being destroyed soon, Song stopped some distance away from Julu (鉅鹿, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), where the Prince of Zhao and his forces had retreated to, and did not proceed further. Xiang, analyzing the situation correctly but unable to persuade Song, took extreme measures. At a military conference, he surprised and assassinated Song. The other gen ...

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Xiang Yu, Xiang Yu - Early career, Xiang Yu - The Battle of Julu and Xiang's rise to military supremacy, Xiang Yu - Entry into Qin proper and Xiang's jealousy of Liu Bang, Xiang Yu - Xiang's deposition of Prince Xin of Chu and division of the empire, Xiang Yu - Xiang's downfall, Xiang Yu - Impact on Chinese history

Read more here: » Xiang Yu: Encyclopedia II - Xiang Yu - The Battle of Julu and Xiang's rise to military supremacy

Xiang was born during a period when Qin -- the first regime that had tried to unify China -- was completing its conquests of the other kingdoms of the Warring States period, which it accomplished in 231 BC under its emperor Ying Zheng (嬴政, later known as Qin Shi Huang). How his childhood was like is not known, although it is clear that as a member of a family privileged in the now defunct kingdom of Chu, it would not be comfortable under Qin rule. He was raised by his uncle Xiang Liang, which suggested that his father, and possibly both ...

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Xiang Yu, Xiang Yu - Early career, Xiang Yu - The Battle of Julu and Xiang's rise to military supremacy, Xiang Yu - Entry into Qin proper and Xiang's jealousy of Liu Bang, Xiang Yu - Xiang's deposition of Prince Xin of Chu and division of the empire, Xiang Yu - Xiang's downfall, Xiang Yu - Impact on Chinese history

Read more here: » Xiang Yu: Encyclopedia II - Xiang Yu - Early career

Shanxi depends mostly on agriculture, mainly the cultivation of wheat, but also corn and sorghum. Shanxi is very rich in natural resources, including coal and bauxite. Shanxi has, in fact, one third of China's coal, and this has made Shanxi a leading producer of coal within China. Industry in Shanxi is mostly centered around coal, power generation, metal refining, and other heavy industries. In 2003, Shanxi had a gross domestic product of 245.7 billion RMB, and a per capita income of 7468 RMB. By market exchange rates, these convert to US$29. ...

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Shanxi, Shanxi - History, Shanxi - Geography, Shanxi - Administrative divisions, Shanxi - Economy, Shanxi - Demographics, Shanxi - Culture, Shanxi - Tourism, Shanxi - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Shanxi: Encyclopedia II - Shanxi - Economy

People in most regions of Shanxi speak dialects of Jin, a subdivision of Chinese. People in the southwest speak dialects of Mandarin. (Jin is sometimes classified as a subdivision of Mandarin. For more information, see Chinese spoken language.) Vinegar is a very important part of Shanxi cuisine. Popular forms of traditional entertainment include Shanxi Opera (Jinju), Puju, Beilu Bangzi, S ...

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Shanxi, Shanxi - History, Shanxi - Geography, Shanxi - Administrative divisions, Shanxi - Economy, Shanxi - Demographics, Shanxi - Culture, Shanxi - Tourism, Shanxi - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Shanxi: Encyclopedia II - Shanxi - Culture

In addition to the major cities there are also the following sights: Ancient City of Pingyao is a town and a World Heritage Site near Taiyuan noted for its preservation of many features of northern Han Chinese culture, architecture, and way of life during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Yungang Grottoes, a World Heritage Site in Datong consist of 252 caves noted for their collection of 5th and 6th century Buddhist cave art. Mount Wutai (Wutai Shan) is the highest point in the province. It is known as the residence of the bodhisattva Manjusri, and as a result is also a major Buddhist pilgrimage destination, wit ...

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Shanxi, Shanxi - History, Shanxi - Geography, Shanxi - Administrative divisions, Shanxi - Economy, Shanxi - Demographics, Shanxi - Culture, Shanxi - Tourism, Shanxi - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Shanxi: Encyclopedia II - Shanxi - Tourism

In 230 BC, Qin conquers Han. In 225 BC, Qin conquers Wei. In 223 BC, Qin conquers Chu. In 222 BC, Qin conquers Yan and Zhao. In 221 BC, Qin conquers Qi, completing the unification of China, and ushering in the Qin Dynasty. ...

See also:

Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China

307 BC. Adoption of superior non-Chinese clothing and cavalry (胡服騎射) under the reign of King Wuling of Zhao (in progress) ...

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Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms

Towards the end of the Warring States Period, the State of Qin became disproportionately powerful compared to the other six states. As a result, the policies of the six states became overwhelmingly oriented towards dealing with the Qin threat, with two opposing schools of thought: Hezong (合縱/合纵 pinyin: hézòng, "vertically linked"), or alliance with each other to repel Qin expansionism; and Lianheng (連橫/连横 pinyin: liánhéng, "horizontally linked"), or alliance with Qin to participate in its ascendancy. There were some initi ...

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Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies