Wei

As the Eastern Han Dynasty slowly disintegrated into an era of "warlords", battles for predominance eventually ushered in the Three Kingdoms. However years of war had generated a severe shortage of labor, a solution to which was the encouragement of immigration of Wu Hu herdsmen. Thus the Wei court, controlling Northern China at the time, reluctantly yielded areas already occupied to the Wu Hu and sometimes colonized war-uninhabited areas with some weaker tribes of herdsmen. Several large-scale forced relocations of Di to area of southwestern S ...

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Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms

A era of relative prosperity had existed since Jin Wudi unified China in 280: Wu hu tribes residing inside and in the vicinity of China regularly paid taxes to the Jin's court. They traded horses and animal products for agricultural goods and silk. Mecenaries could always be called upon request. Powerful chieftains cannot match the diplomatic measures of the Chinese bureaucracy. The scenario resembled that of Eastern Han Dynasty with one exception: the underlying internal weakness of the dynasty provided the Wu Hu with the inva ...

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Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty

The bitter and unstable relationship between the Han court and various nomadic groups lasted from the start of 2nd century to early 160s until the appearance of Tán Shí Huái (檀石槐 b. 120s - d. 181), an illegitimate son of a low ranked military officer of Xianbei mercenaries deployed against the Southern Xiongnu. Despite his low social status among Xianbei herdsmen, he managed to unify all the Xianbei ...

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Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai

Traditional historians interpreted "Hu" as "barbarians"; some further stretched this obsolete analogy to equate "Hu" with the "Xiongnu". Others objected to such similarities, stating that Wu Hu were substantially civilized before the turmoil of the Western Jin Dynasty. Xiongnu was in fact the most powerful non-Chinese ethnic group neighboring the Chinese Han Dynasty therefore the Han simply referred to them as the "Hu" (the "non-Chinese" or the "barbarian"). Both terms were used concurrently. Nevertheless, "Hu" later became the ...

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Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions

Wu Hu means "five nomadic groups", hence giving it another name, the Five Hu. Wu Hu were composed of five nomadic tribes: Xiōngnú (匈奴, sometimes identified with the Huns), Xiānbēi (鮮卑), Dī (氐), Qiāng (羌), and Jié (羯) although different groups of historians and historiographers have their own definitions. The above composition of Wu Hu is the most accepted since those five tribes were the major ones. The term Wu Hu was first ...

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Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions

The accession of Emperor Hui in 290 marked the beginning of the crumbling of the Jin Dynasty. Possilby retarded at birth, he was merely a puppet of powerful parties which sought to control the Jin court. During the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, all parties in power attempted to wiped out the former rulers by murder, disloyalty, mass executions or battles. Each struggle grew more violent and bloodier than the one before. Not surprisingly, Wu Hu mecenaries were often called upon. Wu Hu chieftains and herdsmen clearly comprehended the selfishne ...

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Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a historical novel by Luo Guanzhong, was a romanticization of the events that occurred before and during the Three Kingdoms period. The Battle of Mount Dingjun, where Xiahou Yuan lost his life, was given a huge dramatic makeup by Luo Guanzhong. According to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Xiahou Yuan stationed his troops on Mount Dingjun and effectively resisted the advance of Huang Zhong, a general under Liu Bei. Under the council of advisor Fa Zheng, Huang Zhong occupied Mount Tian ...

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Xiahou Yuan, Xiahou Yuan - Life, Xiahou Yuan - Xiahou Yuan in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Xiahou Yuan - The Xiahou Clan, Xiahou Yuan - Direct descendants, Xiahou Yuan - Extended family, Xiahou Yuan - Uncertain relationships, Xiahou Yuan - Reference

Read more here: » Xiahou Yuan: Encyclopedia II - Xiahou Yuan - Xiahou Yuan in Romance of the Three Kingdoms

It has been misunderstood by some people that Zhao Yun mainly served as a bodyguard of Liu Bei at the beginning (or throughout his career). However, there are no historical records to support the bodyguard claim, and all evidence points to him being a commander of real combat forces from the beginning to the end. Zhao Yun’s birth year is not known, although 168 AD seems very reasonable. The novel, Romance of the Three Kingdoms contains conflicting accounts of his age, thus cannot be used to determine his birth year. His death year 229 AD has also generated quite a controversy. Some historians have argued he ...

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Zhao Yun, Zhao Yun - Cultural Impact, Zhao Yun - The Biography of Zhao Yun, Zhao Yun - Folktales, Zhao Yun - Notes, Zhao Yun - Modern References

Read more here: » Zhao Yun: Encyclopedia II - Zhao Yun - Notes

1. There has been a second version of Zhao Yun's death which is mentioned in Chinese folktales, but the story itself is not mentioned in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Zhao Yun's wife's name was Sun Ruan Er. She was very pretty, had a beautiful body, and was very outgoing. After she was married to Zhao Yun, they often joked with each other. Zhao Yun loved his wife as well. One time, Zhao went to a battle and did not came back until a few months later. When he finally got back, his wife welcomed him. But after a while, Sun used ...

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Zhao Yun, Zhao Yun - Cultural Impact, Zhao Yun - The Biography of Zhao Yun, Zhao Yun - Folktales, Zhao Yun - Notes, Zhao Yun - Modern References

Read more here: » Zhao Yun: Encyclopedia II - Zhao Yun - Folktales

Zhao Yun has become a popular figure in Chinese culture, having been featured prominently in literature, art, anecdotes etc. Already a relatively well-known hero from the Three Kingdoms period told through folklores for centuries, Zhao Yun became a household name after the wide success of the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms created more than 1000 years after his death. It is said that perhaps Zhao Yun was one of several favorite characters of the author Luo Guanzhong himself. In the novel, Zhao Yun is described as being almost perfect, possessing unparalleled physical power as well as unwavering loyalty to his master, tremendous cou ...

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Zhao Yun, Zhao Yun - Cultural Impact, Zhao Yun - The Biography of Zhao Yun, Zhao Yun - Folktales, Zhao Yun - Notes, Zhao Yun - Modern References

Read more here: » Zhao Yun: Encyclopedia II - Zhao Yun - Cultural Impact

Xiahou Yuan - Direct descendants. Xiahou Heng (夏侯衡) Xiahou Ji (夏侯绩) Xiahou Bao (夏侯褒) Xiahou Ba Xiahou Chen (夏侯称) Xiahou Wei (夏侯威) Xiahou Jun (夏侯骏) Xiahou Zhuang (夏侯庄) Xiahou Zhan (夏侯湛) Xiahou Rong (夏侯荣) Xiahou Hui (� ...

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Xiahou Yuan, Xiahou Yuan - Life, Xiahou Yuan - Xiahou Yuan in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Xiahou Yuan - The Xiahou Clan, Xiahou Yuan - Direct descendants, Xiahou Yuan - Extended family, Xiahou Yuan - Uncertain relationships, Xiahou Yuan - Reference

Read more here: » Xiahou Yuan: Encyclopedia II - Xiahou Yuan - The Xiahou Clan

Equality before law was never officially accepted as a legal principle and as a legal practice. For example, the system of exemption of eight categories or persons from criminal prosecution (ba yi) and the system of exemption from punishment by giving up official positions (guandang) are formally recognised legal device. Unlike in the West, where secular and religious powers co-existed and fostered a tradition of plurality, the traditional Chinese legal system, as a tool of the sovereign, has never encountered strong cou ...

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Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

In contrast to the Legalists, the Confucian view of law was always centred on morality. Xun Zi, an early Confucian thinker, saw the necessity for legislation, but emphasized equally the importance of virtue on the part of the legislator and judiciary. There was a conviction that maintenance of the Confucian moral prescriptions through the apparatus of the state was essential for the preservation of a civilised society. Encouragement of the virtue of filial piety helped to strength ...

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Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law

In the years before WW II the IJN began to structure itself specifically to fight the United States. A long stretch of militaristic expansion and the start of the Second Sino-Japanese war in 1937 had alienated the United States the country was seen as a rival of Japan. To achieve Japan’s expansionist policies, the Imperial Japanese Navy also had to fight off the largest navies in the world (The 1922 Washington Naval Treaty allotted a 5/5/3 ratio for the navies of Great Britain, the United States and Japan). She was therefore numeric ...

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Naval history of Japan, Naval history of Japan - Prehistory, Naval history of Japan - Early historical period, Naval history of Japan - Yayoi Period, Naval history of Japan - Yamato Period, Naval history of Japan - Medieval period, Naval history of Japan - Mongol invasions 1274–1281, Naval history of Japan - Wakou piracy 13th–16th century, Naval history of Japan - Warring States period 15th–16th century, Naval history of Japan - European contacts, Naval history of Japan - Invasion of Korea and the Ryukyus, Naval history of Japan - Oceanic trade 16th–17th century, Naval history of Japan - Invasion project of the Philippines, Naval history of Japan - Seclusion 1640–1840, Naval history of Japan - Modernization: Bakumatsu period 1853-1868, Naval history of Japan - Birth of a modern Navy, Naval history of Japan - Meiji restoration and creation of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Naval history of Japan - Sino-Japanese War, Naval history of Japan - Russo-Japanese War, Naval history of Japan - World War II, Naval history of Japan - Self-Defense Forces, Naval history of Japan - Notes

Read more here: » Naval history of Japan: Encyclopedia II - Naval history of Japan - World War II

Following Japan's surrender to the United States at the conclusion of World War II, and Japan's subsequent occupation, Japan's entire imperial military was dissolved in the new 1947 constitution which states, "The Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes." Japan's current navy falls under the umbrella of the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). The Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) ...

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Naval history of Japan, Naval history of Japan - Prehistory, Naval history of Japan - Early historical period, Naval history of Japan - Yayoi Period, Naval history of Japan - Yamato Period, Naval history of Japan - Medieval period, Naval history of Japan - Mongol invasions 1274–1281, Naval history of Japan - Wakou piracy 13th–16th century, Naval history of Japan - Warring States period 15th–16th century, Naval history of Japan - European contacts, Naval history of Japan - Invasion of Korea and the Ryukyus, Naval history of Japan - Oceanic trade 16th–17th century, Naval history of Japan - Invasion project of the Philippines, Naval history of Japan - Seclusion 1640–1840, Naval history of Japan - Modernization: Bakumatsu period 1853-1868, Naval history of Japan - Birth of a modern Navy, Naval history of Japan - Meiji restoration and creation of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Naval history of Japan - Sino-Japanese War, Naval history of Japan - Russo-Japanese War, Naval history of Japan - World War II, Naval history of Japan - Self-Defense Forces, Naval history of Japan - Notes

Read more here: » Naval history of Japan: Encyclopedia II - Naval history of Japan - Self-Defense Forces

Main article:Imperial Japanese Navy The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) (Japanese: 大日本帝国海軍) was the navy of Japan between 1867 and until 1947, when it was dissolved following Japan's constitutional renouncement of the use of force as a means of settling international disputes. From 1868, the restored Meiji Emperor continued with reforms to industrialize and militarize Japan in order to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the United States and European powers. The Imperial Japanese Navy was formally est ...

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Naval history of Japan, Naval history of Japan - Prehistory, Naval history of Japan - Early historical period, Naval history of Japan - Yayoi Period, Naval history of Japan - Yamato Period, Naval history of Japan - Medieval period, Naval history of Japan - Mongol invasions 1274–1281, Naval history of Japan - Wakou piracy 13th–16th century, Naval history of Japan - Warring States period 15th–16th century, Naval history of Japan - European contacts, Naval history of Japan - Invasion of Korea and the Ryukyus, Naval history of Japan - Oceanic trade 16th–17th century, Naval history of Japan - Invasion project of the Philippines, Naval history of Japan - Seclusion 1640–1840, Naval history of Japan - Modernization: Bakumatsu period 1853-1868, Naval history of Japan - Birth of a modern Navy, Naval history of Japan - Meiji restoration and creation of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Naval history of Japan - Sino-Japanese War, Naval history of Japan - Russo-Japanese War, Naval history of Japan - World War II, Naval history of Japan - Self-Defense Forces, Naval history of Japan - Notes

Read more here: » Naval history of Japan: Encyclopedia II - Naval history of Japan - Meiji restoration and creation of the Imperial Japanese Navy

The study of Western shipbuilding techniques resumed in the 1840s. This process intensified along with the increased activity of Western shipping along the coasts of Japan, due to the China trade and the development of whaling. From 1852, the government of the Shogun (the Late Tokugawa shogunate or "Bakumatsu") was warned by Holland of the plans of Commodore Perry. Fearing further foreign incursions, the Bakufu started the construction of a fleet of Western-style sail warships, such as the Hou-Ou Maru, the Shouhei Maru o ...

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Naval history of Japan, Naval history of Japan - Prehistory, Naval history of Japan - Early historical period, Naval history of Japan - Yayoi Period, Naval history of Japan - Yamato Period, Naval history of Japan - Medieval period, Naval history of Japan - Mongol invasions 1274–1281, Naval history of Japan - Wakou piracy 13th–16th century, Naval history of Japan - Warring States period 15th–16th century, Naval history of Japan - European contacts, Naval history of Japan - Invasion of Korea and the Ryukyus, Naval history of Japan - Oceanic trade 16th–17th century, Naval history of Japan - Invasion project of the Philippines, Naval history of Japan - Seclusion 1640–1840, Naval history of Japan - Modernization: Bakumatsu period 1853-1868, Naval history of Japan - Birth of a modern Navy, Naval history of Japan - Meiji restoration and creation of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Naval history of Japan - Sino-Japanese War, Naval history of Japan - Russo-Japanese War, Naval history of Japan - World War II, Naval history of Japan - Self-Defense Forces, Naval history of Japan - Notes

Read more here: » Naval history of Japan: Encyclopedia II - Naval history of Japan - Modernization: Bakumatsu period 1853-1868

Ambassadoral visits to Japan by the later Northern Chinese dynasties Wei and Jin (Encounters of the Eastern Barbarians, Wei Chronicles) recorded that some Japanese people claimed to be descendants of Taibo of Wu, refugees after the fall of the Wu state in the 5th century BCE. History books do have records of Wu Taibo sending 4000 males and 4000 females to Japan [2].See also:

Naval history of Japan, Naval history of Japan - Prehistory, Naval history of Japan - Early historical period, Naval history of Japan - Yayoi Period, Naval history of Japan - Yamato Period, Naval history of Japan - Medieval period, Naval history of Japan - Mongol invasions 1274–1281, Naval history of Japan - Wakou piracy 13th–16th century, Naval history of Japan - Warring States period 15th–16th century, Naval history of Japan - European contacts, Naval history of Japan - Invasion of Korea and the Ryukyus, Naval history of Japan - Oceanic trade 16th–17th century, Naval history of Japan - Invasion project of the Philippines, Naval history of Japan - Seclusion 1640–1840, Naval history of Japan - Modernization: Bakumatsu period 1853-1868, Naval history of Japan - Birth of a modern Navy, Naval history of Japan - Meiji restoration and creation of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Naval history of Japan - Sino-Japanese War, Naval history of Japan - Russo-Japanese War, Naval history of Japan - World War II, Naval history of Japan - Self-Defense Forces, Naval history of Japan - Notes

Read more here: » Naval history of Japan: Encyclopedia II - Naval history of Japan - Early historical period

Early in the Warring States Period, Chu was one of the strongest states in China. The state rose to a new level around 389 BC when the King of Chu named the famous reformer Wu Qi (吳起) to be his prime minister. Chu rose to its peak in 334 BC when it gained vast amounts of territory. The series of events leading up to this began when Yue prepared to attack Qi. The King of Qi sent an emissary who persuaded the King of Yue to attack Chu instead. Yue initiated a large scale attack at Chu, but was devastatingly defeated by Chu's counter-attack. Chu the ...

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Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats

Shanxi is located on a plateau, which is in turn made up of higher ground to the east (Taihang mountains) and the west (Lüliang mountains), and a series of valleys in the center through which the Fen River runs. The highest peak is Mount Wutai (Wutai Shan) in northeastern Shanxi at an altitude of 3058 m. The Great Wall of China forms most of the northern border of Shanxi with Inner Mongolia. The Fen and Qin rivers, tributaries of Huang He (or the Yellow River), drain much of the province; the north is drained by tributaries of the Hai River, such as Sanggan and Hutuo rivers. The largest natural lake in Shanxi is Xiechi Lake, a salt lake n ...

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Shanxi, Shanxi - History, Shanxi - Geography, Shanxi - Administrative divisions, Shanxi - Economy, Shanxi - Demographics, Shanxi - Culture, Shanxi - Tourism, Shanxi - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Shanxi: Encyclopedia II - Shanxi - Geography

Suspects and criminals were arrested by the county police or the posthouse chiefs who were subordinate to the county chief of police. One important principle of traditional Chinese law was that a person could not be convicted of a crime without a confession. Because a confession was required for a conviction and sentence the use of torture was often used to illicit such a confession. A common tool was the bastinado, applied to the buttocks and thighs. During the Qin and Han, local magistrates were fully authorised to apply the fu ...

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Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - Procedure

Traditional Chinese law - Early development. The laws of the aristocratic societies of early China put substantial emphasis on maintaining the distinct ranks and orders among the nobles, in addition to controlling the populace. As a result, li (禮), meaning ritual and etiquette, governed the conduct of the nobles whilst xing (刑), rules of punishment, governed the commoners and slaves. The early rulers of the Zhou Dynasty issued or enforced laws that already exemplified the values of a primogenitu ...

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Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - History