water vapor

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth. (Other bodies may have carbon cycles, but little is known about them.) All of these components are reservoirs of carbon. The cycle is usually thought of as four main reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange. The reservoirs are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually includes freshwater systems), oceans, and sediments (includes fossil fuels). The annual mov ...

Including:

• Carbon cycle - Carbon in the atmosphere
• Carbon cycle - Carbon in the biosphere
• Carbon cycle - Carbon cycle modelling

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A furnace is a device used for heating. In American English, the term furnace on its own is generally used to describe household heating systems based on a central furnace (known either as a boiler or a heater in British English), and sometimes as a synonym for kiln, a device used to fire clay to produce ceramics. In British English the term furnace is used exclusively to mean industrial furnaces which are used for many things, such as the extraction of metal from ore (smelting) or in oil refineries and other chemical plants, for example as the he ...

Including:

• Furnace - Household Furnaces
• Furnace - Heat Distribution
• Furnace - Metallurgical furnaces
• Furnace - Industrial furnaces
• Furnace - Radiant section
• Furnace - Convection section
• Furnace - Burner
• Furnace - Sootblower
• Furnace - Stack
• Furnace - Insulation

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Aura is a multi-national NASA scientific research satellite in orbit around the Earth, studying the Earth's ozone, air quality and climate. It is the third major component of the Earth Observing System (EOS) following on Terra (launched 1999) and Aqua (launched 2002). The name "Aura" comes from the Latin word for air. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on July 15, 2004 aboard a Boeing Delta II 7920-10L rocket. Aura will fly in formation in the "A Train" with several other satel ...

Including:

• Aura satellite - External link

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NASA's Viking program consisted of two unmanned space missions to Mars, Viking 1 and Viking 2. Each mission had a satellite designed to photograph the surface of Mars from orbit, and to act as a communication relay for the Viking lander that each mission carried. It was the most expensive and ambitious mission ever sent to Mars. It was highly successful and formed most of the database of informati ...

Including:

• Viking program - Spacecraft design
• Viking program - The Lander
• Viking program - Mission End
• Viking program - Results of the Biological Experiments
• Viking program - External Link

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Earth's atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earth's gravity. It contains roughly 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, with trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. The atmosphere has no abrupt cut-off. It slowly becomes thinner and fades away into space. There is no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is with ...

Including:

• Earth's atmosphere - Temperature and the atmospheric layers
• Earth's atmosphere - Various atmospheric regions
• Earth's atmosphere - Pressure
• Earth's atmosphere - Thickness of the atmosphere
• Earth's atmosphere - Composition
• Earth's atmosphere - Heterosphere
• Earth's atmosphere - Density and mass
• Earth's atmosphere - The evolution of the Earth's atmosphere

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Humidity is the concentration of water vapor in the air. The concentration can be expressed as absolute humidity, specific humidity, or relative humidity. A device used to measure humidity is called a hygrometer. A humidistat is used to regulate the humidity of a building with a de-humidifier. These can be analogous to a thermometer and thermostat for climate control. Due to the changing partial pressure of water vapor in air as temperature changes, the water content of air at sea level can get as high as 3% at 30 ...

Including:

• Humidity - Absolute humidity
• Humidity - Specific humidity
• Humidity - Relative humidity
• Humidity - Effects on human body
• Humidity - See Also

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Heat (also improperly called heat change) is a transient form of energy. It quantifies the spontaneous transfer of thermal energy due to a temperature gradient. The SI unit for heat is the joule. Heat is a process quantity --as opposed to being a state quantity--, and is to thermal energy as work is to mechanical energy. Heat flows between regions that are not in thermal equilibrium with each other; it spontaneously flows from areas of high temperature to areas of low temperature. All objects (matter) have a certain amou ...

Including:

• Heat - Notation
• Heat - Changes of temperature
• Heat - Changes of phase
• Heat - Heat transfer mechanisms
• Heat - Conduction
• Heat - Convection
• Heat - Radiation
• Heat - Heat transfer features
• Heat - Heat dissipation

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Water (from the Old English word wæter; c.f German "Wasser", from PIE *wod-or, "water") is a tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless (it has a slight hint of blue) substance in its pure form that is essential to all known forms of life and is known also as the most universal solvent. Water is an abundant substance on Earth. It exists in many places and forms. It appears mostly in the oceans and polar ice caps, but also as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, and sea ice. On the planet, water is cont ...

Including:

• Water - Molecular properties
• Water - Forms of water
• Water - Water in biology and human civilization
• Water - Astronomical position of Earth and impact on its water
• Water - Human uses of water
• Water - Water as a precious resource
• Water - Regulating water distribution
• Water - The impact of water on religion and philosophy

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Ventilation is circulation of air, typically between a room, a tunnel, etc., and the air outside. When people or animals are present, ventilation is especially necessary to remove the carbon dioxide produced and renew the oxygen used up. It is needed additionally if pollution takes place, e.g. by smoking, painting, etc. Ventilation may also refer to a closed system, such as an airliner, where "stale" air is filtered, mixed with oxygen, temperature-adjusted, and recirculated back to the cabin. Its belived that bad ventilation c ...

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Ice is frozen water (one of its three phases of matter), and thereby a transparent, crystal, soft and fragile solid. The phase transition occurs when liquid water is cooled below 0 °C (273.15 K, 32 °F) at standard atmospheric pressure. It appears in the most varied forms, from hail, to ice cubes, to enormous glaciers. Moreover it plays an important role with a great many meteorological phenomena. The ice caps of the polar regions are of great significance for the global climate and particularly the water cycle. Ice has notable physical properties, som ...

Including:

• Ice - Types of ice
• Ice - Human relationship with ice
• Ice - Sports on ice
• Ice - Ice travel
• Ice - Other uses of ice
• Ice - Ice at different pressures
• Ice - Phases of ice
• Ice - Related terms

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A candle is a light source usually consisting of an internal wick which rises through the center of a column of solid fuel. Typically the fuel is some form of wax - paraffin wax being the most common. However in recent years new soy and vegetable candles have become popular. Prior to the candle being ignited, the wick is saturated with the fuel in its solid form. The heat of the match or other flame being used to light the candle first melts and then vaporizes a small amount of the fuel. Once vaporized, the fuel combines with o ...

Including:

• Candle - Usage
• Candle - Religion
• Candle - Measurement
• Candle - Fuel and candle holders
• Candle - Hazards

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Snow is precipitation in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes. Since it is composed of small rough particles it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft structure, unless packed by external pressure. Snow is commonly formed when water vapor undergoes deposition high in the atmosphere at a temperature of less than 0°C (32°F), and then falls to the ground. Snow - Types. Flurries A period of light snow with usually little accumulati ...

Including:

• Snow - Types
• Snow - Occurrence
• Snow - Recreation
• Snow - Geometry
• Snow - Media

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Frost, like snow, is the result of deposition of water vapor in saturated air. If solid surfaces in contact with the air are chilled below the deposition point (see frost point), then spicules of ice grow out from the solid surface. The size of the crystals is dependent on time and the amount of water vapor available. Frost is often observed around cracks in wooden sidewalks due to the moist air escaping from the ground below. Other objects on which frost develops are those with low specific heat and high thermal emissivity, su ...

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Fog is a cloud in contact with the ground. It occurs when moisture from the surface of the Earth evaporates; as this evaporated moisture moves upward, it cools and condenses into the familiar phenomenon of fog. Fog differs from cloud only in that fog touches the surface of the Earth, while clouds do not. It can form in a number of ways, depending on how the cooling that caused the condensation occurred: Radiation fog is formed by the cooling of land after sunset by thermal (infrared) radiation in calm conditions wi ...

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Cumulonimbus is a type of cloud that is tall, dense, and involved in thunderstorms and other bad weather. The clouds can form alone, in clusters, or along a cold front in a squall line. Cumulonimbus cloud - Formation. To create a cumulonimbus cloud, you need three ingredients. Plenty of moisture. A mass of warm unstable air. A source of energy to lift the warm, moist air mass rapidly upward. Typically, the clouds form around front lines, near oceans where sea bre ...

Including:

• Cumulonimbus cloud - Formation
• Cumulonimbus cloud - Appearance
• Cumulonimbus cloud - Effects
• Cumulonimbus cloud - External link

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Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to overcome the surface tension of the liquid in order for it to evaporate, that is, its kinetic energy must exceed the work function of cohesion at the surface. Evaporation therefore proceeds more quickly at higher temperature and in liquids with lower surface tension. Since only a small proportion of the molecul ...

Including:

• Evaporation - Factors influencing rate of evaporation
• Evaporation - Combustion vaporisation
• Evaporation - Film deposition

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Water has the chemical formula H2O, meaning that one molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and solid states at standard temperature and pressure. At room temperature, it is a nearly colorless, tasteless, and odorless liquid. It is often referred to in the sciences as the universal solvent and the only pure substance found naturally in all three states of matter. Water molecule - Forms of water. See ...

Including:

• Water molecule - Forms of water
• Water molecule - A common substance
• Water molecule - Water in the Universe
• Water molecule - Water on Earth
• Water molecule - Water in industry
• Water molecule - Physics and chemistry of water
• Water molecule - Density of water and ice
• Water molecule - Density of saltwater and ice
• Water molecule - Triple point
• Water molecule - Mpemba effect
• Water molecule - Hot ice
• Water molecule - Surface tension
• Water molecule - Electrical properties
• Water molecule - Dipolar nature of water
• Water molecule - Water as a solvent
• Water molecule - Amphoteric nature of water
• Water molecule - Acidity in nature
• Water molecule - Hydrogen bonding in water
• Water molecule - Quantum properties of Molecular Water
• Water molecule - History
• Water molecule - Systematic nomenclature and humor

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-kinesis, from Greek "kinesis", movement, motion, is a suffix that denotes movement. It is frequently used to indicate hypothetical parapsychological abilities relating to movement or environmental manipulation. They are often ascribed to fictional superhero characters. Some of these abilities, such as psychokinesis, are fairly well-known, while most are not. -kinesis - Aerokinesis. Aerokinesis is the purported ability to mentally manipulate currents of wind. Aerokinetics are alleged to be abl ...

Including:

• -kinesis - Aerokinesis
• -kinesis - Atmokinesis
• -kinesis - Audiokinesis
• -kinesis - Biokinesis
• -kinesis - Chlorokinesis
• -kinesis - Chronokinesis
• -kinesis - Cryokinesis
• -kinesis - Cytokinesis
• -kinesis - Echokinesis
• -kinesis - Electrokinesis
• -kinesis - Gravitokinesis
• -kinesis - Hydrokinesis
• -kinesis - Hypnokinesis
• -kinesis - Magnetokinesis
• -kinesis - Photokinesis
• -kinesis - Psychokinesis
• -kinesis - Pyrokinesis
• -kinesis - Terrakinesis
• -kinesis - Thermokinesis
• -kinesis - Umbrakinesis
• -kinesis - Vitakinesis

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A refrigerator (often shortened to fridge) is an electrical appliance that uses refrigeration to help preserve food. A domestic refrigerator is present in 99.5% of American homes. It works using phase change heat pumps operating in a refrigeration cycle. An industrial refrigerator is simply a refrigerator used in an industrial setting, usually in a restaurant or supermarket. They may consist of either a cooling compartment only (a larger refrigerator) or a freezing compartment only (a freezer) or contain both. The dual c ...

Including:

• Refrigerator - Types
• Refrigerator - Door situation
• Refrigerator - Features
• Refrigerator - Microwave-refrigerator combo
• Refrigerator - History
• Refrigerator - Refrigerator Temperature Settings
• Refrigerator - How it works
• Refrigerator - Media

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A cloud is a visible mass of condensation droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or another planetary body. The branch of meteorology that studies clouds is nephology. On Earth, the condensing substance is water vapor, which forms small droplets of water (typically 0.01 mm of ice crystals) that, when surrounded with billions of other droplets or crystals, are visible as clouds. Clouds reflect all visible wavelengths of light equally and are usually white, but they can appear grey or ...

Including:

• Cloud - Cloud formation and properties
• Cloud - Hot Ice and Ice Memory in cloud formation
• Cloud - Cloud classification
• Cloud - High clouds Family A
• Cloud - Middle clouds Family B
• Cloud - Low clouds Family C
• Cloud - Vertical clouds Family D
• Cloud - Other clouds
• Cloud - Colors of clouds
• Cloud - Global dimming
• Cloud - Clouds on other planets

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