Warta River

Warta (Latin: Varta, German: Warthe) is a river in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river. With a length of approximately 808 kilometers it is the country's third longest river. Warta has a basin area of 54,529. It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (Kanał Bydgoski). It flows out of Upper Silesia (the Silesian Voivodship) near Zawiercie, flows through Lodz Land, Greater Poland and Lubusz Land where it empties into river Oder near Kostrzyn. It is connected ...

Including:

• Warta River - Cities
• Warta River - Right tributaries
• Warta River - Left tributaries

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Częstochowa (pronounced: [ʧε̃stɔ:xɔva]) is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 248,894 inhabitants (2004). It has been situated in the Silesian Voivodship (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of Częstochowa Voivodship (1975-1998). The town is known for the famous Paulite monastery of Jasna Góra that is the home of the Black Madonna painting, a shrine of the Virgin Mary. Every year, thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. Ther ...

Including:

• Częstochowa - City name
• Częstochowa - History
• Częstochowa - 1200s-1500s
• Częstochowa - 1600s-1700s
• Częstochowa - 1800s
• Częstochowa - 1900s
• Częstochowa - Tourism
• Częstochowa - Education
• Częstochowa - Sports
• Częstochowa - Politics
• Częstochowa - Częstochowa constituency

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Main article: History of Poznań, see also: History of Poland Mieszko I , the first known duke of the Polans, built one of his castles in Poznań. The Cathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul is the oldest Polish cathedral, built in Poznań during the latter half of the 10th century. The city would become the capital of Greater Poland. Mieszko I's son, Boleslaus the Brave, was crowned king in 1025 and the Kingdom of Poland was formed. Greater Poland is often became the 'cradle of the Polish state', and both Mieszko I and Bo ...

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Poznań, Poznań - Geography, Poznań - Location, Poznań - Name of the city, Poznań - Administrative division, Poznań - Culture, Poznań - History, Poznań - Historical population, Poznań - Famous people, Poznań - Education, Poznań - Scientific and regional organizations, Poznań - Economy, Poznań - Sports, Poznań - Politics, Poznań - Municipal politics, Poznań - Poznań constituency, Poznań - Bibliography

Read more here: » Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Poznań - History

The creation of the Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin in 1569 was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last king of the Jagiellon dynasty. His death in 1572 was followed by a three-year interregnum during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system that effectively increased the power of the nobility (the szlachta) and established a truly elective monarchy. The Commonwealth reached its Golden Age in the first half of the 17th century. Its powerful parliament (the Sejm) was dominated by nobles ...

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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

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The average elevation of Poland is 173 meters, and only 3 % of Polish territory, along the southern border, is higher than 500 meters. The highest elevation is Mount Rysy, which rises 2,499 meters in the Tatra Range of the Carpathians, 95 kilometers south of Kraków. About 60 square kilometers along the Gulf of Gdansk are below sea level. Poland is traditionally divided into five topographic zones from north to south. The largest, the central lowlands, is narrow in the west, then expands to the north and south as it extends eastward. Along t ...

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Geography of Poland, Geography of Poland - Topography, Geography of Poland - Drainage, Geography of Poland - Climate, Geography of Poland - Area and boundaries, Geography of Poland - Resources and land use, Geography of Poland - Environmental concerns, Geography of Poland - Sources

Read more here: » Geography of Poland: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Poland - Topography

Częstochowa - 1200s-1500s. The village of Częstochowa was founded in 11th century. It is first mentioned as a village in historical documents from 1220. In 1382 the Paulist monastery of Jasna Góra was founded. Two years later the monastery received its famous Black Madonna icon of the Virgin Mary and in subsequent years became a center of pilgrimage, contributing to the growth of the adjacent town. Before 1377 Częstochowa received a town charter, which was later changed to the Magdeburg Law in 1502. See also:

Częstochowa, Częstochowa - City name, Częstochowa - History, Częstochowa - 1200s-1500s, Częstochowa - 1600s-1700s, Częstochowa - 1800s, Częstochowa - 1900s, Częstochowa - Tourism, Częstochowa - Education, Częstochowa - Sports, Częstochowa - Politics, Częstochowa - Częstochowa constituency

Read more here: » Częstochowa: Encyclopedia II - Częstochowa - History

Main article: Education in Poznań Poznań is home to few state-owned universities and a number of smaller, mostly private-run colleges and institutions of higher education. Adam Mickiewicz University (abbreviated UAM) is one of the most influential and biggest universities in Poland. Poznan University of Technology Poznan University of Medical Sciences Adam Mickiewicz University Agricultural University of Poznan Poznan University of Economics Poznan University School of Physical Education Academy of Fine Arts in Poznan ...

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Poznań, Poznań - Geography, Poznań - Location, Poznań - Name of the city, Poznań - Administrative division, Poznań - Culture, Poznań - History, Poznań - Historical population, Poznań - Famous people, Poznań - Education, Poznań - Scientific and regional organizations, Poznań - Economy, Poznań - Sports, Poznań - Politics, Poznań - Municipal politics, Poznań - Poznań constituency, Poznań - Bibliography

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It is also referred to in Polish as Stołeczne Miasto Poznań (name used on special occasions), in German as Posen (Haupt- und Residenzstadt Posen between 20 August 1910 and 28 November 1918), and in Latin as Posnania and civitas Posnaniensis. The earliest surviving references to the city were by Thietmar in his chronicles: episcopus Poznaniensis ("Bishop of Poznań", 970) and ab urbe Poznani ("by" or "from the city Poznań", 1005). Early spelli ...

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Poznań, Poznań - Geography, Poznań - Location, Poznań - Name of the city, Poznań - Administrative division, Poznań - Culture, Poznań - History, Poznań - Historical population, Poznań - Famous people, Poznań - Education, Poznań - Scientific and regional organizations, Poznań - Economy, Poznań - Sports, Poznań - Politics, Poznań - Municipal politics, Poznań - Poznań constituency, Poznań - Bibliography

Read more here: » Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Poznań - Name of the city

Poznań has been an important center of trade since the Middle Ages. Starting in the 19th century, local heavy industry began to grow. Several major factories were built, including the steel mill and railway factory of Hipolit Cegielski. Today Poznań is one of the major centers of trade with Germany. Many Western-European companies started their Polish branches in Poznań, or in the nearby localities of Tarnowo Podgórne and Swarzędz. For a list of major Poznań-based corporations se ...

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Poznań, Poznań - Geography, Poznań - Location, Poznań - Name of the city, Poznań - Administrative division, Poznań - Culture, Poznań - History, Poznań - Historical population, Poznań - Famous people, Poznań - Education, Poznań - Scientific and regional organizations, Poznań - Economy, Poznań - Sports, Poznań - Politics, Poznań - Municipal politics, Poznań - Poznań constituency, Poznań - Bibliography

Read more here: » Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Poznań - Economy

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Poznań, Poznań - Geography, Poznań - Location, Poznań - Name of the city, Poznań - Administrative division, Poznań - Culture, Poznań - History, Poznań - Historical population, Poznań - Famous people, Poznań - Education, Poznań - Scientific and regional organizations, Poznań - Economy, Poznań - Sports, Poznań - Politics, Poznań - Municipal politics, Poznań - Poznań constituency, Poznań - Bibliography

Read more here: » Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Poznań - Bibliography

The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture based on exploitation of agricultural workforce (serfs). Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a folwark, a large farm worked by serfs to produce surpluses for internal and external trade. The peasantry's situation worsened from the late 17th century on, when the landed szlachta sought to compensate for falling grain prices by increasing the peasants' workload, thus leading to the creation of second serfdom, ...

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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy

Poznań - Location. City area 261,3 km² (2002) Geographical location: 52°17'34''N - 52°30'27''N 16°44'08''E - 17°04'28''E Highest point: Mt. Morasko 157 m asl Lowest point: Warta river valley: 60 m asl ...

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Poznań, Poznań - Geography, Poznań - Location, Poznań - Name of the city, Poznań - Administrative division, Poznań - Culture, Poznań - History, Poznań - Historical population, Poznań - Famous people, Poznań - Education, Poznań - Scientific and regional organizations, Poznań - Economy, Poznań - Sports, Poznań - Politics, Poznań - Municipal politics, Poznań - Poznań constituency, Poznań - Bibliography

Read more here: » Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Poznań - Geography

Poznań - Municipal politics. Since 1989 (the end of the communist era), Poznań municipality and metro area have invested heavily in infrastructure, especially transportation and improved public administration. This has effected in a massive investment from foreign companies in Poznań itself, as well as in communities west and south of Poznań (namely, Kornik and Tarnowo Podgorne). Most foreign investors are German and Dutch companies (see "Major corporations" above), with a few others. Investors are mos ...

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Poznań, Poznań - Geography, Poznań - Location, Poznań - Name of the city, Poznań - Administrative division, Poznań - Culture, Poznań - History, Poznań - Historical population, Poznań - Famous people, Poznań - Education, Poznań - Scientific and regional organizations, Poznań - Economy, Poznań - Sports, Poznań - Politics, Poznań - Municipal politics, Poznań - Poznań constituency, Poznań - Bibliography

Read more here: » Poznań: Encyclopedia II - Poznań - Politics

The Commonwealth was one of the important European sites for the development of modern social and political ideas. It was famous for its unique quasi-democratic political system praised by philosophers such as Erasmus, was known for a near-unparallelled religious tolerance during the Counter-Reformation, hence the numerosity of peacefuly coexisting Catholic, Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and even Muslim communities. It gave rise to the famous Christian sect of Polish Bre ...

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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture

Area: total: 312,685 km² land:304,465 km² water:8,220 km² Area - comparative: Slightly smaller than New Mexico. Land boundaries: total: 2,888 km border countries: Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456 km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Slovakia 444 km, Ukraine 428 km Coastline: 491 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties territorial sea: 12 nautical miles (22 km) Elevation extrem ...

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Geography of Poland, Geography of Poland - Topography, Geography of Poland - Drainage, Geography of Poland - Climate, Geography of Poland - Area and boundaries, Geography of Poland - Resources and land use, Geography of Poland - Environmental concerns, Geography of Poland - Sources

Read more here: » Geography of Poland: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Poland - Area and boundaries

Poland's long-term and short-term weather patterns are made transitional and variable by the collision of diverse air masses above the country's surface. Maritime air moves across Western Europe, Arctic air sweeps down from the North Atlantic Ocean, and subtropical air arrives from the South Atlantic Ocean. Although the Arctic air dominates for much of the year, its conjunction with warmer currents generally moderates temperatures and generates considerable precipitation, clouds, and fog. When the moderating influences are lacking, winter temper ...

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Geography of Poland, Geography of Poland - Topography, Geography of Poland - Drainage, Geography of Poland - Climate, Geography of Poland - Area and boundaries, Geography of Poland - Resources and land use, Geography of Poland - Environmental concerns, Geography of Poland - Sources

Read more here: » Geography of Poland: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Poland - Climate

Currently the city is one of the main tourist attractions of the area and is sometimes called the little Nuremberg because of the number of souvenir shops and historical monuments. It attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists and pilgrims every year. The Black Madonna of Częstochowa, housed at the Jasna Góra Monastery, is a particularly popular attraction. ...

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Częstochowa, Częstochowa - City name, Częstochowa - History, Częstochowa - 1200s-1500s, Częstochowa - 1600s-1700s, Częstochowa - 1800s, Częstochowa - 1900s, Częstochowa - Tourism, Częstochowa - Education, Częstochowa - Sports, Częstochowa - Politics, Częstochowa - Częstochowa constituency

Read more here: » Częstochowa: Encyclopedia II - Częstochowa - Tourism

Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, iron, zinc, lead, salt, arable land Land use: arable land: 47% permanent crops: 1% permanent pastures: 13% forests and woodland: 29% other: 10% (1993 est.) Irrigated land: 1,000 km² (1993 est.) ...

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Geography of Poland, Geography of Poland - Topography, Geography of Poland - Drainage, Geography of Poland - Climate, Geography of Poland - Area and boundaries, Geography of Poland - Resources and land use, Geography of Poland - Environmental concerns, Geography of Poland - Sources

Read more here: » Geography of Poland: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Poland - Resources and land use

Natural hazards: NA Important rivers: Vistula (Wisla), Oder (Odra), Warta River, Narew, San) See also: Rivers of Poland National parks Environment - current issues: The situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by postcommunist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal ...

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Geography of Poland, Geography of Poland - Topography, Geography of Poland - Drainage, Geography of Poland - Climate, Geography of Poland - Area and boundaries, Geography of Poland - Resources and land use, Geography of Poland - Environmental concerns, Geography of Poland - Sources

Read more here: » Geography of Poland: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Poland - Environmental concerns

The name of Częstochowa means Częstoch's place and comes from a personal name of Częstoch mentioned in the mediaeval documents also as Częstobor and Częstomir. The original name was mentioned as Częstochowa, spelled Czanstochowa in 1220, or Częstochow in 1382 and 1558. A part of today's city called Częstochówka was a separate municipality mentioned in 14th century as the Old Częstochowa (Antiquo Czanstochowa, 1382) and Częstochówka in 1470-80. Częstochowa is also known as ...

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Częstochowa, Częstochowa - City name, Częstochowa - History, Częstochowa - 1200s-1500s, Częstochowa - 1600s-1700s, Częstochowa - 1800s, Częstochowa - 1900s, Częstochowa - Tourism, Częstochowa - Education, Częstochowa - Sports, Częstochowa - Politics, Częstochowa - Częstochowa constituency

Read more here: » Częstochowa: Encyclopedia II - Częstochowa - City name