Warren Sturgis McCulloch

Warren McCulloch (November 16, 1899 - September 24, 1969) was an American neurophysiologist and cybernetician. Warren Sturgis McCulloch was born in Orange, New Jersey and studied at Yale (philosophy and psychology, A.B. degree in 1921) and Columbia (psychology, M.A. degree in 1923). Receiving his MD in 1927 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York he undertook an internship at Be ...

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In neuroscience, a neural network is a bit of conceptual juggernaut: the conceptual transition from neuroanatomy, a rigorously descriptive discipline of observed structure, to the designation of the parameters delimiting a 'network' can be problematic. In outline a neural network describes a population of physically interconnected neurons or a group of disparate neurons whose inputs or signalling targets define a recognizable circuit. Communication between neurons often involves an electrochemical process. The interface through which ...

Including:

• Biological neural network - Early study
• Biological neural network - Connections between neurons
• Biological neural network - Representations in neural networks
• Biological neural network - Philosophical issues
• Biological neural network - Study methods

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Günther's work was based upon Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Martin Heidegger and Oswald Spengler. He developed a trans-Aristotelian logical approach (omitting the tertium non datur). Günther's transclassical logic was the attempt to combine improved results of modern dialectic with formal logic. His focus on the philosophical problem of the "Du" ("You" /"Thou") was trailblazing. He also contributed to the fields of cybernetics and to both n ...

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Gotthard Günther, Gotthard Günther - Life and works, Gotthard Günther - Major Publications

Read more here: » Gotthard Günther: Encyclopedia II - Gotthard Günther - Life and works

AI research has led to many advances in programming languages including the first list processing language by Allen Newell et. al., Lisp dialects, Planner, Actors, the Scientific Community Metaphor, production systems, and rule-based languages. GOFAI TEST research is often done in programming languages such as Prolog or Lisp. Bayesian work often uses Matlab or Lush (a numerical dialect of Lisp). These languages include many specialist probabilistic libraries. Real-life and especially real-time systems are likely to use C++. AI ...

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History of artificial intelligence, History of artificial intelligence - Micro-World AI, History of artificial intelligence - Spinoffs, History of artificial intelligence - AI languages and programming styles, History of artificial intelligence - Chronological History, History of artificial intelligence - Historical Antecedents, History of artificial intelligence - 19th and Early 20th Century, History of artificial intelligence - Mid 20th century and Early AI, History of artificial intelligence - 1960's, History of artificial intelligence - 1970s, History of artificial intelligence - 1980s, History of artificial intelligence - 1990s and beyond

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Norbert Wiener was born in Columbia, Missouri, the first child of Leo and Bertha Wiener. Leo was an instructor in Slavic Languages at Harvard who used his own experimental high-pressure methods to educate Norbert at home until he was seven; he entered school only briefly before resuming the majority of his studies at home. Between his father's tutelage and his own abilities, Wiener became a child prodigy. In 1903 he returned to schoo ...

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Norbert Wiener, Norbert Wiener - Biography, Norbert Wiener - Anecdotes, Norbert Wiener - Awards and honors, Norbert Wiener - Publications

Read more here: » Norbert Wiener: Encyclopedia II - Norbert Wiener - Biography

(see also: synapse) The connections between neurons are much more complex than that what is implemented in neural computing architectures. The basic kinds of connections between neurons are chemical synapses and electrical gap junctions. One principle by which neurons work is neural summation, i.e. potentials at the post synaptic membrane will summate in the cell body. If the depolarization of the neuron at the axon goes above threshold an action potential will occur that travels down the axon to the terminal endings to transmi ...

See also:

Biological neural network, Biological neural network - Early study, Biological neural network - Connections between neurons, Biological neural network - Representations in neural networks, Biological neural network - Philosophical issues, Biological neural network - Study methods

Read more here: » Biological neural network: Encyclopedia II - Biological neural network - Connections between neurons

A receptive field is a small region within the entire visual field. Any given neuron only responds to a subset of stimuli within its receptive field. This property is called tuning. As for Vision, in the earlier visual areas, neurons have simpler tuning. For example, a neuron in V1 may fire to any vertical stimulus in its receptive field. In the higher visual areas, neurons have complex tuning. For example, in the fusiform gyrus, a neuron may only fire when a certain face appears in its receptive field. It is also known that many parts of th ...

See also:

Biological neural network, Biological neural network - Early study, Biological neural network - Connections between neurons, Biological neural network - Representations in neural networks, Biological neural network - Philosophical issues, Biological neural network - Study methods

Read more here: » Biological neural network: Encyclopedia II - Biological neural network - Representations in neural networks

(see Neuropsychology and Cognitive neuropsychology) Different neuroimaging techniques have been developed to investigate in the activity of neural networks. The use of 'brain scanners' or functional neuroimaging to investigate the structure or function of the brain is common, either as simply a way of better assessing brain injury with high resolution pictures, or by examining the relative activations of different brain areas. Such technologies may include fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tom ...

See also:

Biological neural network, Biological neural network - Early study, Biological neural network - Connections between neurons, Biological neural network - Representations in neural networks, Biological neural network - Philosophical issues, Biological neural network - Study methods

Read more here: » Biological neural network: Encyclopedia II - Biological neural network - Study methods

(see also: history of Connectionism) Early treatments of neural networks can be found in Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology, 3rd edition (1872), Theodore Meynert's Psychiatry (1884), William James' Principles of Psychology (1890), and Sigmund Freud's Project for a Scientific Psychology (composed 1895). The first rule of neuronal learning was described by Hebb in 1949, Hebbian learning. Thus, Hebbian pairing of pre- and postsynaptic activity can substantially alter the dynamic characteristics of the ...

See also:

Biological neural network, Biological neural network - Early study, Biological neural network - Connections between neurons, Biological neural network - Representations in neural networks, Biological neural network - Philosophical issues, Biological neural network - Study methods

Read more here: » Biological neural network: Encyclopedia II - Biological neural network - Early study

Wiener won the Bôcher Prize in 1933 and the National Medal of Science in 1964, shortly before his death. The Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics was endowed in 1967 in honor of Norbert Wiener by MIT's mathematics department and is provided jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. The Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility awarded annually by CPSR, was established in 1987 in honor of Norbert Wiener to recognize contributions by computer professionals to socially responsible use of computers. The Wiener c ...

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Norbert Wiener, Norbert Wiener - Biography, Norbert Wiener - Anecdotes, Norbert Wiener - Awards and honors, Norbert Wiener - Publications

Read more here: » Norbert Wiener: Encyclopedia II - Norbert Wiener - Awards and honors