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Warmia | A Wisdom Archive on Warmia | | Warmia A selection of articles related to Warmia | |
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warmia, Warmia, Warmia - Famous Warmians, Warmia - History, Warmia - Major towns, Bishopric of Warmia, Bishops of Warmia
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Warmia | | | |  Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Curzon Line - History of the Curzon LineAt the end of World War I the Allies agreed that an independent Polish state should be formed from territories previously part of the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 said that the eastern border of Poland would be "subsequently determined." The lands lying between Poland and its eastern neighbours were inhabited by a mixed population of Poles, Lithuanians, Jews, Ukrainians and Belarusians, with no single group being a majority. Lord Curzon of Kedleston, on behalf of the Allies, sugges ...
See also:Curzon Line, Curzon Line - History of the Curzon Line, Curzon Line - Ethnography to the east of the Curzon Line, Curzon Line - Ethnography to the west of the Curzon Line Read more here: » Curzon Line: Encyclopedia II - Curzon Line - History of the Curzon Line |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system
Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories.
Much has been written about earlier heliocentric theories. Philolaus (4th century BC) was one of the first to hypothesize movement by the Earth, probably inspired by Pythagoras' theories about a spherical Globe.
Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC had developed some theories of Heraclides Ponticus (speaking of a revolution by Earth on its axis) to propose what was, so far as is known, the first serious model of a heliocentric solar system. His work about a hel ...
See also:Nicolaus Copernicus, Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography, Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system, Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories, Nicolaus Copernicus - The Ptolemaic system, Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernican theory, Nicolaus Copernicus - De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus and Copernicanism, Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes, Nicolaus Copernicus - University, Nicolaus Copernicus - Grave Read more here: » Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system |
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| | | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - First period 1918-1921 In the first period (1918-1921), Poland established her new eastern boundaries in wars with Soviet Russia and Ukraine; her borders with Germany, in the Poznań and Silesian uprisings, and in plebiscite operations in Warmia and Mazury; and her southern borders in a brief war with Czechoslovakia over the disputed area of Cieszyn Silesia, Spisz and Orawa. In the Baltic basin, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia emerged as independent states. Poland was ...
See also:Prometheism, Prometheism - Sources of Prometheism, Prometheism - Principles, Prometheism - First period 1918-1921, Prometheism - Second period 1921-1923, Prometheism - Third period 1923-1926, Prometheism - Fourth period 1926-1932, Prometheism - General Promethean affairs, Prometheism - Ukrainian affairs, Prometheism - Caucasus affairs, Prometheism - Tartar affairs, Prometheism - Cossack affairs, Prometheism - Fifth period 1933-1939, Prometheism - World War II Cold War Collapse of the Soviet Union Read more here: » Prometheism: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - First period 1918-1921 |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - Second period 1921-1923 During Poland's second Promethean period (1921-1923), following the Treaty of Riga, Poland went forward with her independent life within established eastern borders alongside the Baltic states. The states of the Black and Caspian Sea basins, however, lost their independence, being absorbed by the Soviets. The legitimate governments and political representatives of these Promethean countries emigrated:
the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic, to Poland, France and Czechoslovakia;
the government of Georgia, to F ...
See also:Prometheism, Prometheism - Sources of Prometheism, Prometheism - Principles, Prometheism - First period 1918-1921, Prometheism - Second period 1921-1923, Prometheism - Third period 1923-1926, Prometheism - Fourth period 1926-1932, Prometheism - General Promethean affairs, Prometheism - Ukrainian affairs, Prometheism - Caucasus affairs, Prometheism - Tartar affairs, Prometheism - Cossack affairs, Prometheism - Fifth period 1933-1939, Prometheism - World War II Cold War Collapse of the Soviet Union Read more here: » Prometheism: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - Second period 1921-1923 |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - Principles Throughout the years 1918-1939, according to Charaszkiewicz, the Polish Promethean leadership consistently observed several principles. The purpose of the Promethean enterprise was to liberate from imperialist Russia, of whatever political stripe, the peoples of the Baltic, Black and Caspian Sea basins and to create several independent states as a common defensive front against Russian aggression. Each Promethean party respected the political sovereigny of the others. Any disputes between Promethean parties were placed in abeyance pending th ...
See also:Prometheism, Prometheism - Sources of Prometheism, Prometheism - Principles, Prometheism - First period 1918-1921, Prometheism - Second period 1921-1923, Prometheism - Third period 1923-1926, Prometheism - Fourth period 1926-1932, Prometheism - General Promethean affairs, Prometheism - Ukrainian affairs, Prometheism - Caucasus affairs, Prometheism - Tartar affairs, Prometheism - Cossack affairs, Prometheism - Fifth period 1933-1939, Prometheism - World War II Cold War Collapse of the Soviet Union Read more here: » Prometheism: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - Principles |
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| | | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - East Prussia - The Kingdom of Prussia Although Brandenburg remained theoretically subordinate to the Holy Roman Emperor, the Prussian lands were not within the Holy Roman Empire and were outside the jurisdiction of the Emperor. This independence allowed Elector Frederick III to crown himself King Frederick I in Prussia in 1701. The new kingdom ruled by the Hohenzollern dynasty became known as the Kingdom of Prussia.
After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Warmia (Ermland in German), part of the former Polish Royal Prussia, was merged with the eastern Duchy of ...
See also:East Prussia, East Prussia - The Kingdom of Prussia, East Prussia - German Empire, East Prussia - Population of East Prussia in 1890, East Prussia - Weimar Republic, East Prussia - Nazi reign, East Prussia - World War II Read more here: » East Prussia: Encyclopedia II - East Prussia - The Kingdom of Prussia |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Prussian people - Religion and culture Main article: Origins of Prussia.
The first certain mention of the Old Prussians in historical sources is in connection with Adalbert of Prague who was slain in 997 during a crusade to Christianise the Prussians. By the late 13th century, the German knights, especially the Teutonic Knights had converted them under arms to Christianity, after two centuries of conquest attempts by Poland had failed. Many of the native Prussians remaining after the bloody conquest were settled in Sambia. The Prussians organized frequent uprisings, ...
See also:Prussian people, Prussian people - Early Baltic history, Prussian people - Origin of the name, Prussian people - Medieval history, Prussian people - 18th and 19th centuries, Prussian people - Language, Prussian people - Religion and culture Read more here: » Prussian people: Encyclopedia II - Prussian people - Religion and culture |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Curzon Line - Ethnography to the east of the Curzon Line The territory which lay between the Curzon Line and the 1921 eastern border of Poland had a population of about 12 million people in an area of 188,000 square kilometres. According to statistics from the Polish census of 1931 (which was unlikely to underestimate the number of Poles), the population of these territories by mother-tongue was:
Poles 4,794,000 39.9%
Ukrainians and Ruthenians 4,139,000 34.4%
Jews 1,045,000 08.4%
Belarusians 993,000 08.5%
R ...
See also:Curzon Line, Curzon Line - History of the Curzon Line, Curzon Line - Ethnography to the east of the Curzon Line, Curzon Line - Ethnography to the west of the Curzon Line Read more here: » Curzon Line: Encyclopedia II - Curzon Line - Ethnography to the east of the Curzon Line |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Treaty of Versailles - An unsatisfactory compromise between the victors The "Big Three" consisted of Prime Minister Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France, and President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America. This would later be mirrored with the "Big Three" of WWII being Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Sir Winston Churchill. Giorgio Sonnino also served as an advisor from Italy (being the fourth in the alternate moniker "the Big Four") and Count Makino was also sent from Japan. But Germany was not invited to France,to discuss the treaty. At the Treaty o ...
See also:Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles - Conditions, Treaty of Versailles - Military, Treaty of Versailles - Reparations and the War Guilt Clause, Treaty of Versailles - An unsatisfactory compromise between the victors, Treaty of Versailles - Alternative viewpoints Read more here: » Treaty of Versailles: Encyclopedia II - Treaty of Versailles - An unsatisfactory compromise between the victors |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - Third period 1923-1926 In the third period (1923–1926), after Piłsudski had removed himself from power, successive Polish governments eliminated the Promethean question from their agendas. The Soviets realized Joseph Stalin's nationalities program in the non-Russian areas of the Soviet Union by inaugurating the Autonomous National Republics, while suppressing the last impulses toward independence.
Polish contacts continued to be maintained with the Promethean emigrés, without the knowledge or consent of the Polish government: in military matters, by Col ...
See also:Prometheism, Prometheism - Sources of Prometheism, Prometheism - Principles, Prometheism - First period 1918-1921, Prometheism - Second period 1921-1923, Prometheism - Third period 1923-1926, Prometheism - Fourth period 1926-1932, Prometheism - General Promethean affairs, Prometheism - Ukrainian affairs, Prometheism - Caucasus affairs, Prometheism - Tartar affairs, Prometheism - Cossack affairs, Prometheism - Fifth period 1933-1939, Prometheism - World War II Cold War Collapse of the Soviet Union Read more here: » Prometheism: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - Third period 1923-1926 |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - Sources of Prometheism Piłsudski's elaboration of Prometheism had been aided by an intimate knowledge of the Russian Empire gained while exiled by its government to eastern Siberia. The term "Prometheism" was suggested by the Greek myth of Prometheus, whose gift of fire to mankind, in defiance of Zeus, came to symbolize enlightenment and resistance to despotic authority. As punishment, Zeus ordered Prometheus chained to a rock on Mount Caucasus, where he was daily tortured by a bird of prey devouring his liver, which grew back each night. In time, as "foreseeing" Prometheus anticipated, Zeus was overthrown b ...
See also:Prometheism, Prometheism - Sources of Prometheism, Prometheism - Principles, Prometheism - First period 1918-1921, Prometheism - Second period 1921-1923, Prometheism - Third period 1923-1926, Prometheism - Fourth period 1926-1932, Prometheism - General Promethean affairs, Prometheism - Ukrainian affairs, Prometheism - Caucasus affairs, Prometheism - Tartar affairs, Prometheism - Cossack affairs, Prometheism - Fifth period 1933-1939, Prometheism - World War II Cold War Collapse of the Soviet Union Read more here: » Prometheism: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - Sources of Prometheism |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Thirteen Years' War - Preliminaries
Thirteen Years' War - Reasons behind the war.
In the 15th century, the states of Prussia saw the rapid economic development of their cities. However this was not followed by an increase in their political influence. The rule of the Teutonic Knights was seen as more and more anachronistic — taxes (funt customs) and the system of grain licences (every trader had to pay large fees for the privilege of trading grain) were hindering economic development in the province. At the same time the gentry wanted a bi ...
See also:Thirteen Years' War, Thirteen Years' War - Preliminaries, Thirteen Years' War - Reasons behind the war, Thirteen Years' War - International situation, Thirteen Years' War - The Forces of the Belligerents, Thirteen Years' War - Overview, Thirteen Years' War - First phase, Thirteen Years' War - Second phase, Thirteen Years' War - Aftermath, Thirteen Years' War - Important persons Read more here: » Thirteen Years' War: Encyclopedia II - Thirteen Years' War - Preliminaries |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus and Copernicanism Copernicus' theory is of extraordinary importance in the history of human knowledge. Many authors suggest that only Euclid's geometry, Isaac Newton's physics and Charles Darwin's theory of evolution have exerted a comparable influence on human culture in general and on science in particular.
Many meanings have been ascribed to Copernicus' theory, apart from its strictly scientific import. His work affected religion as well as science, dogma as well as freedom of scientific inquiry. Cop ...
See also:Nicolaus Copernicus, Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography, Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system, Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories, Nicolaus Copernicus - The Ptolemaic system, Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernican theory, Nicolaus Copernicus - De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus and Copernicanism, Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes, Nicolaus Copernicus - University, Nicolaus Copernicus - Grave Read more here: » Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus and Copernicanism |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Operation Wisła - Background The stated purpose of the operation was to suppress the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, which had been terrorizing Poles in those southeastern territories since 1944.
The direct pretext for Operation Wisła was the March 28, 1947, assassination of Poland's General Karol Świerczewski. He was killed in an ambush at Jabłonki, near Baligród in the Bieszczady Mountains, en route to a military post at Cisna. The ambush had allegedly been set by the UIA's Chrin and Stach sotnias.[1] Nothing was ever proven, however, and some historians allege that the assassination was organized by the ...
See also:Operation Wisła, Operation Wisła - Background, Operation Wisła - Deportations and repressions, Operation Wisła - The situation of Lemkos in Poland after 1956 till today, Operation Wisła - Legacy Read more here: » Operation Wisła: Encyclopedia II - Operation Wisła - Background |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Operation Wisła - The situation of Lemkos in Poland after 1956 till today Some 5 thousand Lemko families returned to their home regions in Eastern Poland in 1957-1958.[4]
While the 2002/2003 Polish census shows only 5,800, it is estimated that there live no more then 80-100,000 Lemkos in Poland today, 8-10,000 of them in Lemkivshchyna. The bigger groups of Lemkos live in villages: Łosie, Krynica, Nowica, Zdynia, Gładyszów, Hańczowa, Zyndranowa, Uście Gorlickie, Bartne, Bielanka, and in eastern part of Lemkivshchyna – Mokre, Szczawne, Kulaszne, Rzepedź, Turzańsk, Komańcza. Also ...
See also:Operation Wisła, Operation Wisła - Background, Operation Wisła - Deportations and repressions, Operation Wisła - The situation of Lemkos in Poland after 1956 till today, Operation Wisła - Legacy Read more here: » Operation Wisła: Encyclopedia II - Operation Wisła - The situation of Lemkos in Poland after 1956 till today |
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| | | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography Copernicus was born in 1473 at Toruń (Thorn) in a Polish province of Royal Prussia. His father Nikolas, a citizen of Kraków (Cracow), then capital of Poland, had moved to Toruń in 1460 once the war with the Teutonic Knights was concluded, and had become a respected citizen of that city. Copernicus was ten, when his father, a wealthy businessman and copper trader, died. Little is known of his mother, Barbara Watzenrode, who appears to have predeceased her husband. Copernicus' maternal uncle, Lucas Watzenrode, a church canon and later Princ ...
See also:Nicolaus Copernicus, Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography, Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system, Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories, Nicolaus Copernicus - The Ptolemaic system, Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernican theory, Nicolaus Copernicus - De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus and Copernicanism, Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes, Nicolaus Copernicus - University, Nicolaus Copernicus - Grave Read more here: » Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography |
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| | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes Goethe:
"Of all discoveries and opinions, none may have exerted a greater effect on the human spirit than the doctrine of Copernicus. The world had scarcely become known as round and complete in itself when it was asked to waive the tremendous privilege of being the center of the universe. Never, perhaps, was a greater demand made on mankind — for by this admission so many things vanished in mist and smoke! What became of our Eden, our world of innocence, piety and poetry; the testimony of the senses; the conviction of ...
See also:Nicolaus Copernicus, Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography, Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system, Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories, Nicolaus Copernicus - The Ptolemaic system, Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernican theory, Nicolaus Copernicus - De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus and Copernicanism, Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes, Nicolaus Copernicus - University, Nicolaus Copernicus - Grave Read more here: » Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes |
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| | | | | | Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - World War II Cold War Collapse of the Soviet Union The Promethean agenda continued, during World War II, to interest other countries, including Germany (especially in regard to Ukraine), Finland (struggling with the Soviet Union), France and the Soviet Union's neighbor, Turkey.
After World War II, Poland — now again a satellite to Russia — was in no position to resume an acknowledged Promethean program. Something of the kind was pursued, however, by the postwar western powers, especially the United States, which waged a cold war of propaganda against perceived Soviet imperialism. ...
See also:Prometheism, Prometheism - Sources of Prometheism, Prometheism - Principles, Prometheism - First period 1918-1921, Prometheism - Second period 1921-1923, Prometheism - Third period 1923-1926, Prometheism - Fourth period 1926-1932, Prometheism - General Promethean affairs, Prometheism - Ukrainian affairs, Prometheism - Caucasus affairs, Prometheism - Tartar affairs, Prometheism - Cossack affairs, Prometheism - Fifth period 1933-1939, Prometheism - World War II Cold War Collapse of the Soviet Union Read more here: » Prometheism: Encyclopedia II - Prometheism - World War II Cold War Collapse of the Soviet Union |
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