Encyclopedia - Warmia: Encyclopedia - Warmia
Warmia (Polish: Warmia, German: Ermland, Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warmia: Encyclopedia Ii - Warmia - History
The first traces of human settlement in the region come from ca. 14-15,000 years ago. They are many traces of settlements made by the Lus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussia - The End Of Prussia
The Prussian junkers and generals dominated the conduct of World War I, so when it ended in defeat in 1918 they had to accept responsibil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kingdom Of Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Kingdom Of Prussia - Invasion Of Austria
In 1740, Frederick II (more commonly known as Frederick the Great) came to the throne and invaded Silesia, a province of Austria which wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1688: Encyclopedia - 1688
1688 - Births. January 18 - Lionel Cranfield Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1765) January 29 - Emanuel ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1489: Encyclopedia - 1489
1489 - Events. March 14 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. November 29 - Arthur Tudor is named Pri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1242: Encyclopedia - 1242
1242 - Births. December 15 - Prince Munetaka, Japanese shogun (died 1274) Patrick de Dunbar, 7th Earl of Dunbar (died 1308) George Pac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warmiak: Encyclopedia - Warmiak
The Warmiak are a Polish ethnic group from Warmia, mostly Roman Catholics. Between the 14th and 17th centuries, settlers from northern Ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Curzon Line: Encyclopedia - Curzon Line
The Curzon Line was a demarcation line proposed in 1919 by the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, as a possible armisti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus
MikoÅ‚aj Kopernik (February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543), more commonly known by the Latin form Nicolaus Copernicus, was a Polish[1] astrol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Versailles: Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allies and Germany. After six months...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Union Of Poles In Germany: Encyclopedia - Union Of Poles In Germany
Image:Rodlo flaga 2c.png Union of Poles in Germany (Polish: ZwiÄ…zek Polaków w Niemczech, German: Bund der Polen in Deutchland e.V.) is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussia - Early History
In 1226 Conrad of Mazovia invited a German order of crusading knights, the Order of the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania to conquer the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussia - Imperial Prussia
In 1862 Prussian King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister of Prussia. Bismarck was determined to defeat both the libe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussia - Geography
Prussia began its existence as a small territory in what is now northern Poland and the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia. The region was spa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussia - Kingdom Of Prussia
In 1701 Brandenburg-Prussia became the Kingdom of Prussia under Frederick I, with the permission of the Holy Roman Emperor and Polish Kin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussia - Early History
In 1226 Conrad of Mazovia invited a German order of crusading knights, the Order of the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania to conquer the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kingdom Of Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Kingdom Of Prussia - Defence Against Europe's Assault
This war was a desperate struggle for the Prussians, and the fact that they managed to fight much of Europe to a draw bears witness to Fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kingdom Of Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - Kingdom Of Prussia - Expansion To Poland
Prussia continued to grow through aggression against its neighbour however. To the east and south, Poland had gradually become weakened. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lidzbark Warmiński: Encyclopedia Ii - Lidzbark Warmiński - History
The town was called Lecbarg before being conquered by Teutonic Knights in 1241 from the Prussians.In 1306 it became the seat for the impe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussian People - Origin Of The Name
Etymologically, the names of the Prussian tribes were all formed on a common theme: water. A number of Indo-European roots are used, but ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Union Of Poles In Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Union Of Poles In Germany - Early History
The union was intended to express the views of the Polish minority in Germany, This partly comprised the native population of the former ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of City Nicknames: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of City Nicknames - Patterns
There are some common types of city nicknames. List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals. Many cities have nicknames...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monastic State Of The Teutonic Knights: Encyclopedia Ii - Monastic State Of The Teutonic Knights - History
Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 13th century. In 1237 the Teutonic Knights absorbed the Order of the Sword Knights (establishe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prometheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Prometheism - Fourth Period 1926-1932
The fourth period (1926–1932), from PiÅ‚sudski's return to power in the May Coup (1926) to the conclusion of the mutual nonaggression p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thirteen Years' War: Encyclopedia Ii - Thirteen Years' War - Overview
Thirteen Years' War - First phase. The first land operations (February - August 1454) were carried out by Prussian state conscripts, su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - William Of Modena: Encyclopedia Ii - William Of Modena - The Bishoprics Of Prussia Question
Even while William was negotiating in Livonia, the conflicts were brewing that would occupy him two decades later. In the Crusades to con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Operation Wisła: Encyclopedia Ii - Operation Wisła - Deportations And Repressions
According to the order of the Ministry of Recovered Territories "the main goal of the relocation of settlers "W" is their assimilation in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Versailles: Encyclopedia Ii - Treaty Of Versailles - Conditions
Th treaty had provided for the creation of the League of Nations, a major goal of US president Woodrow Wilson. The League of Nations was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Olsztyn: Encyclopedia Ii - Olsztyn - Politics
Olsztyn - Olsztyn constituency. Members of the Seym (Sejm) elected from Olsztyn constituency in 2005 MieczysÅ‚aw AszkieÅ‚owicz, Samoob...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masuria: Encyclopedia Ii - Masuria - History
Masuria - Old Prussians. By the 13th century, Masuria was inhabited by the Baltic Old Prussians in the lands of Pomesania, Pogesania, G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Versailles: Encyclopedia Ii - Treaty Of Versailles - Conditions
The treaty had provided for the creation of the League of Nations, a major goal of US president Woodrow Wilson. The League of Nations was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican Heliocentric System
Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories. Much has been written about earlier heliocentric theories. Philolaus (4th century BC) was one o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Marcin Kromer: Encyclopedia Ii - Marcin Kromer - Biography
Kromer was born in 1512 to a notable burgher family of Biecz in Lesser Poland. There he finished his education in a church-run school. In...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kaliningrad Oblast: Encyclopedia Ii - Kaliningrad Oblast - History
Kaliningrad Oblast - Prussian people. A thousand years ago this area was inhabited by Prussian tribes of Baltic origin (not to be confu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kaliningrad Oblast: Encyclopedia Ii - Kaliningrad Oblast - History
Kaliningrad Oblast - Prussian people. A thousand years ago this area was inhabited by Prussian tribes of Baltic origin (not to be confu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - East Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - East Prussia - German Empire
Along with the rest of Prussia, East Prussia became part of the German Empire at its creation in 1871. In 1875 the ethnic make-up of East...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Poles: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Poles - Science
List of Poles - Astronomy. Franciszek ArmiÅ„ski. Albert Brudzewski. Tadeusz Banachiewicz. WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Dziewulski. Felicjan KÄ™piÅ„ski....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Eastern Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Eastern Germany - History
In 1871 those provinces or regions east of the Oder–Neisse line under administration of the Prussian state were incorporated into the G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Roman Catholic Archdioceses: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Roman Catholic Archdioceses - Americas
List of Roman Catholic archdioceses - Central America. Antilles[1] - Castries, Fort-de-France, Kingston in Jamaica, Nassau, Port of Sp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Subnational Name Etymologies: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Subnational Name Etymologies - India
The element Pradesh appears in the names of many Indian states. It means "land" or "province" in Sanskrit. Andhra Pradesh: Land of the A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Curzon Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Curzon Line - History Of The Curzon Line
At the end of World War I the Allies agreed that an independent Polish state should be formed from territories previously part of the Rus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican Heliocentric System
Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories. Much has been written about earlier heliocentric theories. Philolaus (4th century BC) was one o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oder-neisse Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Oder-neisse Line - Allies Decide Polish Border
The final decision to move Poland's boundary westward was made by the US, Britain and the Soviets at the Yalta Conference, shortly before...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prometheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Prometheism - First Period 1918-1921
In the first period (1918-1921), Poland established her new eastern boundaries in wars with Soviet Russia and Ukraine; her borders with G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prometheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Prometheism - Second Period 1921-1923
During Poland's second Promethean period (1921-1923), following the Treaty of Riga, Poland went forward with her independent life within ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prometheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Prometheism - Principles
Throughout the years 1918-1939, according to Charaszkiewicz, the Polish Promethean leadership consistently observed several principles. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Versailles: Encyclopedia Ii - Treaty Of Versailles - Alternative Viewpoints
The interpretation that Germany was seriously weakened and humiliated by the Versailles Treaty has been disputed by some historians. Some...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - East Prussia: Encyclopedia Ii - East Prussia - The Kingdom Of Prussia
Although Brandenburg remained theoretically subordinate to the Holy Roman Emperor, the Prussian lands were not within the Holy Roman Empi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussian People - Religion And Culture
Main article: Origins of Prussia. The first certain mention of the Old Prussians in historical sources is in connection with Adalbert of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Curzon Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Curzon Line - Ethnography To The East Of The Curzon Line
The territory which lay between the Curzon Line and the 1921 eastern border of Poland had a population of about 12 million people in an a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Versailles: Encyclopedia Ii - Treaty Of Versailles - An Unsatisfactory Compromise Between The Victors
The "Big Three" consisted of Prime Minister Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France, and Presiden...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prometheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Prometheism - Third Period 1923-1926
In the third period (1923–1926), after PiÅ‚sudski had removed himself from power, successive Polish governments eliminated the Promethe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prometheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Prometheism - Sources Of Prometheism
PiÅ‚sudski's elaboration of Prometheism had been aided by an intimate knowledge of the Russian Empire gained while exiled by its governme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thirteen Years' War: Encyclopedia Ii - Thirteen Years' War - Preliminaries
Thirteen Years' War - Reasons behind the war. In the 15th century, the states of Prussia saw the rapid economic development of their ci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus And Copernicanism
Copernicus' theory is of extraordinary importance in the history of human knowledge. Many authors suggest that only Euclid's geometry, Is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Operation Wisła: Encyclopedia Ii - Operation Wisła - Background
The stated purpose of the operation was to suppress the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, which had been terrorizing Poles in those southeastern ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Operation Wisła: Encyclopedia Ii - Operation Wisła - The Situation Of Lemkos In Poland After 1956 Till Today
Some 5 thousand Lemko families returned to their home regions in Eastern Poland in 1957-1958.[4] While the 2002/2003 Polish census shows ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Operation Wisła: Encyclopedia Ii - Operation Wisła - Legacy
Memories of Operation WisÅ‚a remain another scar in the complex, often troubled 20th-century relations between the Ukrainian and Polish p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography
Copernicus was born in 1473 at ToruÅ„ (Thorn) in a Polish province of Royal Prussia. His father Nikolas, a citizen of Kraków (Cracow), t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes
Goethe: "Of all discoveries and opinions, none may have exerted a greater effect on the human spirit than the doctrine of Copernicus. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - Grave
In August 2005, a team of Polish archeologists led by Jerzy GÄ…ssowski, head of an archaeology and anthropology institute in PuÅ‚tusk, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prometheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Prometheism - World War Ii Cold War Collapse Of The Soviet Union
The Promethean agenda continued, during World War II, to interest other countries, including Germany (especially in regard to Ukraine), F...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussian People - Medieval History
Though a peaceful farming people, the Old Prussians were pagans. In 13th century Prussia was slowly and painfully overrun and subdued by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thirteen Years' War: Encyclopedia Ii - Thirteen Years' War - International Situation
In 1454 Poland was in conflict with Lithuania, which meant that although Casimir IV was Grand Duke of Lithuania as well as King of Poland...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thirteen Years' War: Encyclopedia Ii - Thirteen Years' War - The Forces Of The Belligerents
The main part of the Polish army of that period was conscripted. All noblemen from the class known as the Szlachta, when called by the ki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prometheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Prometheism - Fifth Period 1933-1939
The last, fifth period of prewar Polish Prometheism (1933-1939) was, in Charaszkiewicz's words, one of "seven lean years." A number of de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes
Goethe: "Of all discoveries and opinions, none may have exerted a greater effect on the human spirit than the doctrine of Copernicus. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussian People - Medieval History
Though a peaceful farming people, the Old Prussians were pagans and practiced human sacrifice, which attracted the attention of the newly...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussian People - Early Baltic History
At the beginning of Baltic history, the Prussians were bordered by the Vistula and the Neman with a southern depth to about Torun, which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussian People - Language
The monks of the Teutonic Order, being of a scholarly bent, took an interest in the language spoken by the Prussians and tried to record ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prussian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Prussian People - Religion And Culture
Main article: Origins of Prussia. The first certain mention of the Old Prussians in historical sources is in connection with Adalbert of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kaliningrad Oblast: Encyclopedia Ii - Kaliningrad Oblast - Demographics
Kaliningrad Oblast - 2002. According to the All-Russian Census (2002), the population of the region is 955,300; 78% urban, 22% rural. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Poles: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Poles - Sports
See list of Polish sports players Bronko Nagurski, american football player (Born in Canada of Polish parents) Michael Klim, australian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Poles: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Poles - Legendary Persons
List of Poles - Fictional characters. Konrad Wallenrod William Joseph Blazkowicz of Wolfenstein 3d Stanley Kowalski Cliff Yablonski ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Treaty Of Versailles: Encyclopedia Ii - Treaty Of Versailles - An Unsatisfactory Compromise Between The Victors
The "Big Three" consisted of Prime Minister Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France, and Presiden...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oder-neisse Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Oder-neisse Line - History Of The Line
Before World War II, Poland's western border with Germany had been fixed under terms of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, and it generall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Union Of Poles In Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Union Of Poles In Germany - World War Ii And After
Even before the German invasion of Poland, members of the Polish minority were deported to concentration camps; some were executed at the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Union Of Poles In Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Union Of Poles In Germany - 5 Rules For Poles
Original Polish version "1. JesteÅ›my Polakami, 2. Wiara ojców naszych jest wiarÄ… naszych dzieci, 3. Polak Polakowi Bratem, 4. Co dzieÅ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kaliningrad Oblast: Encyclopedia Ii - Kaliningrad Oblast - Geography
Kaliningrad Oblast - Time zone. Kaliningrad Oblast is located in the Kaliningrad Time Zone (Russia Zone 1). UTC offset is +0200
...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kaliningrad Oblast: Encyclopedia Ii - Kaliningrad Oblast - Administrative Divisions
Kaliningrad Oblast - Districts. Kaliningrad Oblast consists of the following districts (районы): Bagrationovsky (БагратиÐ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oder-neisse Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Oder-neisse Line - Recognition Of The Border By Germany
The government of communist East Germany signed the Treaty of Goerlitz/Zgorzelec with Poland in 1950 recognizing the Oder-Neisse line, of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus And Copernicanism
Copernicus' theory is of extraordinary importance in the history of human knowledge. Many authors suggest that only Euclid's geometry, Is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - Grave
In August 2005, a team of Polish archeologists led by Jerzy GÄ…ssowski, head of an archaeology and anthropology institute in PuÅ‚tusk, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography
Copernicus was born in 1473 at ToruÅ„ (Thorn) in the Polish province of Royal Prussia. His father Nikolas, a citizen of Kraków, then the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oder-neisse Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Oder-neisse Line - History Of The Line
Before World War II, Poland's western border with Germany had been fixed under terms of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. It generally ra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography
Copernicus was born in 1473 at ToruÅ„ (Thorn) in a Polish province of Royal Prussia. His father Nikolas, a citizen of Cracow (Kraków), t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masuria: Encyclopedia Ii - Masuria - Landscape
Masuria and the Masurian Lakeland are known in Polish as Kraina TysiÄ…ca Jezior, and in German as Land der Tausend Seen, meaning "land of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kaliningrad Oblast: Encyclopedia Ii - Kaliningrad Oblast - Demographics
Kaliningrad Oblast - 2002. According to the All-Russian Census (2002), the population of the region is 955,300; 78% urban, 22% rural. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kaliningrad Oblast: Encyclopedia Ii - Kaliningrad Oblast - Administrative Divisions
Kaliningrad Oblast - Districts. Kaliningrad Oblast consists of the following districts (районы): Bagrationovsky (БагратиÐ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Eastern Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Eastern Germany - Usage
The news media in the non-German speaking world have continued to use the term "(former) East Germany" to describe the five states that m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Eastern Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Eastern Germany - Post World War Ii Politics
Since 1945, referring to lands over which there was a transfer of jurisdiction as "east Germany" has had political connotations, which me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oder-neisse Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Oder-neisse Line - Recognition Of The Border By Germany
The governments of East Germany and Poland signed the Treaty of Zgorzelec in 1950, recognizing the Oder-Neisse line, officially designate...   » Read the article