Warmia (Polish: Warmia, German: Ermland, Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in northeastern Poland. Together with Masuria it forms the Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodship. To the west of Warmia is Pomesania, to the south Chełmno Land, Sassinia and Galindia (later called Masuria) and to the east Sambia. In the north it borders the Vistula Bay. Because it is located in a border area ...

Including:

• Warmia - History
• Warmia - Major towns
• Warmia - Famous Warmians

Read more here: » Warmia: Encyclopedia - Warmia

The first traces of human settlement in the region come from ca. 14-15,000 years ago. They are many traces of settlements made by the Lusatian culture (13th-5th century BC), including above-ground water housings and artificially created islands. In the early Middle Ages the area was inhabited by various Old Prussian tribes, such as the Pomesanians, Pogesanians, Warmians, Natangians, Bartians, Sambians, Nadrovians, Scalovians, Galindians and Sassinians. However, these tribes only began to coordinate after the 12th century when they were subje ...

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Warmia, Warmia - History, Warmia - Major towns, Warmia - Famous Warmians

Read more here: » Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Warmia - History

The Prussian junkers and generals dominated the conduct of World War I, so when it ended in defeat in 1918 they had to accept responsibility. The Prussian monarchy was overthrown along with all other German monarchies, and Germany became a republic. The Great Poland Uprising, and the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, recreated the Polish state and forced Germany to return territories annexed by Prussia during the Partitions of Poland, as well as parts of Upper Silesia inhabited by Poles. East Prussia found itself again cut off fr ...

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Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - The end of Prussia

In 1740, Frederick II (more commonly known as Frederick the Great) came to the throne and invaded Silesia, a province of Austria which was in turmoil after the death of the Emperor Charles VI. The invasion was the first shot of the War of the Austrian Succession (Silesia was to have passed to the rulers of Brandenburg on the extinction of its Piast dynasty according to a bilateral arrangement of 1537, subsequently vetoed by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I). After rapidly occupying Silesia, Frederick offered to protect the new Austrian Arc ...

See also:

Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia - Invasion of Austria, Kingdom of Prussia - Defence Against Europe's Assault, Kingdom of Prussia - Expansion to Poland

Read more here: » Kingdom of Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Prussia - Invasion of Austria

1688 - Births. January 18 - Lionel Cranfield Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1765) January 29 - Emanuel Swedenborg Swedish scientist, philosopher, and theologian (d. 1772) February 2 - Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden (d. 1741) February 4 - Pierre de Marivaux, French playwright (d. 1763) April 4 - Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, French astronomer (d. 1768) April 15 - Johann Friedrich Fasch, German composer (d. 1758) May 22 - Alexande ...

Including:

• 1688 - Events
• 1688 - Births
• 1688 - Deaths
• 1688 - Publications

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1489 - Events. March 14 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. November 29 - Arthur Tudor is named Prince of Wales. December 11 - Jeannetto de Tassis is appointed appointed Chief Master of Postal Services in Innsbruck, his descendants the Turn und Taxis family later run much of the postal system of Europe. Typhus sweeps through Spain, its first appearance in Europe. Nicosia, Cyprus, becomes a possession of Venice. King Henry VII gi ...

Including:

• 1489 - Events
• 1489 - Births
• 1489 - Deaths

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1242 - Births. December 15 - Prince Munetaka, Japanese shogun (died 1274) Patrick de Dunbar, 7th Earl of Dunbar (died 1308) George Pachymeres, Byzantine historian 1242 - Deaths. February 10 - Emperor Shijō of Japan (born 1231) October 7 - Emperor Juntoku of Japan (born 1197) William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle Archambaud VIII of Bourbon Hojo Yasutoki, regent of Japan (born 1183) Richard Mor de ...

Including:

• 1242 - Events
• 1242 - Births
• 1242 - Deaths
• 1242 - Monarchs/Presidents

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The Warmiak are a Polish ethnic group from Warmia, mostly Roman Catholics. Between the 14th and 17th centuries, settlers from northern Mazovia moved to former teritories of Old Prussians following their conquest by Teutonic Order. Since the bishopry of Warmia became part of Poland in 1466, most of Warmiaks remained Catholics, while Mazurs became Protestants. They populated the areas around Olsztyn. See also. Andrzej Sakson - Polish sociologist specializing in research on Warmiaks ...

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The Curzon Line was a demarcation line proposed in 1919 by the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, as a possible armistice line between Poland, to the west, and Soviet Russia to the east, during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20. Curzon's plan was not accepted by the Soviet Russia, and in fact it did not play any role in establishing the Polish-Soviet border in 1921 because of the Polish demands. The final peace treaty in Riga (1921) provided Poland with almost 52,000 sq mi (135,000 sq km) of land east of the line (o ...

Including:

• Curzon Line - History of the Curzon Line
• Curzon Line - Ethnography to the east of the Curzon Line
• Curzon Line - Ethnography to the west of the Curzon Line

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Mikołaj Kopernik (February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543), more commonly known by the Latin form Nicolaus Copernicus, was a Polish[1] astrologer, astronomer, mathematician, administrator and economist. He is mainly remembered for developing a scientifically-useful heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system. Copernicus worked in Royal Prussia as a church canon, governor, administrator, economist, jurist, physician, astrologer and, in con ...

Including:

• Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography
• Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories
• Nicolaus Copernicus - The Ptolemaic system
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernican theory
• Nicolaus Copernicus - De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus and Copernicanism
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes
• Nicolaus Copernicus - University
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Grave

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The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allies and Germany. After six months of negotiations which took place at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the treaty was signed as a follow-up to an armistice signed months before, in the forest of Compiègne (which had put an end to the actual fighting). The treaty required that Germany accept full responsibility for causing the war, and under the terms of articles 231-247 to make reparations to certain of the Allies. In her acclai ...

Including:

• Treaty of Versailles - Conditions
• Treaty of Versailles - Military
• Treaty of Versailles - Reparations and the War Guilt Clause
• Treaty of Versailles - An unsatisfactory compromise between the victors
• Treaty of Versailles - Alternative viewpoints
• Treaty of Versailles - External link

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Image:Rodlo flaga 2c.png Union of Poles in Germany (Polish: Związek Polaków w Niemczech, German: Bund der Polen in Deutchland e.V.) is an organisation of the Polish minority in Germany, founded in 1922. The union initiated collaboration between other minorities, including Sorbs, Danes, Frisians and Lithuanians. Union of Poles in Germany - Early history. The union was intended to express the views of the Polish minority in Germany, This partly comprised the native population of the for ...

Including:

• Union of Poles in Germany - Early history
• Union of Poles in Germany - World War II and after
• Union of Poles in Germany - Timeline
• Union of Poles in Germany - 5 rules for Poles
• Union of Poles in Germany - Presidents
• Union of Poles in Germany - Press
• Union of Poles in Germany - Link

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In 1226 Conrad of Mazovia invited a German order of crusading knights, the Order of the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania to conquer the Prussian tribes on his borders. However, after struggling against more than a century of resistance from the Prussians they created a semi-independent state, which came to control most of what are now Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as parts of northern Poland. Eventually defeated, the Knights had to acknowledge the sovereignty of the King of Poland and Lithuania from 1466. In 1525 the Master of the Order became a Protestant, and converted part of the Order's territories into the Duch ...

See also:

Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early History, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - Early History

In 1862 Prussian King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister of Prussia. Bismarck was determined to defeat both the liberals and the conservatives, by creating a strong united Germany but under the domination of the Prussian ruling class and bureaucracy, not the western German liberals. He achieved this by provoking three successive wars, with Denmark in 1864 (second war of Schleswig), which gave Prussia Schleswig-Holstein, with Austria in 1866 (Austro-Prussian War), which allowed Prussia to annex Hanover and most other nort ...

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Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - Imperial Prussia

Prussia began its existence as a small territory in what is now northern Poland and the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia. The region was sparsely populated by Prussians. The area later became subject to German colonization. By the time of its abolition it stretched across the North German Plain from the French, Belgian and Dutch borders on the west to the Lithuanian border and to territories which are now in eastern Poland. At its greatest extent before 1918 it included much of western Poland as well. For a period between 1795 and 1807 Prussia also controlled most ...

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Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - Geography

In 1701 Brandenburg-Prussia became the Kingdom of Prussia under Frederick I, with the permission of the Holy Roman Emperor and Polish King. Under Frederick II (Frederick the Great), Prussia seized the province of Silesia from Austria, and defended it through the Seven Years War which ended in 1763 with Prussia as the dominant state of eastern Germany. Prussia also acquired various territories in other parts of Germany through marriage or inherit ...

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Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia

In 1226 Conrad of Mazovia invited a German order of crusading knights, the Order of the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania to conquer the Prussian tribes on his borders. However, after struggling against more than a century of resistance from the Prussians they created a semi-independent state, which came to control most of what are now Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as parts of northern Poland. Eventually defeated, the Knights had to acknowledge the sovereignty of the King of Poland and Lithuania from 1466. In 1525 the Master of the Order became a Protestant, and converted part of the Order's territories into the Duch ...

See also:

Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - Early history

This war was a desperate struggle for the Prussians, and the fact that they managed to fight much of Europe to a draw bears witness to Frederick's military skills. Facing Austria, Russia, France and Sweden simultaneously, and with only Hanover (and the non-continental British) as notable allies, Frederick managed to prevent serious invasion until October 1760, when the Russian army briefly occupied Berlin and Königsberg. The situation became progressively grimmer, however, until the death of Russia’s Tsarina Elizabeth. The accession of the prussophile Peter III relieved the pressure o ...

See also:

Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia - Invasion of Austria, Kingdom of Prussia - Defence Against Europe's Assault, Kingdom of Prussia - Expansion to Poland

Read more here: » Kingdom of Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Prussia - Defence Against Europe's Assault

Prussia continued to grow through aggression against its neighbour however. To the east and south, Poland had gradually become weakened. In 1772, Frederick took part in the first of the Partitions of Poland between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The Kingdom of Prussia thus gained full sovereignty of Warmia and the Polish Royal Prussia, henceforth (until 1824, and again in 1878-1918) the province of West Prussia. After Frederick the Great died (in 1786), his nephew Fredrick William II continued the partitions, gaining a large part of western Poland in 1793 and a large area (including Warsaw) to the south of East ...

See also:

Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia - Invasion of Austria, Kingdom of Prussia - Defence Against Europe's Assault, Kingdom of Prussia - Expansion to Poland

Read more here: » Kingdom of Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Prussia - Expansion to Poland

The town was called Lecbarg before being conquered by Teutonic Knights in 1241 from the Prussians.In 1306 it became the seat for the imperial Prince-Bishop of Archidioecesis Varmiensis and remained his seat for 500 years. After the war between Teutonic Order and Poland in 1466 the town became part of the Polish province of Royal Prussia. Like whole Warmia, Lidzbark in 1772, during the first Partition of Poland, was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1807 a battle took place near the town between the French under Murat and Soult ...

See also:

Lidzbark Warmiński, Lidzbark Warmiński - History, Lidzbark Warmiński - Education

Read more here: » Lidzbark Warmiński: Encyclopedia II - Lidzbark Warmiński - History