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Vyborg | A Wisdom Archive on Vyborg | | Vyborg A selection of articles related to Vyborg | |
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vyborg
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Vyborg | | | |  Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Post-war eraFinland retained a democratic constitution and free economic structure during the Cold War era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included obligations and restraints on Finland, as well as territorial concessions. Both treaties have been abrogated by Finland since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, while leaving the borders untouched. Even though being a neighbour to the mighty Soviet Union sometimes resulted in overmuch caution concerning foreign politics ("Finlandization"), Finland developed closer cooperation with the other Nordic countries and declar ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Post-war era |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - History Tsar Peter the Great founded the city on May 27 (May 16, Old Style), 1703 after reconquering the Ingrian land from Sweden. He named it after his patron saint, the apostle Saint Peter. The original name of SanktPiterburh was actually Dutch; Peter had lived and studied in that country for some time. The Swedish fortress of Nyenskans and the city Nyen had formerly occupied the site, in the marshlands where the ...
See also:Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - Landmarks and tourist attractions, Saint Petersburg - The palaces, Saint Petersburg - The churches, Saint Petersburg - Public buildings, Saint Petersburg - Public monuments, Saint Petersburg - Suburbs, Saint Petersburg - History, Saint Petersburg - Population, Saint Petersburg - Economy, Saint Petersburg - Transportation, Saint Petersburg - Administrative divisions, Saint Petersburg - Culture, Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in the movies, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in literature, Saint Petersburg - Notable people, Saint Petersburg - Sister Cities Read more here: » Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - History |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy (Main article: Grand Duchy of Finland)
During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, Finland was again conquered by the armies of Tsar Alexander I. The four Estates of occupied Finland were assembled at the Diet of Porvoo on March 29, 1809 to pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, Finland remained an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917, with Karelia handed back to Finland in 1812. During ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire In 1617 - 1632 Sweden was ruled by the king Gustavus Adolphus, whose military reforms transformed the Swedish army from a peasant militia into a efficient fighting machine, possibly the best one in Europe. The conquest of Livonia was now completed, and some territories were taken from internally divided Russia in the Treaty of Stolbova. In 1630, the Swedish (and Finnish) armies marched into Central Europe, as Sweden had decided to take part in the great struggle between Protestant and Catholic forces in Germany:
1630-48 Finns fi ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Prehistory The archaeological evidence of the Paleolithic, pre-Ice Age settlement in Finland is a debated issue. After the Ice Age, the archaeological evidence for the first settlers of Finland, coming from the south and east, can be traced back around 8500 BC. The Mesolithic hunter-gatherer settlement is known as the "Suomusjärvi culture". Around 5300 BC the "Comb ceramic cultures", known for their pottery, took over. This marks the beginning of the neolithic for Finland, although the subsistence was still based on hunting and fishing. Extensive netw ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Prehistory |
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| | | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Fiskars - History The Fiskars Corporation was formed in 1649 when a Dutch merchant named Peter Thorwöste was given a charter to establish a blast furnace and forging operation in the small village of Fiskari (Fiskars in Swedish), near Helsinki. In the early years, Fiskars made nails, wire, hoes, and metal reinforced wheels from pig iron.
As industrial and economic development accelerated in Europe, Fiskars was on the forefront of innovation, and expanded the knifeworks to become a premier steel and ironworks company, manufacturing agricultural ...
See also:Fiskars, Fiskars - History, Fiskars - Today, Fiskars - Financial Read more here: » Fiskars: Encyclopedia II - Fiskars - History |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The Middle Ages Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was remarkable even during pre-Christian times — the Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in commerce and plundering. However, there is no evidence of Scandinavian settlement in Finland during the Viking Age, with the exception of the Åland Islands.
According to the archaeological finds, Christianity gained foothold in Finland during the 11th century AD. According to later sources, Saint Henry, possibly an Englishman, arrived in Finland around 1155, apparently to ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The Middle Ages |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 16th century In 1521, The Kalmar Union finally collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the Swedish church was reformed. The state administration underwent extensive reforms and development too, giving it much stronger grip on the life of local communities - and ability to collect higher taxes.
1527 The Protestant Reformation in Sweden.
1550 Helsinki is founded by Gustav Vasa, but remains little more than a fishing village for more than two centuries.
1551 Mikael Agricola, bishop of Turku, publishes his trans ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 16th century |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Recent history At the beginning of the 1990s the Finnish economy fell into severe depression. The depression was caused by an overheated economy after liberalization in the 1980s, the disappearance of a major trade partner almost overnight when the Soviet Union dissolved and bad economic policy combined with an economic downturn in Western trade partners. The most severe consequence of depression was mass unemployment (17%). In the latter half of the 1990s the economy recovered strongly, led by the success of Nokia in the telecommunications market. However, unemployme ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Recent history |
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| | | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason During the Great War (1713–1721), Finland was occupied by the Russians, and the south-eastern part, including the important town of Viipuri, was annexed to Russia after the peace of Uusikaupunki. The border to Russia came to lie roughly where it returned to after WWII. Sweden's status as European great power was gone, and Russia was now the leading might of the North. The absolute monarchy was finished in Sweden. During this Age of Liberty, the Parliament ruled the country, and the two parties of Hats and Caps struggled for control leaving ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason |
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| | | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - History Tsar Peter the Great founded the city on May 27 (May 16, Old Style), 1703 after reconquering the Ingrian land from Sweden. He named it after his patron saint, the apostle Saint Peter. The original name of SanktPiterburh was actually Dutch; Peter had lived and studied in that country for some time. The Swedish fortress of Nyen and later Nöteborg had formerly occupied the site, in the marshlands where the ...
See also:Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - Landmarks and tourist attractions, Saint Petersburg - The palaces, Saint Petersburg - The churches, Saint Petersburg - Public buildings, Saint Petersburg - Public monuments, Saint Petersburg - Suburbs, Saint Petersburg - History, Saint Petersburg - Population, Saint Petersburg - Economy, Saint Petersburg - Transportation, Saint Petersburg - Administrative divisions, Saint Petersburg - Culture, Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in the movies, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in literature, Saint Petersburg - Notable people, Saint Petersburg - Sister Cities Read more here: » Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - History |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Germans - Minorities In recent years, the German-speaking countries of Europe have been confronted with demographic changes due to decades of immigration. These changes have led to renewed debates (especially in the Federal Republic of Germany) about who should be considered German. Non-ethnic Germans now make up more than 8 percent of the German population, mostly the descendants of guest workers who arrived in the 1960s and 1970s. Turks, Italians, Greeks, and people from the Balkans in southeast Europe form the largest single groups ...
See also:Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference Read more here: » Germans: Encyclopedia II - Germans - Minorities |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - Population According to results of the government website, St. Petersburg has 4,560,000 inhabitants. That amounts to roughly 3 percent of the population of Russia as a whole. The average monthly salary 2003 was 6179 rubles (about 176 euros).
Since it was founded, the city has seen strong social contrasts, the situation of many people hardened after the Perestroika. Beggars and old women selling what they brought from the countryside now can be seen frequently. About 15 p ...
See also:Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - Landmarks and tourist attractions, Saint Petersburg - The palaces, Saint Petersburg - The churches, Saint Petersburg - Public buildings, Saint Petersburg - Public monuments, Saint Petersburg - Suburbs, Saint Petersburg - History, Saint Petersburg - Population, Saint Petersburg - Economy, Saint Petersburg - Transportation, Saint Petersburg - Administrative divisions, Saint Petersburg - Culture, Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in the movies, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in literature, Saint Petersburg - Notable people, Saint Petersburg - Sister Cities Read more here: » Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - Population |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - Economy The city is a major center of machine building, including power equipment, machinery, shipyards, instrument manufacture, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy (production of aluminium alloys), chemicals, printing, and one of the major ports of the Baltic Sea.
The Saint Petersburg Mint (Monetny Dvor) is apart from Goznak in Moscow the only place in Russia that mints Russian coins, medals and badges.
Ford Motor Company began producing the Ford Focus automobile here in 2002.
Toyota ...
See also:Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - Landmarks and tourist attractions, Saint Petersburg - The palaces, Saint Petersburg - The churches, Saint Petersburg - Public buildings, Saint Petersburg - Public monuments, Saint Petersburg - Suburbs, Saint Petersburg - History, Saint Petersburg - Population, Saint Petersburg - Economy, Saint Petersburg - Transportation, Saint Petersburg - Administrative divisions, Saint Petersburg - Culture, Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in the movies, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in literature, Saint Petersburg - Notable people, Saint Petersburg - Sister Cities Read more here: » Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - Economy |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Germans - Ethnic nationalism The reaction evoked in the decades after the Napoleonic Wars was a strong ethnic nationalism that emphasized, and sometimes overemphasized, the cultural bond between Germans. Later alloyed with the high standing and world-wide influence of German science at the end of the 19th century, and to some degree enhanced by Bismarck's military successes and the following 40 years of almost perpetual economic boom (the Gründerzeit), it gave the Germans an impression of cultural supremacy, particularly compared to the Slavs.
< ...
See also:Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference Read more here: » Germans: Encyclopedia II - Germans - Ethnic nationalism |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - Culture
Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg.
St. Petersburg has always been known for its high-quality cultural life. The world-famous Kirov Theater (known now by its pre-revolution name of Mariinsky Theater) is home to first-class ballet and opera. St. Petersburg's Philharmonic is one of the best in Russia.
St. Petersburg has also been home to the newest movements in modern music. For example, in 1972 mathematics student Boris Grebenshchikov founded the band Aquarium, an underground rock group that grew to huge popularity in the 70s and 80s. St. Petersburg was similarly home t ...
See also:Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - Landmarks and tourist attractions, Saint Petersburg - The palaces, Saint Petersburg - The churches, Saint Petersburg - Public buildings, Saint Petersburg - Public monuments, Saint Petersburg - Suburbs, Saint Petersburg - History, Saint Petersburg - Population, Saint Petersburg - Economy, Saint Petersburg - Transportation, Saint Petersburg - Administrative divisions, Saint Petersburg - Culture, Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in the movies, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in literature, Saint Petersburg - Notable people, Saint Petersburg - Sister Cities Read more here: » Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - Culture |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - Transportation The city is a major transport hub. It is the center of the local road and railway system, and has a seaport (in the Gulf of Finland of Baltic Sea) and river ports (in the delta of Neva). It is the terminus of the Volgo-Baltic waterway which links the Baltic with the Black Sea.
Saint Petersburg has regular railway connections to Helsinki, Finland via Vyborg (on the Russian side) and Kouvola and Lahti (on the Finnish side). Three beautiful, old-fashioned trains - the Sibelius, the Repin and the ...
See also:Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - Landmarks and tourist attractions, Saint Petersburg - The palaces, Saint Petersburg - The churches, Saint Petersburg - Public buildings, Saint Petersburg - Public monuments, Saint Petersburg - Suburbs, Saint Petersburg - History, Saint Petersburg - Population, Saint Petersburg - Economy, Saint Petersburg - Transportation, Saint Petersburg - Administrative divisions, Saint Petersburg - Culture, Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in the movies, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in literature, Saint Petersburg - Notable people, Saint Petersburg - Sister Cities Read more here: » Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - Transportation |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Nyköping Municipality - Sister cities Like many other Nordic sister cities, Nyköping and its Nordic neighbours share each other's sister cities. The Nordic sisters were created following World War II. In chronological order:
Nykøbing Falster, 1947
Iisalmi , Finland
Notodden, Norway.
Lauf an der Pegnitz, Germany
Salac-Griva Latvia
Vyborg, Russia
The two last were made mostly with the aim of helping the ci ...
See also:Nyköping Municipality, Nyköping Municipality - History, Nyköping Municipality - Later history, Nyköping Municipality - Industry, Nyköping Municipality - Sister cities Read more here: » Nyköping Municipality: Encyclopedia II - Nyköping Municipality - Sister cities |
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| | | | | Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Germans - Conclusion Historical persons like Kafka might be called Germans, or might not. Some would hold that they belong to the German culture, which is what decides if someone is considered a German or not, at least in certain contexts. Similarly, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven - who spent most of their lives in what is Austria today - may be considered to have been central within the German culture.
Thus, the division is not by linguistic classification of the local idiom, but rather by the cultural sphere,. The Dutch and the Flemish are not considered Germans, using a different standard language, while the cl ...
See also:Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference Read more here: » Germans: Encyclopedia II - Germans - Conclusion |
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