Vyborg

The area bears traces of settlers since around 2,000 BC. In the early medieval age, around 1,000 AD, Nyköping was a capital of one the many Swedish petty kings. In the 13th century, construction on the Nyköping Fortress was begun; the following century it became the strongest fortress of the country. The coat of arms probably depict the fortress, or one of its towers. In 1317 the Nyköping Banquet took place, a renowned episode in Sweden's history, when King Birger of Sweden captured his two brothers as a revenge for earlier sufferings and had them im ...

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Nyköping Municipality, Nyköping Municipality - History, Nyköping Municipality - Later history, Nyköping Municipality - Industry, Nyköping Municipality - Sister cities

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Construction began on 9 December 2005 at the Russian end, and is slated for completion in 2010.[1] The pipeline will run from Babayevo in Russia, to the coast at Vyborg, then along the bottom of the Baltic Sea, bypassing the Baltic States and Poland towards Greifswald in Germany, with a total length of about 1,200 km. The pipeline is expected to cost around 4 billion Euro, and is being built by a consortium majority owned (51%) by the Russian gas company Gazprom, with further 24.5% shares by the German partners BASF and E.ON.[2] Accor ...

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North European Gas Pipeline, North European Gas Pipeline - Construction, North European Gas Pipeline - Economic rationale, North European Gas Pipeline - Controversy, North European Gas Pipeline - German political scandal

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Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications were constructed. This fortifications, known as Kronstadt's Forts, were constructed very quickly. Gulf of Finland is not very deep, so during the winter workers used a thousands of carcasses, made of oak wood and filled with stones. They were carried by the horses across the frozen sea, and placed in a cuttings made in the ice. Thus several new small islands were created, and forts were erected on them, closing all access to the Saint-Petersburg by the sea. Only two narrow farvaters rema ...

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Kronstadt, Kronstadt - History, Kronstadt - Features, Kronstadt - Demographics

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Leningrad Oblast - Time zone. Leningrad Oblast is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD). ...

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Leningrad Oblast, Leningrad Oblast - Geography, Leningrad Oblast - Time zone, Leningrad Oblast - Administrative divisions, Leningrad Oblast - Districts

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List of asteroids named after places - Czech Republic. 290 Brunna (Latin name for Brno) 371 Bohemia (Bohemia) 1901 Moravia (Moravia) 1942 Jablunka (Jablunka) 2080 Jihlava (Jihlava) 2081 Sázava (Sázava River) 2123 Vltava (Vltava River) 2199 Kleť (Kleť, a hill) 2321 Lužnice (Lužnice River) 2337 Boubín (Boubín, a hill) 2367 Praha (Prague) 2390 Nežárka (Nežárka River) 2403 Šumava (Šumava)See also:

List of asteroids named after places, List of asteroids named after places - Africa, List of asteroids named after places - Countries of Africa, List of asteroids named after places - Cities of Africa, List of asteroids named after places - Asia, List of asteroids named after places - Japan, List of asteroids named after places - China, List of asteroids named after places - Russia and the former Soviet Union Asia, List of asteroids named after places - Europe, List of asteroids named after places - Czech Republic, List of asteroids named after places - Eastern Europe, List of asteroids named after places - Finland, List of asteroids named after places - France, List of asteroids named after places - Germany, List of asteroids named after places - Italy, List of asteroids named after places - Greece, List of asteroids named after places - The Low Countries, List of asteroids named after places - Russia and the former Soviet Union Europe, List of asteroids named after places - Scandinavia, List of asteroids named after places - Slovakia, List of asteroids named after places - Spain, List of asteroids named after places - Turkey, List of asteroids named after places - United Kingdom, List of asteroids named after places - North America, List of asteroids named after places - Canada, List of asteroids named after places - USA, List of asteroids named after places - Oceania, List of asteroids named after places - Polar regions, List of asteroids named after places - South and Central America, List of asteroids named after places - Fictional places

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On March 6, a Finnish delegation lead by Prime Minister Risto Ryti travelled to Moscow. During the negotiations, the Red Army broke through the Finnish defence lines around Tali and were close to surrounding Vyborg. The Peace Agreement was signed on the evening of March 12, Moscow time, i.e. 1 A.M. on March 13, Finnish time. The fighting ended at 11 A.M., Finnish time. Finland was forced to cede nearly all of Finnish Karelia (with Finland's industrial center, including Vyborg/Viipuri, Finland's second largest city; in total, ne ...

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Moscow Peace Treaty 1940, Moscow Peace Treaty 1940 - Background, Moscow Peace Treaty 1940 - The harsh peace, Moscow Peace Treaty 1940 - External link

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Not surprisingly, Botvinnik continued to build on these successes and went on to hold the title of World Champion on three separate occasions (1948-57, 1958-60, 1961-63). His longevity at the top level of chess is attributed to his extreme dedication to study. Pre-match preparation and post-match analysis had not featured quite so prominently in the armoury of many of his predecessors, but this was Botvinnik's real strength. Technique over tactics, endgame mastery over opening traps. His adoption and development of solid opening lines in the ...

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Mikhail Botvinnik, Mikhail Botvinnik - Early Years, Mikhail Botvinnik - World Champion, Mikhail Botvinnik - Late career

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When the Second Duma was convened on February 20, 1907, the Kadets found themselves in a difficult position. Their leadership was not represented in the Duma after the Vyborg Manifesto fiasco and their numbers were reduced to about 100. Although still the largest faction in the Duma, they no longer dominated the parliament and their attempts to concentrate on lawmaking were frustrated by radicals on the Left and on the Right who saw the Duma as a propaganda tool. Although the Kadets had moderated their position in the Second Duma, in May 190 ...

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Constitutional Democratic party, Constitutional Democratic party - Radical Origins 1905-1906, Constitutional Democratic party - Parliamentary Opposition 1906-1917, Constitutional Democratic party - 1917 Revolution, Constitutional Democratic party - Russian Civil War and Decline 1918-1940, Constitutional Democratic party - List of Prominent Kadets

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The origins of the League are generally traced to the foundation of the new town of Lübeck in 1158/1159 after the capture of the area by Henry the Lion of Saxony. There had been exploratory trading adventures, raids and piracy throughout this area—the sailors of Gotland sailed up rivers as far away as Novgorod—but the scale of international economy in the Baltic area was insignificant before the Hanseatic League. German domination of trade in the Baltic was achieved with striking speed over the next century and Lübeck became a central node in all the sea trade that linked the ar ...

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Hanseatic League, Hanseatic League - History, Hanseatic League - Foundation, Hanseatic League - Expansion, Hanseatic League - Zenith, Hanseatic League - Downfall, Hanseatic League - The End, Hanseatic League - Lists of former Hanse cities, Hanseatic League - Members of the Hanseatic League, Hanseatic League - Counting Houses, Hanseatic League - Other cities with a Hanse community, Hanseatic League - External link

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International E-road network - North-South reference. E05 - Greenock - Glasgow - Preston - Birmingham - Southampton ... Le Havre - Paris - Orléans - Bordeaux - San Sebastian - Madrid - Sevilla - Algeciras E15 - Inverness - Perth - Edinburgh - Newcastle - London - Folkestone - Dover ... Calais - Paris - Lyon - Orange - Narbonne - Girona - Barcelona - Tarragona - Castellón de la Plana - Valencia - Alicante - Murcia - Almería - Málaga - Algeciras E25 - Hoek van Holland - Rotterdam - Eindh ...

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International E-road network, International E-road network - Numbering system, International E-road network - Exceptions, International E-road network - Notes to the listings, International E-road network - Class A roads, International E-road network - North-South reference, International E-road network - West-East reference, International E-road network - North-South intermediate, International E-road network - West-East intermediate, International E-road network - Class B roads

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List of castles - Burgenland. Burg Bernstein Burg Forchtenstein Burg Güssing Burgruine Landsee Burg Lockenhaus Burg Schlaining List of castles - Carinthia. Burgruine Aichelberg Burgruine Aichelburg Klosterruine Arnoldstein Burgruine Dietrichstein Burgruine Falkenstein (Oberfalkenstein) Burg Falkenstein (Niederfalkenstein) Burgruine Feldsberg Burgruine ...

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List of castles, List of castles - Castles of Africa, List of castles - Castles of Armenia, List of castles - Castles of Austria, List of castles - Burgenland, List of castles - Carinthia, List of castles - Lower Austria, List of castles - Salzburg, List of castles - Styria, List of castles - Tirol, List of castles - Upper Austria, List of castles - Vorarlberg, List of castles - Castles of Belarus, List of castles - Castles of Belgium, List of castles - Castles of Canada, List of castles - Castles of China, List of castles - Castles of Cyprus, List of castles - Castles of the Czech Republic, List of castles - Castles of Denmark, List of castles - Castles of Estonia, List of castles - Castles of Finland, List of castles - External links, List of castles - Castles of France, List of castles - Castles of Georgia, List of castles - Castles of Germany, List of castles - Castles of Greece, List of castles - Castles of Iran, List of castles - Castles in the Republic of Ireland, List of castles - Castles of Israel, List of castles - Castles of Italy, List of castles - South Tyrol former Austria, List of castles - Castles of Japan, List of castles - External link, List of castles - Castles of Latvia, List of castles - Castles of Lithuania, List of castles - Castles of Mexico, List of castles - Castles in Moldova, List of castles - Castles in the Netherlands, List of castles - Castles of New Zealand, List of castles - Castles of Norway, List of castles - Castles of Poland, List of castles - External links, List of castles - Castles of Portugal, List of castles - Castles of Romania, List of castles - Castles of Russia, List of castles - Castles of Slovakia, List of castles - External links, List of castles - Castles of Spain, List of castles - Castles of Switzerland, List of castles - Castles of Sweden, List of castles - Finnish castles, List of castles - Castles in Syria, List of castles - Castles in Ukraine, List of castles - Castles in the United Kingdom, List of castles - Castles in the United States, List of castles - Crusader Castles, List of castles - Fictional castles

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Main article: History of Karelia. Karelia was bitterly fought over by Sweden and Novgorod Republic in the 13th century. The Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 divided Karelia between the two. Viborg became the capital of the new Swedish province. The Treaty of Nystad in 1721, between Imperial Russia and Sweden, ceded most of Karelia to Russia. After Finland had been conquered by Russia in the Finnish War, parts of the ceded provinces (Old Finland) were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1917 Finland became independent and the border was confir ...

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Karelia, Karelia - History, Karelia - Politics, Karelia - Geography, Karelia - Towns and cities, Karelia - Demographics, Karelia - Culture

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Martti Ahtisaari was born in Viipuri (now Vyborg, Russia) while his father, Oiva, was a non-commissioned officer in the service corps. Oiva Ahtisaari, whose family roots lay in southern Norway, had taken Finnish citizenship in 1929, changing his surname from Adolfsen in 1935. The Continuation War took Martti's father to the front as a military mechanic, while his mother, Tyyne, moved to Kuopio with her son to escape immediate danger from the war. Kuopio was where Ahtisaari spent most of his childhood and first attended school. In 1952, Oiva ...

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Martti Ahtisaari, Martti Ahtisaari - Youth and early career, Martti Ahtisaari - Diplomatic career, Martti Ahtisaari - Presidency, Martti Ahtisaari - After presidency, Martti Ahtisaari - Trivia

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Under Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich construction of the first three-masted ship, actually built within Russia, was completed in 1636. It was built by Danish shipbuilders from Holstein according to European design and was christened the Frederick. During its maiden voyage on the Caspian Sea the Frederick unfortunately sailed into a heavy storm and was lost at sea. In 1656 Russian forces seized the Swedish fortresses of Dinaburg and Kokengausen on the Western Dvina and the latter was renamed Tsarevich-Dmitriev. A boyar named Af ...

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Imperial Russian Navy, Imperial Russian Navy - First Romanovs, Imperial Russian Navy - The Russian Navy during the reign of Peter the Great, Imperial Russian Navy - Russian Navy after the reign of Peter the Great

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The Germans are a Germanic people. Ethnographers hypothesize that all Germanic speakers originally came from Scandinavia, which includes Jutland and the southwest shores of the Baltic Sea, before the Migrations Period. Prior to that time, their Indo-European ancestors may have migrated slowly from the Black Sea region and arrived in southern Scandinavia. Assimilation with other peoples is postulated, both with the prior inhabitants of Scandinavia and with peoples encountered on their way from Asia. Celtic peoples were then either assimilated, exterminated, or driven out during the expansion southwards from the Baltic. See also:

Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference

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See also: Afghanistan timeline August 2003 California recall Dodgy Dossier Columbia investigation EU enlargement Hong Kong Basic Law Hutton Inquiry Liberian crisis North Korea crisis Occupation of Iraq: Timeline Road map for peace Same-sex marriage SARS: Timeline SCO v. IBM Linux lawsuit US v. EU on GM food US-Canada blackou ...

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August 2003, August 2003 - Events, August 2003 - August 31 2003, August 2003 - August 30 2003, August 2003 - August 29 2003, August 2003 - August 28 2003, August 2003 - August 27 2003, August 2003 - August 26 2003, August 2003 - August 25 2003, August 2003 - August 24 2003, August 2003 - August 23 2003, August 2003 - August 22 2003, August 2003 - August 21 2003, August 2003 - August 20 2003, August 2003 - August 19 2003, August 2003 - August 18 2003, August 2003 - August 17 2003, August 2003 - August 16 2003, August 2003 - August 15 2003, August 2003 - August 14 2003, August 2003 - August 13 2003, August 2003 - August 12 2003, August 2003 - August 11 2003, August 2003 - August 10 2003, August 2003 - August 9 2003, August 2003 - August 8 2003, August 2003 - August 7 2003, August 2003 - August 6 2003, August 2003 - August 5 2003, August 2003 - August 4 2003, August 2003 - August 2 2003, August 2003 - August 1 2003, August 2003 - Events by month

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During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: she defended herself against the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939-1940 (with limited but crucial support from Sweden), resulting in the loss of Finnish Karelia, and invaded the Soviet Union herself in the Continuation War of 1941-1944 (with considerable support from Nazi Germany), leading also to the loss of Finland's only ice-free winter harbour Petsamo. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944-1945, when Finland fought against the Germans ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

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Despite of the Declaration of Independence calling Finland a Republic, initially, Finland was to be a constitutional monarchy. A German prince, Frederick Charles was elected King, putatively with the name Väinö I of Finland, with Pehr Evind Svinhufvud and General Mannerheim serving as Regents. However, Germany's defeat in World War I, meant that the idea was abandoned. Finland instead became a republic, w ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

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In the aftermath of the February Revolution in Russia, Finland received a new Senate, a coalition-Cabinet with the same power structure as the Finnish Parliament. Based on the general election in 1916, the Social Democrats had a small majority, and the Social Democrat Oskari Tokoi became Prime Minister. The new Senate was willing to cooperate with revolutionary government of Russia, but no agreement was reached. The Finns' view was, basically, that the personal union with Russia was finished after the Tsar was dethroned. They expected the Cz ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

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Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economic structure during the Cold War era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included obligations and restraints on Finland, as well as territorial concessions. Both treaties have been abrogated by Finland since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, however leaving the borders untouched. Even though being a neighbour to the mighty Soviet Union sometimes resulted in overmuch caution concerning foreign politics ("Finlandization"), Finland developed closer cooperation with the other Nordic countries and declar ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

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In the beginning of the 1990's the Finnish economy fell in to the severe depression. The depression was caused by overheated economy after liberalization in the 1980's, disappearance of a major trade partner almost overnight when the Soviet Union dissolved and bad economy policy combined with economic downturn in the Western trade partners. The most severe consequence of depression was mass unemployment (17%). In the latter half of the 1990's the economy saw strong recovered led by the success of Nokia in telecommunication market. However, the unempl ...

See also:

History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Recent history