Vyborg - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Vyborg: Encyclopedia Ii - Vyborg - History
The area where Vyborg is located used to be a trading center on River Vuoksi's western branch, which has been dried up. The area used to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - August 2003: Encyclopedia - August 2003
August 2003 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December August 2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1495: Encyclopedia - 1495
1495 - Events. February 22 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne. A few months later, he decides to r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alvar Aalto: Encyclopedia - Alvar Aalto
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (February 3, 1898 - May 11, 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. He was a Scandinavian modernist designer,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International E-road Network: Encyclopedia Ii - International E-road Network - Class A Roads
International E-road network - North-South reference. E05 - Greenock - Glasgow - Preston - Birmingham - Southampton ... Le Havre - Par...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finland's Language Strife: Encyclopedia Ii - Finland's Language Strife - Contentious History Views
An important process in the creation of a separate Finnish national identity was the perception of Finland's history as separate and diff...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Earliest Origins Of The Finns
Finnish and Sami — the language of Lapland's small indigenous minority — are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fiskars: Encyclopedia Ii - Fiskars - Today
Fiskars is now a holding company. Their largest holding is Fiskars Brands, which still produces the traditional craft and garden products...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pskov: Encyclopedia Ii - Pskov - Early History
The name of the city, originally spelled Pleskov, may be loosely translated as "the town of purling waters". Its earliest mention comes i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Novgorod: Encyclopedia Ii - Novgorod - History
Main article: Novgorod Republic Novgorod is the most ancient Slavic city recorded in Russia. The chronicle first mentions it in 859, when...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Landmarks And Tourist Attractions
The majestic appearance of St. Petersburg is achieved through a variety of architectural details including long, straight boulevards, vas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Earliest Origins Of The Finns
Finnish and Sami — the language of Lapland's small indigenous minority — are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roads In Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Roads In Ireland - Roads In The Republic Of Ireland
The Republic's motorway network is focused on Dublin, and is being extended to other major cities as part of the National Development Pla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Continuation War: Encyclopedia Ii - Continuation War - After The Moscow Peace Treaty
The Moscow Peace Treaty, signed on March 12, 1940, was a shock for the Finns. It was perceived as the ultimate failure of Finland's 1930s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kronstadt: Encyclopedia Ii - Kronstadt - History
Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Landmarks And Tourist Attractions
The majestic appearance of St. Petersburg is achieved through a variety of architectural details including long, straight boulevards, vas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ocean Odyssey: Encyclopedia Ii - Ocean Odyssey - History
The platform was built in 1982 for the Ocean Drilling and Exploration Company (ODECO) by Sumitomo Heavy Industries. It drilled its first ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Commando Frogmen: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Commando Frogmen - Organization
SpN PDSS (Противо-Диверсионные Силы и Средства, Protivo-Diversionnye Sily i Sredstva; Anti-diversionary f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ryti-ribbentrop Agreement: Encyclopedia Ii - Ryti-ribbentrop Agreement - Historical Background
Finland's 20th century history had been rather turbulent up to the Continuation War. Attempted russification of Finland, and then the Rus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Victual Brothers: Encyclopedia Ii - Victual Brothers - Guild Of The Victual Brothers
When Queen Margaret and Albrecht of Mecklenburg were battling for Scandinavian supremacy and Margaret's forces had besieged Stockholm, pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nyköping Municipality: Encyclopedia Ii - Nyköping Municipality - History
The area bears traces of settlers since around 2,000 BC. In the early medieval age, around 1,000 AD, Nyköping was a capital of one the m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North European Gas Pipeline: Encyclopedia Ii - North European Gas Pipeline - Construction
Construction began on 9 December 2005 at the Russian end, and is slated for completion in 2010.[1] The pipeline will run from Babayevo in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kronstadt: Encyclopedia Ii - Kronstadt - History
Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leningrad Oblast: Encyclopedia Ii - Leningrad Oblast - Geography
Leningrad Oblast - Time zone. Leningrad Oblast is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Asteroids Named After Places: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Asteroids Named After Places - Europe
List of asteroids named after places - Czech Republic. 290 Brunna (Latin name for Brno) 371 Bohemia (Bohemia) 1901 Moravia (Moravia) 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moscow Peace Treaty 1940: Encyclopedia Ii - Moscow Peace Treaty 1940 - The Harsh Peace
On March 6, a Finnish delegation lead by Prime Minister Risto Ryti travelled to Moscow. During the negotiations, the Red Army broke throu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mikhail Botvinnik: Encyclopedia Ii - Mikhail Botvinnik - World Champion
Not surprisingly, Botvinnik continued to build on these successes and went on to hold the title of World Champion on three separate occas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constitutional Democratic Party: Encyclopedia Ii - Constitutional Democratic Party - Parliamentary Opposition 1906-1917
When the Second Duma was convened on February 20, 1907, the Kadets found themselves in a difficult position. Their leadership was not rep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanseatic League: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanseatic League - History
The origins of the League are generally traced to the foundation of the new town of Lübeck in 1158/1159 after the capture of the area by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International E-road Network: Encyclopedia Ii - International E-road Network - Class A Roads
International E-road network - North-South reference. E05 - Greenock - Glasgow - Preston - Birmingham - Southampton ... Le Havre - Par...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Castles: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Castles - Castles Of Austria
List of castles - Burgenland. Burg Bernstein Burg Forchtenstein Burg Güssing Burgruine Landsee Burg Lockenhaus Burg Schlaining List...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karelia: Encyclopedia Ii - Karelia - History
Main article: History of Karelia. Karelia was bitterly fought over by Sweden and Novgorod Republic in the 13th century. The Treaty of Nö...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Martti Ahtisaari: Encyclopedia Ii - Martti Ahtisaari - Youth And Early Career
Martti Ahtisaari was born in Viipuri (now Vyborg, Russia) while his father, Oiva, was a non-commissioned officer in the service corps. Oi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Imperial Russian Navy: Encyclopedia Ii - Imperial Russian Navy - First Romanovs
Under Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich construction of the first three-masted ship, actually built within Russia, was completed in 1636. It was b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germans: Encyclopedia Ii - Germans - History
The Germans are a Germanic people. Ethnographers hypothesize that all Germanic speakers originally came from Scandinavia, which includes ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - August 2003: Encyclopedia Ii - August 2003 - Events
See also: Afghanistan timeline August 2003 California recall Dodgy Dossier Columbia investigation EU enlargement Hong Kong Basic Law Hut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Finland In World War Ii
During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: she defended herself against the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939-1940 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Finland In The Inter-war Era
Despite of the Declaration of Independence calling Finland a Republic, initially, Finland was to be a constitutional monarchy. A German p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Independence And Civil War
In the aftermath of the February Revolution in Russia, Finland received a new Senate, a coalition-Cabinet with the same power structure a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Post-war Era
Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economic structure during the Cold War era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Recent History
In the beginning of the 1990's the Finnish economy fell in to the severe depression. The depression was caused by overheated economy afte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Post-war Era
Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economic structure during the Cold War era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - History
Tsar Peter the Great founded the city on May 27 (May 16, Old Style), 1703 after reconquering the Ingrian land from Sweden. He named it af...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy
(Main article: Grand Duchy of Finland) During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, Finland was again conquered by the armies of Tsa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The 17th Century - The Swedish Empire
In 1617 - 1632 Sweden was ruled by the king Gustavus Adolphus, whose military reforms transformed the Swedish army from a peasant militia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Prehistory
The archaeological evidence of the Paleolithic, pre-Ice Age settlement in Finland is a debated issue. After the Ice Age, the archaeologic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karelia: Encyclopedia Ii - Karelia - Politics
Karelia is divided between Finland and Russia. The Republic of Karelia is an autonomous republic of Russia, which was formed in 1991 from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fiskars: Encyclopedia Ii - Fiskars - History
The Fiskars Corporation was formed in 1649 when a Dutch merchant named Peter Thorwöste was given a charter to establish a blast furnace ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The Middle Ages
Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was remarkable even during pre-Christian times — the Vikings were known to Finns both du...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The 16th Century
In 1521, The Kalmar Union finally collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the Swedish church was reformed. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Recent History
At the beginning of the 1990s the Finnish economy fell into severe depression. The depression was caused by an overheated economy after l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kronstadt: Encyclopedia Ii - Kronstadt - Features
The town of Kronstadt is built on level ground and is thus exposed to inundations. One of which it suffered in 1824. On the south side of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The 18th Century - Age Of Reason
During the Great War (1713–1721), Finland was occupied by the Russians, and the south-eastern part, including the important town of Vii...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Imperial Russian Navy: Encyclopedia Ii - Imperial Russian Navy - The Russian Navy During The Reign Of Peter The Great
The creation of the regular Russian Navy took place during the reign of Peter the Great. During the Second Azov campaign of 1696 against ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - History
Tsar Peter the Great founded the city on May 27 (May 16, Old Style), 1703 after reconquering the Ingrian land from Sweden. He named it af...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germans: Encyclopedia Ii - Germans - Minorities
In recent years, the German-speaking countries of Europe have been confronted with demographic changes due to decades of immigration. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Population
According to results of the government website, St. Petersburg has 4,560,000 inhabitants. That amounts to roughly 3 percent of the popula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Economy
The city is a major center of machine building, including power equipment, machinery, shipyards, instrument manufacture, ferrous and nonf...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germans: Encyclopedia Ii - Germans - Ethnic Nationalism
The reaction evoked in the decades after the Napoleonic Wars was a strong ethnic nationalism that emphasized, and sometimes overemphasize...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Culture
Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg has always been known for its high-quality cultural life. The world-famous K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Transportation
The city is a major transport hub. It is the center of the local road and railway system, and has a seaport (in the Gulf of Finland of Ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nyköping Municipality: Encyclopedia Ii - Nyköping Municipality - Sister Cities
Like many other Nordic sister cities, Nyköping and its Nordic neighbours share each other's sister cities. The Nordic sisters were creat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germans: Encyclopedia Ii - Germans - Conclusion
Historical persons like Kafka might be called Germans, or might not. Some would hold that they belong to the German culture, which is wha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Finland In World War Ii
During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: she defended herself against the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939-1940 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Asteroids Named After Places: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Asteroids Named After Places - Asia
List of asteroids named after places - Japan. 498 Tokio (Tokyo) 1584 Fuji (Mount Fuji) 2084 Okayama (Okayama) 2247 Hiroshima (Hiroshim...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Asteroids Named After Places: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Asteroids Named After Places - Africa
List of asteroids named after places - Countries of Africa. 1197 Rhodesia (Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe) 1213 Algeria (Algeria) 1278 Kenya (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Asteroids Named After Places: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Asteroids Named After Places - North America
List of asteroids named after places - Canada. 6714 Montréal (Montréal, Québec) 96192 Calgary (Calgary, Alberta) 96193 Edmonton (Ed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moscow Peace Treaty 1940: Encyclopedia Ii - Moscow Peace Treaty 1940 - Background
Finland's government received the first tentative peace conditions from Soviet (through Stockholm) on January 29. Until then, the Red Arm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North European Gas Pipeline: Encyclopedia Ii - North European Gas Pipeline - German Political Scandal
The Chancellor of Germany, Gerhard Schröder and the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, were strong advocates of the pipeline project d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ryti-ribbentrop Agreement: Encyclopedia Ii - Ryti-ribbentrop Agreement - Controversy
The issue of what the Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement was, "in reality", remains somewhat controversial, as also the issue of whether Finland's...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanseatic League: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanseatic League - Lists Of Former Hanse Cities
In the list that follows, the role of these foreign merchant companies in the functioning of the city that was their host, in more than o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International E-road Network: Encyclopedia Ii - International E-road Network - Numbering System
The route numbering system, defined by UNECE since 1975, went through a major change in 1992 and is now as follows (text and layout sligh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Finland In The Inter-war Era
Despite the Declaration of Independence calling Finland a Republic, initially Finland was to be a constitutional monarchy. Frederick Char...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pskov: Encyclopedia Ii - Pskov - Pskovian Republic
By the 14th century, the town functioned as the capital of a de-facto sovereign republic. Its most powerful force were the merchants who ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Castles: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Castles - Castles Of Slovakia
List of castles - External links. SLOVAKIA'S CASTLES at Slovak Heritage Live Slovak Castles and Churches ... See also:List of castl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Culture
Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg has always been known for its high-quality cultural life. The world-famous K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Transportation
The city is a major transport hub. It is the center of the local road and railway system, and has a seaport (in the Gulf of Finland of Ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pskov: Encyclopedia Ii - Pskov - Modern History
Since 1777, Pskov has served as a capital of separate government, or oblast. It was here that the last Russian tsar abdicated in March 19...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pskov: Encyclopedia Ii - Pskov - Landmarks And Sights
Pskov still preserves much of its medieval walls, built from the 13th century on. The Krom, or medieval citadel, looks as impressive as e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Continuation War: Encyclopedia Ii - Continuation War - Aims Of War
Finland's main goal during World War II was, although nowhere literally stated, to survive the war as an independent country, capable of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Continuation War: Encyclopedia Ii - Continuation War - Introduction
Although the Continuation War was fought on the periphery of World War II and the troops engaged were relatively few, its history is intr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roads In Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Roads In Ireland - Roads In Northern Ireland
The main roads in the north, which connect well with those in the south, are classified "M"/"A"/"B" as in Great Britain, though their num...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Castles: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Castles - Castles Of Poland
List of castles - External links. Polish Castles of Polish Castles I Gallery of Polish Castles II Gothic Castles in Poland Castles of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Economy
The city is a major center of machine building, including power equipment, machinery, shipyards, instrument manufacture, ferrous and nonf...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Population
According to results of the government website, St. Petersburg has 4,560,000 inhabitants. That amounts to roughly 3 percent of the popula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Novgorod: Encyclopedia Ii - Novgorod - Sister Cities
Gdov | Ivangorod | Izborsk | Kirillov | Koporye | Korela | Kronstadt | Ladoga | New Dvina Fort | Novgorod | Oreshek | Porkhov | Pskov | ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Novgorod: Encyclopedia Ii - Novgorod - Sights
No other Russian or Ukrainian city may compete with Novgorod in the variety and age of its medieval monuments. The foremost among these i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Martti Ahtisaari: Encyclopedia Ii - Martti Ahtisaari - Presidency
Ahtisaari's presidential campaign began when he was still in the council about the war in Bosnia. Recession in Finland had caused establi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Martti Ahtisaari: Encyclopedia Ii - Martti Ahtisaari - After Presidency
Ahtisaari did not seek re-election in 2000 and was followed by Tarja Halonen, the first female president of Finland. He has accepted posi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Martti Ahtisaari: Encyclopedia Ii - Martti Ahtisaari - Diplomatic Career
In 1973, President Urho Kekkonen appointed Ahtisaari as Finnish ambassador to Tanzania, also being accredited in Zambia, Somalia and Moza...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Castles: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Castles - Castles Of Sweden
List of castles - Finnish castles. For historic Swedish castles see also Castles of Finland. ... See also:List of castles, List of ca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Saint Petersburg After 1991
Mayor : Jun 1991 -5 Jun 1996:Anatoly Aleksandrovich Sobchak (b. 1937 -d. 2000) Governors : 5 Jun 1996 - 16 Jun 2003:Vladimir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - Leningrad During The Russian S.f.s.r.1918 -1991
First Secretaries of the Communist Party: Mar 1918 - Apr 1919:Pyotr Savelyevich Zaslavsky Apr 1919 - Nov 1919:Moisey Markovich Kharitono...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Saint Petersburg - History
Tsar Peter the Great founded the city on May 27 (May 16, Old Style), 1703 after reconquering the Ingrian land from Sweden. He named it af...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mikhail Botvinnik: Encyclopedia Ii - Mikhail Botvinnik - Early Years
Born in Kuokkala, near Vyborg, the son of a dental technician, he first came to the notice of the chess world at the age of 14, when he d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Continuation War: Encyclopedia Ii - Continuation War - Background
Continuation War - Before World War II. Although East Karelia has never been part of Finland, a majority of its inhabitants were Finnic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The Middle Ages
Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was remarkable even during pre-Christian times — the Vikings were known to Finns both du...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Pre-history
The archaeological evidence of the Paleolithic, pre-Ice Age settlement in Finland is a debated issue. After the Ice Age, the archaeologic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karelia: Encyclopedia Ii - Karelia - Geography
Main article: Geography of Karelia. Karelia streches from the White Sea coast to the Gulf of Finland. It contains the two largest lakes i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International E-road Network: Encyclopedia Ii - International E-road Network - Signage
The European routes are signposted with a green number sign like this: There are different strategies for determining how frequently to s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The 16th Century
In 1521, the Kalmar Union finally collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the Swedish church was reformed (...   » Read the article