The area where Vyborg is located used to be a trading center on River Vuoksi's western branch, which has been dried up. The area used to be inhabited by the Karelians, a Finnic tribe which gradually came under the domination of Novgorod and Sweden. The first castle of Viborg was founded during the third Swedish crusade in 1293 by the marshal Torkel Knutsson. The castle was fought over for centuries between Sweden and the Republic of Novgorod. By the treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 Viborg was final ...

See also:

Vyborg, Vyborg - History, Vyborg - 20th-century vicissitudes, Vyborg - Economics, Vyborg - Sights

Read more here: » Vyborg: Encyclopedia II - Vyborg - History

August 2003 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December August 2003 - Events. See also: Afghanistan timeline August 2003 California recall Dodgy Dossier Columbia investigation EU enlargement Hong Kong Basic Law Hutton Inquiry Liberian crisis North Korea crisis Occupation of Iraq: Including:

• August 2003 - Events
• August 2003 - August 31 2003
• August 2003 - August 30 2003
• August 2003 - August 29 2003
• August 2003 - August 28 2003
• August 2003 - August 27 2003
• August 2003 - August 26 2003
• August 2003 - August 25 2003
• August 2003 - August 24 2003
• August 2003 - August 23 2003
• August 2003 - August 22 2003
• August 2003 - August 21 2003
• August 2003 - August 20 2003
• August 2003 - August 19 2003
• August 2003 - August 18 2003
• August 2003 - August 17 2003
• August 2003 - August 16 2003
• August 2003 - August 15 2003
• August 2003 - August 14 2003
• August 2003 - August 13 2003
• August 2003 - August 12 2003
• August 2003 - August 11 2003
• August 2003 - August 10 2003
• August 2003 - August 9 2003
• August 2003 - August 8 2003
• August 2003 - August 7 2003
• August 2003 - August 6 2003
• August 2003 - August 5 2003
• August 2003 - August 4 2003
• August 2003 - August 2 2003
• August 2003 - August 1 2003
• August 2003 - Events by month

Read more here: » August 2003: Encyclopedia - August 2003

1495 - Events. February 22 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne. A few months later, he decides to return to France, and leaves Naples with most of his army, leaving a force under his cousin Gilbert, Count of Montpensier as Viceroy. May 26 - A Spanish army under Hernandez Gonzalo de Cordoba lands in Calabria with the purpose of ousting the French and restoring Ferrante II to the throne of Naples. June 1 - Friar John Cor records the first known batch of Sco ...

Including:

• 1495 - Events
• 1495 - Births
• 1495 - Deaths

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Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (February 3, 1898 - May 11, 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. He was a Scandinavian modernist designer, noted for his humanistic approach to modernism. His work includes architecture, furniture, and glassware. He was one of the first and most influential architects of the Scandinavian modern movement, and a member of the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne. Major works include the Finlandia Hall in Helsinki, Finland, and the campus of Helsinki University of Technology. Aalto's glasswa ...

Including:

• Alvar Aalto - Life and works
• Alvar Aalto - Significant buildings
• Alvar Aalto - Furniture and glassware

Read more here: » Alvar Aalto: Encyclopedia - Alvar Aalto

International E-road network - North-South reference. E05 - Greenock - Glasgow - Preston - Birmingham - Southampton ... Le Havre - Paris - Orléans - Bordeaux - San Sebastian - Madrid - Sevilla - Algeciras E15 - Inverness - Perth - Edinburgh - Newcastle - London - Folkestone - Dover ... Calais - Paris - Lyon - Orange - Narbonne - Girona - Barcelona - Tarragona - Castellón de la Plana - Valencia - Alicante - Murcia - Almería - Málaga - Algeciras E25 - Hoek van Holland - Rotterdam - Eindh ...

See also:

International E-road network, International E-road network - Numbering system, International E-road network - Exceptions, International E-road network - Notes to the listings, International E-road network - Class A roads, International E-road network - North-South reference, International E-road network - West-East reference, International E-road network - North-South intermediate, International E-road network - West-East intermediate, International E-road network - Class B roads, International E-road network - Signage

Read more here: » International E-road network: Encyclopedia II - International E-road network - Class A roads

An important process in the creation of a separate Finnish national identity was the perception of Finland's history as separate and different from Sweden's. As in other processes of conceptual changes, this led to rather contentious disputes between the protagonists of the new views and the defenders of traditional truth. Discordant history views between Fennomans and Svecomans are today reflected by differences between Finnish and Swedish understandings of the shared history, but also between academic historians and popular perceptions, the latt ...

See also:

Finland's language strife, Finland's language strife - Contentious history views

Read more here: » Finland's language strife: Encyclopedia II - Finland's language strife - Contentious history views

Finnish and Sami — the language of Lapland's small indigenous minority — are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather than the Indo-European family. The closest related language to the Finnish with an official status is Estonian. Both Finnish and Estonian are Baltic Finnish or Finnic languages, while other Finno-Ugric languages are more distant. The origins of the Finnish people and their language are a matter of reinvigorated controversy. In the 19th century the Finnish researcher Castrén prevailed with the theory ...

See also:

History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns

Fiskars is now a holding company. Their largest holding is Fiskars Brands, which still produces the traditional craft and garden products that made the company famous. This division is headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. The business areas of Fiskars Brands include Outdoor Recreation, Portland, Oregon, USA; Consumer Electronics Plymouth, Minnesota, USA; Fiskars School, Office, and Craft, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Fiskars Garden and Outdoor Living, Sauk City, Wisconsin, USA; Fiskars Europe, Brussells, Belgium; and Fiskars Corporation and Fiska ...

See also:

Fiskars, Fiskars - History, Fiskars - Today, Fiskars - Financial

Read more here: » Fiskars: Encyclopedia II - Fiskars - Today

The name of the city, originally spelled Pleskov, may be loosely translated as "the town of purling waters". Its earliest mention comes in 903, which records that Igor of Kiev married a local lady, St. Olga. Pskovians sometimes take this year as the city's foundation date, and in 2003 a great jubilee took place to celebrate Pskov's 1,100th anniversary. The first prince of Pskov was St. Vladimir's younger son Sudislav. Once imprisoned by his brother Yaroslav, he wasn't released until the latter's death several decades later. In th ...

See also:

Pskov, Pskov - Early history, Pskov - Pskovian Republic, Pskov - Modern history, Pskov - Landmarks and sights, Pskov - Copyrighted photos, Pskov - External link

Read more here: » Pskov: Encyclopedia II - Pskov - Early history

Main article: Novgorod Republic Novgorod is the most ancient Slavic city recorded in Russia. The chronicle first mentions it in 859, when it was already a major station on the trade route from the Baltics to Byzantium. The Varangian name of the city Holmgard (also Holmgarðr, Hólmgarður, Holmgaard, Holmegård) is mentioned in Norse Sagas as existing substantially earlier, but it is impossible to separate the historical facts from the surrounding myth. Later in history, Holmgard referred only ...

See also:

Novgorod, Novgorod - History, Novgorod - Sights, Novgorod - Sister Cities

Read more here: » Novgorod: Encyclopedia II - Novgorod - History

The majestic appearance of St. Petersburg is achieved through a variety of architectural details including long, straight boulevards, vast spaces, gardens and parks, decorative wrought-iron fences, monuments and decorative sculptures. The Neva River itself, together with its many canals and their granite embankments and bridges, gives the city a unique and striking ambience. These bodies of wate ...

See also:

Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - Landmarks and tourist attractions, Saint Petersburg - The palaces, Saint Petersburg - The churches, Saint Petersburg - Public buildings, Saint Petersburg - Public monuments, Saint Petersburg - Suburbs, Saint Petersburg - History, Saint Petersburg - Leningrad during the Russian S.F.S.R.1918 -1991, Saint Petersburg - Saint Petersburg after 1991, Saint Petersburg - Population, Saint Petersburg - Economy, Saint Petersburg - Transportation, Saint Petersburg - Administrative divisions, Saint Petersburg - Culture, Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in the movies, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in literature, Saint Petersburg - Notable people, Saint Petersburg - Sister Cities

Read more here: » Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - Landmarks and tourist attractions

Finnish and Sami — the language of Lapland's small indigenous minority — are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather than the Indo-European family. The closest related language to the Finnish with an official status is Estonian. Both Finnish and Estonian are Baltic Finnish or Finnic languages, while other Finno-Ugric languages are more distant. The origins of the Finnish people and their language are a matter of reinvigorated controversy. In the 19th century the Finnish researcher Castrén prevailed that "their ori ...

See also:

History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns

The Republic's motorway network is focused on Dublin, and is being extended to other major cities as part of the National Development Plan. Dublin has also been the focus of other major projects, such as the East-Link and West-Link bridges, as well as the Dublin port tunnel. Other cities and towns have however had bypass projects, some of which are still underway or in planning as of 2004. The Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee (Ireland) in Cork was another major project outside Dublin, a ...

See also:

Roads in Ireland, Roads in Ireland - Roads in the Republic of Ireland, Roads in Ireland - Motorways, Roads in Ireland - National Primary Routes, Roads in Ireland - Other roads, Roads in Ireland - Old system, Roads in Ireland - Roads in Northern Ireland, Roads in Ireland - Motorways, Roads in Ireland - A roads, Roads in Ireland - B roads, Roads in Ireland - C roads, Roads in Ireland - Euro Routes

Read more here: » Roads in Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Roads in Ireland - Roads in the Republic of Ireland

The Moscow Peace Treaty, signed on March 12, 1940, was a shock for the Finns. It was perceived as the ultimate failure of Finland's 1930s foreign policy, which had been based on multilateral guarantees for support from similar countries, first in the world order established by the League of Nations, and later from the Oslo group and Scandinavia. The immediate response was to broaden and intensify this policy. Binding bilateral treaties were now sought where Finland formerly had relied on goodwill and national friendship, and formerly frosty relations with ideological adversaries, such as ...

See also:

Continuation War, Continuation War - Introduction, Continuation War - Aims of war, Continuation War - Background, Continuation War - Before World War II, Continuation War - The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Winter War, Continuation War - After the Moscow Peace Treaty, Continuation War - Interim peace, Continuation War - Attempted Nordic Defence Alliance, Continuation War - Re-armaments, Continuation War - Denmark and Norway occupied, Continuation War - Finland seeks German rapprochement, Continuation War - Continued Soviet pressure, Continuation War - British disregard, Continuation War - Improved relations with Nazi Germany, Continuation War - Attempted Defence Union with Sweden, Continuation War - Road to War, Continuation War - Petsamo Crisis, Continuation War - Diplomatic Activities, Continuation War - Cooperation with Germany, Continuation War - To the Opening of Hostilities, Continuation War - Finnish Offensive 1941, Continuation War - Reconquest of Ladoga Karelia, Continuation War - Reconquest of Karelian Isthmus, Continuation War - Occupation of East Karelia, Continuation War - Advancement from Northern Finland, Continuation War - Political Development, Continuation War - International volunteers and support, Continuation War - Diplomatic manoeuvres, Continuation War - The end of the war, Continuation War - Conclusion, Continuation War - Battles and operations

Read more here: » Continuation War: Encyclopedia II - Continuation War - After the Moscow Peace Treaty

Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications were constructed. Kronstadt was thoroughly refortified in the 19th century. The old three-decker forts, five in number, which formerly constituted the principal defences of the place, and defied the Anglo-French fleets during the Crimean War, became of secondary importance. From the plans of Eduard Totleben a new fort, Constantine, and four batteries were constructed (1856-1871) to defend the principal ...

See also:

Kronstadt, Kronstadt - History, Kronstadt - Features, Kronstadt - Demographics

Read more here: » Kronstadt: Encyclopedia II - Kronstadt - History

The majestic appearance of St. Petersburg is achieved through a variety of architectural details including long, straight boulevards, vast spaces, gardens and parks, decorative wrought-iron fences, monuments and decorative sculptures. The Neva River itself, together with its many canals and their granite embankments and bridges, gives the city a unique and striking ambience. These bodies of wate ...

See also:

Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - Landmarks and tourist attractions, Saint Petersburg - The palaces, Saint Petersburg - The churches, Saint Petersburg - Public buildings, Saint Petersburg - Public monuments, Saint Petersburg - Suburbs, Saint Petersburg - History, Saint Petersburg - Population, Saint Petersburg - Economy, Saint Petersburg - Transportation, Saint Petersburg - Administrative divisions, Saint Petersburg - Culture, Saint Petersburg - Music in St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in the movies, Saint Petersburg - St. Petersburg in literature, Saint Petersburg - Notable people, Saint Petersburg - Sister Cities

Read more here: » Saint Petersburg: Encyclopedia II - Saint Petersburg - Landmarks and tourist attractions

The platform was built in 1982 for the Ocean Drilling and Exploration Company (ODECO) by Sumitomo Heavy Industries. It drilled its first exploratory hole about 40 miles south of Yakutat for ARCO Alaska, Inc. The rig cost about $110 million to build during the early eighties oil "boom" — a pricey bet given declining construction costs and lease rates just a couple of years later. During construction Ocean Odyssey was called Ocean Ranger II. However, it was renamed to the Ocean Odyssey after the Ocean Ranger ...

See also:

Ocean Odyssey, Ocean Odyssey - History, Ocean Odyssey - External link

Read more here: » Ocean Odyssey: Encyclopedia II - Ocean Odyssey - History

SpN PDSS (Противо-Диверсионные Силы и Средства, Protivo-Diversionnye Sily i Sredstva; Anti-diversionary forces and means) are units of a special purpose anti-sabotage divers, which appeared in the Soviet Navy in the end of the 1960s to counter possible attacks of frogmen. Their name in full is (о) СпН ПДСС, [отряды] Специального назначения по борьбе с подводными диверсионными силами и средствами, (o) SpN PDSS, See also:

Russian commando frogmen, Russian commando frogmen - Organization, Russian commando frogmen - Equipment, Russian commando frogmen - Operations, Russian commando frogmen - Links to images

Read more here: » Russian commando frogmen: Encyclopedia II - Russian commando frogmen - Organization

Finland's 20th century history had been rather turbulent up to the Continuation War. Attempted russification of Finland, and then the Russian Revolutions, had inverted the previously good Russo-Finnish relations. The Civil War in Finland, its bloody aftermath, the Åland Crisis, expansionist rhetoric and military expeditions into Russian Karelia, ardent anti-Communism, and the semi-fascist Lapua Movement's failed Mäntsälä Rebellion with connections to the highest levels in Finland ha ...

See also:

Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement, Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement - Historical background, Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement - Translation, Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement - Controversy, Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement - Reference

Read more here: » Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement: Encyclopedia II - Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement - Historical background

When Queen Margaret and Albrecht of Mecklenburg were battling for Scandinavian supremacy and Margaret's forces had besieged Stockholm, privateers named Victual Brothers acceded sea-war-activities and the shipping of goods to keep the city supplied with food. The name Victual Brothers is derivated from the Latin word "victualia" — meaning provisions — and refers to their first mission, which was to bring supplies to the besieged town of Stockholm. Victual Brothers were organised as a brotherhood or guild and attracted people ...

See also:

Victual Brothers, Victual Brothers - Guild of the Victual Brothers, Victual Brothers - Likedeelers the successors of the Victual Brothers

Read more here: » Victual Brothers: Encyclopedia II - Victual Brothers - Guild of the Victual Brothers