A number of factors have contributed to a feeling of estrangement experienced by some Afrikaners in South Africa; from their perspective these are: Volkstaat - Lack of political power. The Afrikaners, who form a small minority group in South Africa (8% of total population 2001 est.),handed over their political power in South Africa during the 1994 democratic elections. The lack of political power that ensued resulted in a strive for self reliance and self governance, due to the limited say that the ...

See also:

Volkstaat, Volkstaat - The idea, Volkstaat - Afrikaner reasons for wanting a Volkstaat, Volkstaat - Lack of political power, Volkstaat - Culture and heritage, Volkstaat - Crime, Volkstaat - Unemployment, Volkstaat - Afrikaner reaction, Volkstaat - Volkstaat possibilities, Volkstaat - Freedom Front, Volkstaat - South African Legislation, Volkstaat - Establishing a Volkstaat, Volkstaat - Obstacles, Volkstaat - Afrikaner disarray, Volkstaat - Public opinion, Volkstaat - South African Government, Volkstaat - Other political parties, Volkstaat - Shortage of resources, Volkstaat - Source

Read more here: » Volkstaat: Encyclopedia II - Volkstaat - Afrikaner reasons for wanting a Volkstaat

Paul Kruger, a notable Afrikaner Western Cape Province: 0.55 million, North West Province: 0.2 million, Free State Province: 0.2 million (2001 est. 1) Afrikaners are South Africans of predominantly Dutch Calvinist, French Huguenot, German Protestant, Frisian, Flemish, and Walloon descent who speak Afrikaans. Afrikaners are also sometimes referred to as Boers (Afrikaans for farmer) as a significant percentage are descended from cultural Boers, but many Afrikaners now view this ...

Including:

• Afrikaner - History
• Afrikaner - Today
• Afrikaner - Afrikaner versus Boer
• Afrikaner - Notable historic Afrikaners
• Afrikaner - Notable contemporary Afrikaners

Read more here: » Afrikaner: Encyclopedia - Afrikaner

Bantustan refers to any of the territories designated as tribal "homelands" for black South Africans and Namibians during the apartheid era. The term "bantustan" was first used in the late 1940s and was coined from Bantu (meaning "people" in the Bantu languages) and -stan (meaning "land of" in the Persian language, equivalent to the Latin ending -ia and the Germanic -land). It was based on Hindustan, a term used to refer to the land beyond the Indus/Sindhu India. It was a disparaging term used by critics of the apartheid-era government ...

Including:

• Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans
• Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans
• Bantustan - Post-1994
• Bantustan - List of the Bantustans

Read more here: » Bantustan: Encyclopedia - Bantustan

Afrikaners are mainly descended from northwestern European settlers and religious refugees who lived in the Cape of Good Hope during the period of administration (1652-1795) by the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) and the subsequent period of British rule. The original colony at the Cape, which was started as a refreshment station for the VOC, was first settled by the Dutch in 1652. The arrival in 1688 of a small group of French Huguenots who were fleeing religious persecution in France infused new b ...

See also:

Afrikaner, Afrikaner - History, Afrikaner - Today, Afrikaner - Afrikaner versus Boer, Afrikaner - Notable historic Afrikaners, Afrikaner - Notable contemporary Afrikaners

Read more here: » Afrikaner: Encyclopedia II - Afrikaner - History

When the Northern League decided to push for secession of richer Northern Italy from the rest of the country, the League's leader Umberto Bossi gave the region the name Padania. The new "country" had a flag, a national anthem, a "parliament" in Mantua, and held elections (recognized by no one except the Northern League). La Padania is also the name of the Northern League's party newspaper. While the boundaries of Padania, in this political meaning, are subject to some disagreement, the term, as used by the Northern Leagu ...

See also:

Padania, Padania - Territory, Padania - Political Implications, Padania - Previous Existence of the Name, Padania - Languages, Padania - National Anthem, Padania - Popular Support for Independence, Padania - Reference

Read more here: » Padania: Encyclopedia II - Padania - Political Implications

Well before the National Party came to power in 1948, South African governments had established "reserves" in 1913 and 1936 with the intention of segregating black South Africans from whites. The National Party's Minister for Native Affairs (and later Prime Minister) Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd sought to build on this, introducing a series of measures that were intended to reshape South African society such that whites would be the demographic majority. The creation of the homelands or Bantustans was a central element of this strategy because b ...

See also:

Bantustan, Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans, Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans, Bantustan - Post-1994, Bantustan - List of Bantustans

Read more here: » Bantustan: Encyclopedia II - Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans

Today, Orania is home to about 500 to 600 Afrikaner families. Many of the poorer arrivals to Orania take up residence in small tract houses located in downtown Kleingeluk ("small happiness"). Many of the more wealthy residents, including the city's founders, live in the nearby neighbourhood of Grootdorp ("big town"). There has been some friction between the two groups particularly since the poorer group has to perform the lower paying manual labour jobs viewed as "black jobs". The city boasts a crime rate much lower than the national average. Minor infractions are dealt with through ...

See also:

Orania, Orania - Beginnings, Orania - Orania's purpose, Orania - Past movements, Orania - Orania today

Read more here: » Orania: Encyclopedia II - Orania - Orania today

Well before the National Party came to power in 1948, South African governments had established "reserves" in 1913 and 1936 with the intention of segregating black South Africans from whites. The National Party's Minister for Native Affairs (and later Prime Minister) Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd sought to build on this, introducing a series of measures that were intended to reshape South African society such that whites would be the demographic majority. The creation of the homelands or Bantustans was a central element of this strategy because b ...

See also:

Bantustan, Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans, Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans, Bantustan - Post-1994, Bantustan - List of the Bantustans

Read more here: » Bantustan: Encyclopedia II - Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans

The dominant language in the area is standard Italian. French, Franco-provençal, Occitan, German, Friulian, Ladin and Slovenian are spoken close to the borders of Italy and officially recognised by the State as minority languages. The various vernaculars or local languages, generically indicated as "dialetto" (dialect) by their speakers, are not in common use except for closed contexts (families, acquaintances that s ...

See also:

Padania, Padania - Territory, Padania - Political Implications, Padania - Previous Existence of the Name, Padania - Languages, Padania - National Anthem, Padania - Popular Support for Independence, Padania - Reference

Read more here: » Padania: Encyclopedia II - Padania - Languages

Boer is the Afrikaans (and Dutch) word for farmer which came to denote the descendants of the Afrikaans-speaking migrating farmers of the expanding eastern Cape frontier. The Boers are descended mainly from Dutch Calvinist, Frisian Calvinist, French Huguenot, Walloon, Flemish and German Protestant origins dating from the 1650s and into the 1700s. Smaller but significant numbers of Scandinavians, Scots, English, Indians, Malays & Khoi have been absorbed as well. Those Boers who trekked into and inhabited the eastern Cape frontier w ...

Read more here: » Boer: Encyclopedia - Boer

The homelands are listed below with the ethnic group for which each homeland was designated. Four were nominally independent (the so-called TVBC states of the Transkei, Venda, Bophuthatswana and the Ciskei). The other six had limited self-government: Bophuthatswana (Tswana) - declared independent on 6 December 1977 Transkei (Xhosa) - declared independent on 26 October 1976 Ciskei (also Xhosa) - declared independent on 4 December 1981 Venda (Venda) - declared independent 13 September 1979 Gazan ...

See also:

Bantustan, Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans, Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans, Bantustan - Post-1994, Bantustan - List of the Bantustans

Read more here: » Bantustan: Encyclopedia II - Bantustan - List of the Bantustans

In recent years there has been an movement by some Afrikaners to support the mixed race ("coloured") population of South Africa, most of whom speak Afrikaans as their first language, to consider themselves Afrikaners. The Afrikaans word for the coloured people of South Africa and Namibia is "kleurlinge" but sometimes they are called "bruin afrikaners" or "bruinmense", meaning brown people. This has seen some success despite the history of exclusion during the colonial and apartheid eras. However, many Afrikaans-speaking coloureds feel they have developed a separate identity from white Afrikaans speakers due to the strict racial segregati ...

See also:

Afrikaner, Afrikaner - History, Afrikaner - Today, Afrikaner - Afrikaner versus Boer, Afrikaner - Notable historic Afrikaners, Afrikaner - Notable contemporary Afrikaners

Read more here: » Afrikaner: Encyclopedia II - Afrikaner - Today

Currently, a number of white Afrikaans-speaking people, mainly with "conservative" political views, prefer to be called "Boers", rather than "Afrikaners". They feel that there were many people of Voortrekker descent who were not co-opted or assimilated into what they see as the Cape-based Afrikaner identity which began emerging after the Second Anglo-Boer War and the subsequent establishment of the Union of South Africa. They contend that the Boers of the South African (ZAR) and Orange Free State republics were recognized as a separat ...

See also:

Afrikaner, Afrikaner - History, Afrikaner - Today, Afrikaner - Afrikaner versus Boer, Afrikaner - Notable historic Afrikaners, Afrikaner - Notable contemporary Afrikaners

Read more here: » Afrikaner: Encyclopedia II - Afrikaner - Afrikaner versus Boer

With the demise of the apartheid regime in South Africa, the Bantustans were dismantled and their territory reincorporated into the Republic of South Africa. The drive to achieve this was spearheaded by the African National Congress as a central element of its programme of reform. Reincorporation was mostly achieved peacefully, although there was some resistance from the local elites, who stood to lose out on the opportunities for corruption provided by the homelands. The dismantling of the homelands of Bophuthatswana and Ciskei was particularly difficult, with South African security forces having to intervene in the latter in M ...

See also:

Bantustan, Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans, Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans, Bantustan - Post-1994, Bantustan - List of the Bantustans

Read more here: » Bantustan: Encyclopedia II - Bantustan - Post-1994

The Bantustans were all extremely poor. Their economic deprivation was the deliberate result of government policies, as their boundaries were drawn to exclude valuable land and industries. Few local employment opportunities were available. Their single most important home-grown source of revenue was the provision of casinos and topless revue shows, which the National Party government had prohibited in South Africa proper as being "immoral". This provided a lucrative source of income for the local elite, who constructed megaresorts ...

See also:

Bantustan, Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans, Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans, Bantustan - Post-1994, Bantustan - List of the Bantustans

Read more here: » Bantustan: Encyclopedia II - Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans

The Bantustans were all extremely poor. Their economic deprivation was the deliberate result of government policies, as their boundaries were drawn to exclude valuable land and industries. Few local employment opportunities were available. Their single most important home-grown source of revenue was the provision of casinos and topless revue shows, which the National Party government had prohibited in South Africa proper as being "immoral". This provided a lucrative source of income for the local elite, who constructed megaresorts ...

See also:

Bantustan, Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans, Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans, Bantustan - Post-1994, Bantustan - List of Bantustans

Read more here: » Bantustan: Encyclopedia II - Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans

With the demise of the apartheid regime in South Africa, the Bantustans were dismantled and their territory reincorporated into the Republic of South Africa. The drive to achieve this was spearheaded by the African National Congress as a central element of its programme of reform. Reincorporation was mostly achieved peacefully, although there was some resistance from the local elites, who stood to lose out on the opportunities for corruption provided by the homelands. The dismantling of the homelands of Bophuthatswana and Ciskei was particularly difficult, with South African security forces having to intervene in the latter in M ...

See also:

Bantustan, Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans, Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans, Bantustan - Post-1994, Bantustan - List of Bantustans

Read more here: » Bantustan: Encyclopedia II - Bantustan - Post-1994

The homelands are listed below with the ethnic group for which each homeland was designated. Four were nominally independent (the so-called TVBC states of the Transkei, Venda, Bophuthatswana and the Ciskei). The other six had limited self-government: Bophuthatswana (Tswana) - declared independent on 6 December 1977 Transkei (Xhosa) - declared independent on 26 October 1976 Ciskei (also Xhosa) - declared independent on 4 December 1981 Venda (Venda) - declared independent 13 September 1979 Gazan ...

See also:

Bantustan, Bantustan - Creation of the Bantustans, Bantustan - Life in the Bantustans, Bantustan - Post-1994, Bantustan - List of Bantustans

Read more here: » Bantustan: Encyclopedia II - Bantustan - List of Bantustans

The main competing theories that have been put forth as the reason for these murders are: Criminal greed leading to attacks by poor township youths on poorly-defended commercial farmers. Attacks by previous black farmers in revenge for disposession of their land during Apartheid. An orchestrated political terror campaign intended to drive white farmers off their land. Murder is not the only result of the attacks each year. There is a threat of damage to or loss of property, torture and rape. Murde ...

See also:

South African Farmer Murders, South African Farmer Murders - Underlying theories, South African Farmer Murders - Genocide claims, South African Farmer Murders - Government Committee of Inquiry, South African Farmer Murders - Criticism of government

Read more here: » South African Farmer Murders: Encyclopedia II - South African Farmer Murders - Underlying theories

Political separatism may involve attempts to obtain sovereignty and to split a territory or a group of people (usually a people with a distinctive national consciousness) from one another, or one nation from another. One type of example involves colonies gaining independence from a metropolis. Separatist groups themselves often reject the term separatism: they may consider it pejorative ...

See also:

Separatism, Separatism - Political/Administrative separatism, Separatism - Motivations for separatism, Separatism - Degrees of separation, Separatism - Fickle separatisms, Separatism - Countries dismembered by separatist movements c. 2001, Separatism - Other Historical separatist movements, Separatism - Entities which have proclaimed independence without gaining international recognition as independent countries, Separatism - Countries with separatist movements, Separatism - Ethnic/racial separatism, Separatism - Religious separatism, Separatism - Social/cultural separatism

Read more here: » Separatism: Encyclopedia II - Separatism - Political/Administrative separatism