Volga German

After the Russian Revolution, the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Autonome Sozialistische Sowjet-Republik der Wolga-Deutschen; Автоно́мная Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика Не́мцев Пово́лжья) was established from 1924–1942 with the capital in Engels (known as "Pokrovsk" before 1931). As the Nazis advanced into the USSR towards Volga, Joseph Stalin became worried about the possibility of Volga Germans collaborating with them. On August 28, 1941 ...

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Volga German, Volga German - Catherine the Great, Volga German - The twentieth century, Volga German - The present day, Volga German - Volga Germans in North America, Volga German - Volga Germans in South America

Read more here: » Volga German: Encyclopedia II - Volga German - The twentieth century

The Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (German: Autonome Sozialistische Sowjet-Republik der Wolga-Deutschen, Russian: Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика Немцев Поволжья) was an autonomy established in the Soviet Union, with its capital at the Volga port of Engels (until 1931 known as Pokrovsk) in 1918 following the Russian Revolution, in the area of compact settlement of the large Volga German minority in Russia, ...

Including:

• Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - External link

Read more here: » Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Encyclopedia - Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The earliest German settlement in Russia dates back to the reign of Vasili III in the 16th century. A handful of German and Dutch craftsmen and traders were allowed to establish themselves in Moscow's German Quarter (Немецкая слобода, or Nemetskaya sloboda), providing essential technical skills in the capital. Gradually, this policy extended to a few other major cities. Peter the Great was greatly influenced by the international community located in the German Quarter, and his efforts to transform Russia i ...

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History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Germans in central Russia and Ukraine, History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Decline of the Russian Germans, History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Germans in the Baltics

Read more here: » History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Germans in central Russia and Ukraine

Main article: Nazi-Soviet population transfers. Following the Nazi-Soviet pact, Soviet leader Josef Stalin permitted the departure of Germans from territories occupied by Soviet Union, notably Bessarabia and the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, which traditionally had a large German minority. The Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) were then resettled in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, but also in Zamosc County as decided by Generalplan Ost. In ...

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German exodus from Eastern Europe, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Nazi-Soviet population transfers, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Evacuation, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Expulsion, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Emigration of Germans from Eastern Europe

Read more here: » German exodus from Eastern Europe: Encyclopedia II - German exodus from Eastern Europe - Nazi-Soviet population transfers

Alfred Garyevich Schnittke (Russian: Альфре́д Га́ррьевич Шни́тке, November 24, 1934 – August 3, 1998) was a Russian- German Jewish composer. His father was born in Frankfurt to a Jewish family of Russian origin who had moved to the USSR in 1926, and his mother was a Volga German born in Russia. Alfred Schnittke was born in Engels in the Volga-German Republic of the RSFSR, Soviet Union. He began his musical education in 1946 in Vienna where his father, a journalist and translator, had been poste ...

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Settlers are people who have migrated from the land of their birth to live permanently colonies controlled militarily by their home country. In modern history, the word "settlers" is synonymous with terms like pioneers, colonists, or (as British people once called them) "colonials". It has been argued that all peoples are "settlers", since migration has featured throughout human history and prehistory. However, the word settler is generally used only ...

Including:

• Settler - Similar terms

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See also Baltic German The German presence on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea dates back to the Middle Ages when traders and missionaries started arriving from central Europe. The German-speaking Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquered most of what is now Estonia and Latvia (the former Livonia) in the early 13th century. In 1237, the Brothers of the Sword were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights. Over the course of the next several centuries, the Teutonic Order solidified into a regime of mostly German-speaking ...

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History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Germans in central Russia and Ukraine, History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Decline of the Russian Germans, History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Germans in the Baltics

Read more here: » History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Germans in the Baltics

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин listen ▶ (help·info)), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) (April 22 (April 10 (O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a Communist revolutionary of Russia, the leader of the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the main theorist of Leninism, which he described as ...

Including:

• Vladimir Lenin - Early life
• Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary
• Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state
• Vladimir Lenin - Premature death
• Vladimir Lenin - After death
• Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study
• Vladimir Lenin - Trivia
• Vladimir Lenin - Notes

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Main article: Emigration of Germans from Eastern Europe. Between 1950 and 1990, 1.4 million people emigrated from Poland to Germany claiming German ancestry (770 000 of them in the 1980s). With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, large numbers of Russian Germans (Volgadeutsch) took advantage of Germany's liberal law of return to leave the harsh conditions of the Soviet successor states. By 1999 about 1.7 million former Soviet citizens of German ori ...

See also:

German exodus from Eastern Europe, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Nazi-Soviet population transfers, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Evacuation, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Expulsion, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Emigration of Germans from Eastern Europe

Read more here: » German exodus from Eastern Europe: Encyclopedia II - German exodus from Eastern Europe - Emigration of Germans from Eastern Europe

The decline of the Russian German community started with the reforms of Alexander III. In 1871, he repealed the open door immigration policy of his ancestors, effectively ending any new German immigration into the Empire. Although the German colonies continued to expand, they were driven by natural growth and by the immigration of Germans from Poland. The Russian nationalism that took root under Alexander III served as a justification for eliminating in 1871 the bulk of the tax privileges enjoyed by Russian Germans, and after 1874 the ...

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History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Germans in central Russia and Ukraine, History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Decline of the Russian Germans, History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Germans in the Baltics

Read more here: » History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Decline of the Russian Germans

Main article: World War II evacuation and expulsion. Late towards the end of the war German authorities ordered the evacuation of areas close to the advancing front. Not only people who had been citizens of Nazi Germany (Reichsdeutsche) but also ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) were successfully evacuated (around 5 million people) before the rest were overrun by the Red Army. ...

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German exodus from Eastern Europe, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Nazi-Soviet population transfers, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Evacuation, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Expulsion, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Emigration of Germans from Eastern Europe

Read more here: » German exodus from Eastern Europe: Encyclopedia II - German exodus from Eastern Europe - Evacuation

Main article: Expulsion of Germans after World War II. The remaining ethnic German residents, some of whom had become German citizens during the world war, were expelled or fled from present-day Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Kaliningrad Oblast, and other East European countries. Up to 16.5 million Germans of the post-war population were forced to leave. Some fled in fear of the Red Army, and others were persecuted because of their activities during the war or for other reasons. They were sent to makeshift camps or cities ...

See also:

German exodus from Eastern Europe, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Nazi-Soviet population transfers, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Evacuation, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Expulsion, German exodus from Eastern Europe - Emigration of Germans from Eastern Europe

Read more here: » German exodus from Eastern Europe: Encyclopedia II - German exodus from Eastern Europe - Expulsion

As of the censusGR2 of 2000, there are 20,013 people, 8,230 households, and 4,674 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,018.1/km² (2,635.9/mi²). There are 8,772 housing units at an average density of 446.2/km² (1,155.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 95.43% White, 1.09% Asian, 0.79% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.43% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. 2.63% of the po ...

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Hays Kansas, Hays Kansas - Geography, Hays Kansas - Demographics, Hays Kansas - Notable people from Hays

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The official statistics collect only nationality data: Germans 91.5%, Turks 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Italians, Russians, Greeks, and Poles). While most of the German citizens are ethnic Germans or naturalized immigrants, there are four other sizable groups of people that have lived in Germany for centuries. They are referred to as "national minorities" (nationale Minderheiten): Danes, Frisians, Roma and Sinti, and Sorbs. There is a Danish minority (about 50,000, according to government source ...

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Demographics of Germany, Demographics of Germany - Ethnic groups, Demographics of Germany - Religions, Demographics of Germany - Languages, Demographics of Germany - Literacy

Read more here: » Demographics of Germany: Encyclopedia II - Demographics of Germany - Ethnic groups

Total war - The French Revolution. The French Revolution has introduced some of the concepts of total war. The fledgling republic found itself threatened by a powerful coalition of European nations. The only solution, in the eyes of the Jacobin government was to pour the nation's entire resources into an unprecedented war effort - this was the advent of the levée en masse. The following decree of the National Convention on August 23, 1794 c ...

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Total war, Total war - Development of the concept of Total War, Total war - Consequences of Total War, Total war - Total war and its precursors, Total war - The French Revolution, Total war - American Civil War, Total war - American Indian Wars, Total war - Taiping Civil War, Total war - World War I, Total war - World War II, Total war - Post World War II, Total war - Quotes

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On November 8, Lenin was elected as the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars by the Russian Soviet Congress. Faced with the threat of German invasion, Lenin argued that Russia should immediately sign a peace treaty. Other Bolshevik leaders, such as Bukharin, advocated continuing the war as a means of fomenting revolution in Germany. Trotsky, who led the negotiations, advocated an intermediate position, of "No War, No Peace", calling for a peace treaty only on the conditions that no territorial gains on either side be consolidated. ...

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Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lenin - Early life, Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin - Premature death, Vladimir Lenin - After death, Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study, Vladimir Lenin - Trivia, Vladimir Lenin - Notes

Read more here: » Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia II - Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state

Lenin's brain was removed before his body was embalmed. The Soviet government commissioned the well-known German neuroscientist Oskar Vogt to study Lenin's brain and to locate the precise location of the brain cells that are responsible for genius[citation needed]. The study was performed in Vladimir Bekhterev's Institute of the Brain. Vogt published a paper on the brain in 1929 where he reported that some pyramidal neurons in the third layer of Lenin's cerebral cortex were very large. However the conclusion of its relevanc ...

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Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lenin - Early life, Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin - Premature death, Vladimir Lenin - After death, Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study, Vladimir Lenin - Trivia, Vladimir Lenin - Notes

Read more here: » Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia II - Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study

Born in Simbirsk, Russia, Lenin was the son of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831 - 1886), a Russian civil service official who worked for increased democracy and free universal education in Russia, and his liberal wife Maria Alexandrovna Blank (1835 - 1916). Lenin was of mixed ethnic ancestry. In addition to being Russian, he also had Kalmyk ancestry through his paternal grandparents, Volga German ancestry through his maternal grandmother (who was a Lutheran), and Jewish ancestry through his maternal grandfather (who converted to Christianity). Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) himself w ...

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Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lenin - Early life, Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin - Premature death, Vladimir Lenin - After death, Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study, Vladimir Lenin - Trivia, Vladimir Lenin - Notes

Read more here: » Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia II - Vladimir Lenin - Early life

Lenin's health had already been severely damaged due to the intolerable strains of revolution and war. The assassination attempt earlier in his life also added to his health problems. The bullet was still lodged in his neck, too close to his spine for medical techniques of the time to remove. In May 1922, Lenin had his first stroke. He was left partially paralyzed on his right side, and his role in government declined. After the second stroke in December of the same year, he resigned from active politics. In March 1923 he suffered his third stroke a ...

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Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lenin - Early life, Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin - Premature death, Vladimir Lenin - After death, Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study, Vladimir Lenin - Trivia, Vladimir Lenin - Notes

Read more here: » Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia II - Vladimir Lenin - Premature death

Upon graduation, Lenin took on a job as an assistant to a lawyer. He worked for a couple of years in Samara, Russia, then in 1893 moved to St. Petersburg. Rather than settling into a legal career, he became more involved in revolutionary propaganda efforts and the study of Marxism. On December 7, 1895, he was arrested and held by authorities for fourteen months, then exiled to the village of Shushenskoye in Siberia. In July 1898, he married Nadezhda Krupskaya, who was a socialist activist. In April 1899, he published the book The D ...

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Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lenin - Early life, Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin - Premature death, Vladimir Lenin - After death, Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study, Vladimir Lenin - Trivia, Vladimir Lenin - Notes

Read more here: » Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia II - Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary