A vocabulary is a set of words known to a person or other entity, or that are part of a specific language. The vocabulary of a person is defined either as the set of all words that are understood by that person or the set of all words likely to be used by that person when constructing new sentences. So "curse" is a regular part of the vocabulary of native English speakers but "imprecate" is not, even though the two words are synonyms. The richness of a person's vocabulary is popularly thought to be a reflection of intelligence or level of education. Accordingly, many standardized tests, such ...

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Esperanto vocabulary, Esperanto vocabulary - Origins, Esperanto vocabulary - Source languages, Esperanto vocabulary - Technical vocabulary, Esperanto vocabulary - Competing root forms, Esperanto vocabulary - Word formation, Esperanto vocabulary - Affixes, Esperanto vocabulary - Compounds, Esperanto vocabulary - Reduplication, Esperanto vocabulary - Some examples, Esperanto vocabulary - Correlatives, Esperanto vocabulary - Table of correlatives, Esperanto vocabulary - Correlative particles, Esperanto vocabulary - An extension of the original paradigm, Esperanto vocabulary - Interrogative vs relative pronouns, Esperanto vocabulary - Derivatives, Esperanto vocabulary - Gender, Esperanto vocabulary - Masculine roots, Esperanto vocabulary - Feminine roots, Esperanto vocabulary - Common approaches to regularizing Esperanto gender, Esperanto vocabulary - Gendered pronouns, Esperanto vocabulary - Antonyms, Esperanto vocabulary - Idioms and slang, Esperanto vocabulary - Idioms, Esperanto vocabulary - Contractions, Esperanto vocabulary - Word play, Esperanto vocabulary - Cultural in words, Esperanto vocabulary - Jargon, Esperanto vocabulary - Artificial variants

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Esperanto occupies a middle ground between "naturalistic" conlangs such as Interlingua, which borrow words en masse from their source languages with little internal derivation, and a priori conlangs such as Solresol, in which the words have no historical connection to other languages. In Esperanto, root words are borrowed and retain much of the form of their source language, whether the phonetic form (eks- from ex-) or orthographic form (teamo from team). However, each root can then form dozens of de ...

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Esperanto vocabulary, Esperanto vocabulary - Origins, Esperanto vocabulary - Source languages, Esperanto vocabulary - Technical vocabulary, Esperanto vocabulary - Competing root forms, Esperanto vocabulary - Word formation, Esperanto vocabulary - Affixes, Esperanto vocabulary - Compounds, Esperanto vocabulary - Reduplication, Esperanto vocabulary - Some examples, Esperanto vocabulary - Correlatives, Esperanto vocabulary - Table of correlatives, Esperanto vocabulary - Correlative particles, Esperanto vocabulary - An extension of the original paradigm, Esperanto vocabulary - Interrogative vs relative pronouns, Esperanto vocabulary - Derivatives, Esperanto vocabulary - Gender, Esperanto vocabulary - Masculine roots, Esperanto vocabulary - Feminine roots, Esperanto vocabulary - Common approaches to regularizing Esperanto gender, Esperanto vocabulary - Gendered pronouns, Esperanto vocabulary - Antonyms, Esperanto vocabulary - Idioms and slang, Esperanto vocabulary - Idioms, Esperanto vocabulary - Contractions, Esperanto vocabulary - Word play, Esperanto vocabulary - Cultural in words, Esperanto vocabulary - Jargon, Esperanto vocabulary - Artificial variants

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The vocabulary of baby talk includes nonverbal sounds and slurred or simplified versions of ordinary words, but it also includes a vocabulary of its own. Some of these are handed down from parent to parent or invented by parents and are not known outside of a particular family, but others are more or less widespread. A fair number of baby-talk and nursery words refer to bodily functions or private parts, partially because the words are easier to pronounce, partly to reduce adult discomfort when using them, and partly to make it possible for children to discuss the ...

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Baby talk, Baby talk - Vocabulary, Baby talk - Examples, Baby talk - TV Sitcom, Baby talk - External link

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Because of its development as a means of conveying information about goods and transactions, it has no terms for abstractions. For example, it has no direct translations for the seasons such as Spring and Autumn. Instead, it uses Bibberling (lit., "shivering") and Hitzling (lit., "heat") in place of season names. Other vocabulary examples, compared to their German counterparts, include: Schokelmei = Kaffee (coffee) schenigeln = arbeiten (to work) Krauter = Chef eines Handwerkbetriebes (mast ...

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Rotwelsch, Rotwelsch - Origin and development, Rotwelsch - Vocabulary, Rotwelsch - Current status, Rotwelsch - Reference, Rotwelsch - Other cants

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The Viennese vocabulary displays particular characteristics. Viennese retains many Middle High German and sometimes even Old High German roots. Furthermore, it integrated many expressions from other languages, particularly from other parts of the former Habsburg Monarchy, as Vienna served as a melting pot for its constituent populations in the late 19th and early 20th century. The transcription of Viennese has not been standardised. Thus, the ...

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Viennese German, Viennese German - Grammar and phonology, Viennese German - Vocabulary, Viennese German - Literature and usage

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Recent American influence is even more obvious in the lexicon (babies sleep in "cribs" and wear "diapers" [or "pampers"]; some people live in "apartments" or "townhouses", for example). Generally, older vocabulary tends to be British ("nappies" mean cloth diapers; cars have "bonnets" and "windscreens"; children study "maths", use "rubbers" to erase their mistakes and wish they were on "holiday"), while newer phenomena are typically ...

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Jamaican English, Jamaican English - Grammar, Jamaican English - Vocabulary, Jamaican English - Pronunciation, Jamaican English - Language Use: Standard Versus Creole

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Maltese vocabulary is a hybrid based on a foundation of Arabic Semitic roots with a heavy borrowing of Sicilian (rather than Tuscan Italian) loanwords. In this respect it is similar to English (Germanic language heavily Romance influenced) and Persian (Indo-Iranian language heavily Arabic influenced). Usually words expressing basic concepts and ideas are of Arabic origin, whereas more 'learned' words, having to do with new ideas, objects, government, law, education, art, literature, and general learning, are derived from Sicilian. Thu ...

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Maltese language, Maltese language - Grammar, Maltese language - Vocabulary, Maltese language - Alphabet

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Most of the vocabulary is derived from Portuguese and Spanish, and most of the time the real origin is unknown due to the great similarity between the two Iberian languages and the adaptations required by Papiamento. Linguistic studies have shown that roughly two thirds of the words in Papiamento's present vocabulary are of Spanish or Portuguese origin, a quarter are of Dutch origin, and the rest come from other tongues. Examples of words that can be impossible or where the determination is very difficult: Por fabor = Ple ...

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Papiamento, Papiamento - History, Papiamento - Classification and related languages, Papiamento - Geographic distribution, Papiamento - Dialects, Papiamento - Sounds, Papiamento - Grammar, Papiamento - Vocabulary, Papiamento - Dictionaries, Papiamento - Writing system, Papiamento - Examples, Papiamento - Phrase samples

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The most reliable Thracian words are the words which have been explicitly cited and described as Thracian by the ancient authors. There are not many such cited words. Elements appearing in typical Thracian two-component geographical names (for example, Poltymbria) are another source for the reconstructed vocabulary. The Thracian vocabulary includes as well many more words whose meanings are conjectured, speculative, or disputed. Indeed, their status as actual words (as opposed to parts of words) is speculative in many cases. Most of t ...

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Thracian language, Thracian language - Sources, Thracian language - Classification, Thracian language - Connections to Albanian, Thracian language - Connections to Slavic and Baltic, Thracian language - Thracian as a Centum language, Thracian language - Geographic distribution, Thracian language - Vocabulary

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Most of the vocabulary is derived from Portuguese and Spanish, and most of the time the real origin is unknown due to the great similarity between the two Iberian languages and the adaptations required by Papiamento. Linguistic studies have shown that roughly two thirds of the words in Papiamento's present vocabulary are of Spanish or Portuguese origin, a quarter are of Dutch origin, and the rest come from other tongues. Examples of words that can be impossible or where the determination is very difficult: Por fabor = Ple ...

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Papiamento, Papiamento - History, Papiamento - Local development theory, Papiamento - African origin theory, Papiamento - Present status, Papiamento - Dialects, Papiamento - Sounds, Papiamento - Grammar, Papiamento - Vocabulary, Papiamento - Dictionaries, Papiamento - Writing system, Papiamento - Examples, Papiamento - Phrase samples

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Modern Punjabi vocabulary has been influenced by other languages, including Hindustani, Persian and English. Like other North Indian languages, it is derived from Sanskrit and is therefore Indo-European. Much like English, Punjabi has moved around the world and developed local forms by integrating local vocabulary. While most loanwords come from Hindustani, Persian and English, Punjabi emigrants around the world have integrated terms from such languages as Spanish and Dutch. A distinctive "Diaspora Punjabi" is thus emerging. As there ...

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Punjabi language, Punjabi language - Dialects and geographic distribution, Punjabi language - Western and eastern Punjabi, Punjabi language - Vocabulary, Punjabi language - Writing system, Punjabi language - Examples, Punjabi language - Notable authors

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A sizable body of Phrygian words are theoretically known; however, the meaning and etymologies and even correct forms of many Phrygian words (mostly extracted from inscriptions) are still being debated. A famous Phrygian word is bekos, meaning "bread". According to Herodotus (Histories 2.9) Pharaoh Psammetichus I wanted to establish the original language. For this purpose, he ordered two children to be reared by a shepherd, forbidding him to let them hear a single word, and charging him to report the children's first utt ...

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Phrygian language, Phrygian language - Grammar, Phrygian language - Vocabulary

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Jargon placenames are found throughout the Pacific Northwest and Mountain States. A few Jargon words: Nika or naika: I, mine or anything first-person (spellings are optional, pronunciation is the same. In Grand Ronde Chinuk-Wawa the 'k' is unaspirated, unlike in British Columbia versions of the Jargon. hyak: fast, swift. This word, in its occasional speelling hyack, is the nickname for the New Westminter regiment of the Canadian Forces, who annually set off a 21-anvil salute during the ...

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Chinook Jargon, Chinook Jargon - Origins and Evolution, Chinook Jargon - Usage, Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

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Modern Punjabi vocabulary has been influenced by other languages, including Hindustani, Persian and English. Like other North Indian languages, it is derived from Sanskrit and is therefore Indo-European. Much like English, Punjabi has moved around the world and developed local forms by integrating local vocabulary. While most loanwords come from Hindustani, Persian and English, Punjabi emigrants around the world have integrated terms from such languages as Spanish and Dutch. A distinctive "Diaspora Punjabi" is thus emerging. As there ...

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Punjabi, Punjabi - Dialects and geographic distribution, Punjabi - Western and eastern Punjabi, Punjabi - Vocabulary, Punjabi - Writing system, Punjabi - Examples, Punjabi - Notable authors

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Javanese has a rich vocabulary, with many foreign loan words as well as the native Austronesian base. Sanskrit has had a deep and lasting impact on the vocabulary of the Javanese language. The "Old Javanese – English Dictionary", written by professor P.J. Zoetmulder in 1982, contains approximately 25,500 entries, no fewer than 12,500 of which are borrowings from Sanskrit. Clearly this large number is not a indication of usage, but it is an indication that the Ancient Javanese knew and employed these Sanskrit words in their literary works. ...

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Javanese language, Javanese language - Introduction, Javanese language - Phonology, Javanese language - Morphology, Javanese language - Syntax, Javanese language - Vocabulary, Javanese language - Politeness, Javanese language - Dialects, Javanese language - The dialects, Javanese language - Pronunciation, Javanese language - Vocabulary, Javanese language - Brief history of the Javanese language, Javanese language - Old Javanese, Javanese language - Middle Javanese, Javanese language - New Javanese, Javanese language - Modern Javanese, Javanese language - Demographic distribution of Javanese speakers

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Much like Japanese, a great deal of Hanja vocabulary were directly borrowed from Chinese vocabulary. A small number of Sino-Korean words were either coined by the Koreans, or they were replaced with Hangul for non-existing Hanja words. Many academic and scientific terms were borrowed from Japanese. The Japanese translated numerous Western words (mainly English and German) into Sino-Japanese terms by coining or reusing words. Under the Japanese annexation, they were borrowed into Korean by systematically changing the pronunciations of the characters from Japanese to Korean. The table below contains words d ...

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Hanja, Hanja - History, Hanja - Character formation, Hanja - Meaning and sound, Hanja - Education, Hanja - Uses, Hanja - Hanja in print media, Hanja - Hanja in dictionaries, Hanja - Hanja in personal names, Hanja - Hanja in place names, Hanja - Pronunciation, Hanja - Vocabulary

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The vocabulary is rather rich - especially in rural areas there are many special terms retained, e.g. regarding cattle or weather. In the cities, much of the rural vocabulary has been lost. Most borrowings come from Standard German. Many of these are now so common that they have totally replace the original Swiss German words, e.g. the words Hügel 'hill' (instead of Egg, Bühl), Lippe 'lip' (instead of Lefzge). Others have replaced the original words only in parts of Switzerland, e.g. Butter 'butter ...

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Swiss German, Swiss German - Use, Swiss German - Variation and Distribution, Swiss German - History, Swiss German - Pronunciation, Swiss German - Consonants, Swiss German - Vowels, Swiss German - Suprasegmentals, Swiss German - Grammar, Swiss German - Writing, Swiss German - Vocabulary, Swiss German - Literature, Swiss German - External link

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Jargon placenames are found throughout the Pacific Northwest and Mountain States. A few Jargon words: Nika: I, mine or anything first-person hyak: fast, swift hyas: big, important; hyas tyee - king, high chief kultus: bad, worthless, inconsequential, unimportant memaloose: dead, dead body or death cayuse: a horse or pony, in some areas also a coyote; the variant cayoosh is found in British Columbia and has special meaning there a ...

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Chinook Jargon, Chinook Jargon - Origins, Chinook Jargon - Usage, Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

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Beijing dialect has a lot of words that are considered slangy, and therefore occur much less or not at all in Standard Mandarin. Non-Beijing natives often have trouble understanding what most of these mean. Many of these slangwords have the rhotic suffix -r. Examples include: 倍儿 bèir — very, especially (referring to manner or attribute) 别价 biéjie — do not; usually followed by 呀 if used as an imperative 搓火儿 cuōhuǒr — to be angry 颠儿了 diārle — to leave; to run away ...

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Beijing dialect, Beijing dialect - Distribution, Beijing dialect - Phonology, Beijing dialect - Vocabulary, Beijing dialect - Grammar

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