Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин listen ▶ (help·info)), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) (April 22 (April 10 (O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a Communist revolutionary of Russia, the leader of the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the main theorist of Leninism, which he described as ...

Including:

• Vladimir Lenin - Early life
• Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary
• Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state
• Vladimir Lenin - Premature death
• Vladimir Lenin - After death
• Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study
• Vladimir Lenin - Trivia
• Vladimir Lenin - Notes

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Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lenin - Early life, Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin - Premature death, Vladimir Lenin - After death, Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study, Vladimir Lenin - Trivia, Vladimir Lenin - Notes

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Lenin's brain was removed before his body was embalmed. The Soviet government commissioned the well-known German neuroscientist Oskar Vogt to study Lenin's brain and to locate the precise location of the brain cells that are responsible for genius[citation needed]. The study was performed in Vladimir Bekhterev's Institute of the Brain. Vogt published a paper on the brain in 1929 where he reported that some pyramidal neurons in the third layer of Lenin's cerebral cortex were very large. However the conclusion of its relevanc ...

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Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lenin - Early life, Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin - Premature death, Vladimir Lenin - After death, Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study, Vladimir Lenin - Trivia, Vladimir Lenin - Notes

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On November 8, Lenin was elected as the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars by the Russian Soviet Congress. Faced with the threat of German invasion, Lenin argued that Russia should immediately sign a peace treaty. Other Bolshevik leaders, such as Bukharin, advocated continuing the war as a means of fomenting revolution in Germany. Trotsky, who led the negotiations, advocated an intermediate position, of "No War, No Peace", calling for a peace treaty only on the conditions that no territorial gains on either side be consolidated. ...

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Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lenin - Early life, Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin - Premature death, Vladimir Lenin - After death, Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study, Vladimir Lenin - Trivia, Vladimir Lenin - Notes

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The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. The October Revolution was led by Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky and marked the first officially Communist revolution of the twentieth century, based upon the ideas of Karl Marx. The crucial revolutionary activities in Petrograd were under the command of the Petrograd Soviet headed by Leon Trotsky and the ...

Including:

• October Revolution - Events
• October Revolution - Outcomes
• October Revolution - Notes
• October Revolution - See Also

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A vanguard party is a political party at the forefront of an action or movement. Leninist movements are examples of vanguard parties, as is the Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir. Writing in What is to be Done?, the political pamphlet first published in 1902, Vladimir Lenin explored the role of the "revolutionary vanguard" party. The pamphlet explores the way in which class consciousness is generated, and Lenin points out that the proletariat does not spontaneously arrive at revolutionary conclusions; he argues, instead, that

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Ulyanovsk (Russian: Улья́новск), formerly Simbirsk (Симби́рск), is a city on the Volga River in Russia, 893 km east from Moscow. Both Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Kerensky were born there. A frontier fort of "Simbirsk" or "Sinbirsk" was originally built in 1648 on top of the hill on the Western bank of the Volga River, designed to protect the eastern edge of the growing Russian Empire from the nomadic Tatars and to establish ...

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The Chernobyl accident occurred on April 26, 1986, at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (originally named after Vladimir Lenin) in Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union). It is regarded as the worst accident in the history of nuclear power, producing (due to a lack of a full containment building) a plume of radioactive debris that drifted over parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, UK, and eastern USA. Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly contaminated, resulting in the evacuation and resettlement of roughly 200,000 people ...

Including:

• Chernobyl accident - The plant
• Chernobyl accident - The accident
• Chernobyl accident - Causes
• Chernobyl accident - Events
• Chernobyl accident - Immediate crisis management
• Chernobyl accident - Immediate results
• Chernobyl accident - Short-term effects
• Chernobyl accident - Workers and liquidators
• Chernobyl accident - Civilians
• Chernobyl accident - Longer-term effects
• Chernobyl accident - Global effect
• Chernobyl accident - Effect on the natural world
• Chernobyl accident - Evacuation
• Chernobyl accident - Comparison with other disasters
• Chernobyl accident - Long-term effects on civilians
• Chernobyl accident - Wildlife
• Chernobyl accident - Chernobyl after the accident
• Chernobyl accident - The need for future repairs
• Chernobyl accident - The Chernobyl Fund and the Shelter Implementation Plan
• Chernobyl accident - Chernobyl in the popular consciousness
• Chernobyl accident - Political outcome
• Chernobyl accident - Chernobyl and the Bible
• Chernobyl accident - Computer virus

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Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov (Russian: Владимир Михайлович Комаров; March 16, 1927 – April 24, 1967) was a Soviet cosmonaut. He was the first human to die during a space mission, on Soyuz 1. He was born in Moscow, USSR (now Russia). He was selected to become a cosmonaut in 1960 with the first cosmonaut group. After being the backup for Pavel Popovich on Vostok 4, his first spaceflight was with the Voskhod 1 mission. On his second flight, Soyuz 1, he was killed during a return, when ...

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The Cheka (ЧК - чрезвычайная комиссия) was the first of many Soviet secret police organizations, created on December 20, 1917 by Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. Cheka - The name. The agency's full name was Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией и саботажем (In English, All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage), but was commonly abbreviated to ЧК ...

Including:

• Cheka - The name
• Cheka - Formation
• Cheka - Renaming
• Cheka - Related articles
• Cheka - Sources

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Gyumri (first Kumayri or Gyumri, then Alexandropol (1840-1924), then Leninakan (1924-1990), then again Gyumri), is the capital of the Shirak province in northwest Armenia. It is located about 50 miles (90 km) from the Armenian capital Yerevan and, with a population of 150,917 (2001 census), is the second-largest city in the country. The first settlement at the location occupied by the modern city of Gyumri is believed to have been founded some time in the 5th century BC, perhaps ca. 401 BC, by ...

Including:

• Gyumri - Notes
• Gyumri - Contribution of Information

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Bolsheviks ("Большеви́к", derived from the Russian word bol'shinstvo, "majority") were members of the Marxist Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party's Bolshevik faction. Bolsheviks had an extreme socialist and internationalist outlook, and were opponents of the Russian traditional statehood and the Russian Orthodox Church. The other faction of the RSDLP was known as the Mensheviks, derived from the word men'shinstvo ("minority"). The split into two factions occurred at the Second Party Congress in 1903. After the split, the Bolshevik party was designated as RSDLP(b) (Russian: Р� ...

Including:

• Bolshevik - Origins
• Bolshevik - February Revolution
• Bolshevik - July Days
• Bolshevik - October Revolution
• Bolshevik - Notes

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The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of 649 elected delegates; 390 were Bolshevik and nearly a hundred were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who also supported the overthrow of the Kerensky Government. When the fall of the Winter Palace was announced, the Congress adopted a decree transferring power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, thus ratifying the Revolution. The transfer of power was not without disagreement. The center and Right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries as well as the Mensheviks believed tha ...

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October Revolution, October Revolution - Events, October Revolution - Outcomes, October Revolution - Notes, October Revolution - See Also

Read more here: » October Revolution: Encyclopedia II - October Revolution - Outcomes

The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of 649 elected delegates; 390 were Bolshevik and nearly a hundred were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who also supported the overthrow of the Kerensky Government. When the fall of the Winter Palace was announced, the Congress adopted a decree transferring power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, thus ratifying the Revolution. The transfer of power was not without disagreement. The center and Right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries as well as the Mensheviks believed tha ...

See also:

October Revolution, October Revolution - Outcomes, October Revolution - Notes, October Revolution - See Also

Read more here: » October Revolution: Encyclopedia II - October Revolution - Outcomes

Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Early years. Antoni Ferdynand Ossendowski was born May 27, 1876, in his family manor in Lucyna on Dvina near Vitebsk. He studied at the famous gymnasium in Kamieniec Podolski, but he moved with his father, a renown medician, to Saint Petersburg, where he graduated from a Russian-language school. Then he joined the mathematical-physical faculty of the local university, where he studied chemistry. As an assistant to professor Aleksander Zalewski, he travelled to many distant areas, in ...

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Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Biography, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Early years, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Petersburg to China, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Back to Poland, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - World War II, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - After his death

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The Paris Commune was short-lived, and no other serious attempt at implementing Marx's ideas was made during his lifetime. After Marx, Vladimir Lenin discussed the concept of the "dictatorship of the proletariat" in The State and Revolution (1917), elaborating his proposals for putting it into practice. Lenin believed that the political form of the Paris Commune was revived in the councils of workers and soldiers that appeared after the 1905 Russian Revolution that called themselves soviets. Their task, according to L ...

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Dictatorship of the proletariat, Dictatorship of the proletariat - Marx's dictatorship of the proletariat, Dictatorship of the proletariat - The dictatorship of the proletariat since Lenin, Dictatorship of the proletariat - Quotations

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The Council of People's Commissars was formed at the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets on November 8, 1917 with Vladimir Lenin as chairman. The 1918 Soviet Constitution made the Sovnarkom of the RSFSR responsible to the Congress of Soviets for the "general administration of the affairs of the state." The constitution enabled the Sovnarkom to issue decrees carrying the full force of law when the congress was not in session. The congress then routinely approved these decrees at its next session. (In fact, the Sovnarkom had already exercised governmental authority of the RSFSR since November 1917 after the Sec ...

See also:

Sovnarkom, Sovnarkom - Origin and permutations of the name, Sovnarkom - History, Sovnarkom - Renaming

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Click on each image for more details. An asterisk indicates that more information is available. Socialist realism - Lenin. "Lenin" by Alexei Nesterenko "Lenin" by Stepan Karpov "Lenin in his Working Room" by Nikolai Pavlyuk "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" by Vasili Ivanov "Lenin I" by Vasili Ivanov "Lenin II" by Vasili Ivanov "Lenin in Red Dawn" by Boris Vladimirski "Lenin and Gorki" by Ivan Vladimirov "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" by Isaac Brodskiy "Lenin and Stalin in the Summer of 1917"* by Ivan Vladimirov ...

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Socialist realism, Socialist realism - Socialist realism in the Soviet Union, Socialist realism - Socialist realism in other states, Socialist realism - Roots of socialist realism, Socialist realism - Characteristics of socialist realism, Socialist realism - Notable works and artists of socialist realism, Socialist realism - Consequences of socialist realism, Socialist realism - References and further reading, Socialist realism - Gallery, Socialist realism - Lenin, Socialist realism - Stalin, Socialist realism - Ordinary life, Socialist realism - Scenes of Revolution and War, Socialist realism - Technology, Socialist realism - Propaganda, Socialist realism - Architecture, Socialist realism - Sculpture

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At the time of the split in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party into the Mensheviks under Julius Martov and the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin in 1903, Kollontai did not side with either faction. However, she came to dislike aspects of Bolshevism and opted to join the Mensheviks. In 1914, Kollontai joined the Bolsheviks and returned to Russia, after a period of exile for her earlier political activities. After the Bolshevik revolution in October 1917, she became People's Commissar for Social Welfare. She was the most prominent ...

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Alexandra Kollontai, Alexandra Kollontai - Revolutionary career, Alexandra Kollontai - Films

Read more here: » Alexandra Kollontai: Encyclopedia II - Alexandra Kollontai - Revolutionary career

The term is purported to have been coined by Vladimir Lenin to describe those western reporters and travellers who would endorse the Soviet Union and its policies in the West. However, no reference to a communist sympathizer or political leftist as a "useful idiot" was made in the United States until 1948, and not until decades later would the attempts to attribute the phrase to Lenin be made (after 1948, when the phrase was used in a New York Times article in relation to Italian politics, it was not mentioned again in print until 196 ...

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Useful idiot, Useful idiot - History and usage, Useful idiot - Related quotes, Useful idiot - Other uses

Read more here: » Useful idiot: Encyclopedia II - Useful idiot - History and usage