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Alp Arslan: Encyclopedia - Alp Arslan
Muhammed ben Da'ud (1029–December 15, 1072) was the second sultan of the dynasty of Seljuk Turks, in Persia, and great-grandson of Selj...
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Bayezid Ii: Encyclopedia - Bayezid Ii
Bayezid II (1447/48 – May 26, 1512) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512.
Bayezid was born in Demotika in Thrace. The...
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An-nasir: Encyclopedia - An-nasir
An-Nasir (Arabic: الناصر) (d. 1225) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1180 to 1225. His pious title means Defender of the Fait...
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Tabari: Encyclopedia - Tabari
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari (Arabic الطبري, AD 838-AD 923), Iranian Sunni historian and theologian, was born in Amol, Ta...
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Bahá'u'lláh: Encyclopedia - Bahá'u'lláh
The Báb · Abdu'l-Bahá
Kitáb-i-Aqdas · Kitáb-i-Íqán
The Hidden Words
Administrative Order
The Guardian
Universal House of Justice
...
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The Book Of One Thousand And One Nights: Encyclopedia - The Book Of One Thousand And One Nights
The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabic: كتاب ألف ليلة و ليلة Kitāb 'Alf Layla wa-Layla, Persian: هزار و ی...
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Chess: Encyclopedia - Chess
Chess is a board game and mental-skill game for two players. It is played on a square board of eight rows (called ranks) and eight column...
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Xerxes I Of Persia: Encyclopedia - Xerxes I Of Persia
Xerxes I (خشایارشاه), was a Persian king (reigned 485 - 465 BC) of the Achaemenid dynasty. "Xerxes" is the Greek transliteration...
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Al-muti: Encyclopedia - Al-muti
Al-Muti (or Obedient to the Lord) (Arabic: الموتي) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 946 to 974. He had long aspired to the of...
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Abbadid: Encyclopedia - Abbadid
The Abbadids comprised a Muslim dynasty which arose in Al-Andalus (present-day Spain) on the downfall of the Caliphate of Cordoba (756–...
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Imhotep: Encyclopedia - Imhotep
Imhotep (sometimes spelt Immutef, Ȧmhotep, or Ii-em-Hotep, Egyptian ii-m-ḥtp) was a vizier, wizard, and the first architect and physic...
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Avicenna: Encyclopedia - Avicenna
Avicenna (Ibn Sina also known as al-Shaykh al-Rais (meaning the Leader among the wise men), in Persian and Arabic: شيخ الرئيس، ...
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Akhenaten: Encyclopedia - Akhenaten
Akhenaten, known as Amenhotep IV at the start of his reign, was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. He is thought to have been ...
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Thra: Encyclopedia - Thra
According to the website habidabad.com, Thra is the name of the planet created by Jim Henson for his film, The Dark Crystal. It is a plan...
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Abul-fazel: Encyclopedia - Abul-fazel
Abul-Fazel, the vizier of the great Mughal emperor Akbar, and who wrote an account of his reign and of the Mogul empire. He also lead the...
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List Of Unsolved Problems In Egyptology: Encyclopedia - List Of Unsolved Problems In Egyptology
The following are unsolved problems in Egyptology and modern knowledge of ancient Egypt. This includes a list of ancient Egypt mysteries....
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Joseph Hebrew Bible: Encyclopedia Ii - Joseph Hebrew Bible - Joseph In Rabbinical Literature
Joseph occupies a very important place in Rabbinical literature, and no patriarch was the subject of so many Midrashic traditional narrat...
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Fulk Of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia Ii - Fulk Of Jerusalem - Crusader And King
By 1127 Fulk was preparing to return to Anjou when he received an embassy from King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. Baldwin II had no male heirs...
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First Serbian Uprising: Encyclopedia Ii - First Serbian Uprising - The Uprising Begins
Serb leaders then began to conspire about starting an uprising against the dahias. When dahias found out about this, they captured and ki...
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Croatia In The Habsburg Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Croatia In The Habsburg Empire - 19th Century Up To Wwi
The governments of Austria and Hungary each tried to colonize Croatia over a period of several centuries: they imposed their languages on...
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List Of Assassinated People: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Assassinated People - Assassinations In Africa
List of assassinated people - Algeria.
Hiempsal, (117 BC), co-ruler of Numidia, by Jugurtha
François Darlan, (1942), French Admiral, ...
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List Of Khazar Rulers: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Khazar Rulers - Khazar Khagans Ashina Dynasty
The Khagans were the supreme chiefs of the people, holding a position of much influence and spiritual authority, but not much actual day-...
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History Of The Jews In Hungary: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Hungary - Hapsburg Rule
History of the Jews in Hungary - Further persecution and expulsions 1686-1740.
The imperial troops recaptured Buda on September 2, 1686...
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Hasdai Ibn Shaprut: Encyclopedia Ii - Hasdai Ibn Shaprut - Jewish Activity
Hasdai was very active in behalf of his co-religionists and Jewish science. When he heard that in Eastern Europe there was a Jewish state...
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Harun Al-rashid: Encyclopedia Ii - Harun Al-rashid - Timeline
766: Harun is born, the son of caliph al-Mahdi and the Yemeni slave girl al-Khayzuran.
780: Harun is the nominal leader of military exped...
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History Of Early Arab Egypt: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Early Arab Egypt - The Fatimid Period
Jauhar immediately began the building of a new city, Cairo, to furnish quarters for the army which he had brought. A palace for the Calip...
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Husein Gradaščević: Encyclopedia Ii - Husein Gradaščević - Biography
Husein Gradaščević - Background and youth.
The most widely accepted theory about the origin of the Gradaščević family is that the...
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Battle Of Ascalon: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Ascalon - The Battle
The Fatimids were led by vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah, who commanded perhaps as many as 50 000 troops (other estimates range from 20-30 000...
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History Of Ottoman Albania: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ottoman Albania - Albanians Under Ottoman Rule
The Ottoman sultan considered himself God's agent on earth, the leader of a religious--not a national--state whose purpose was to defend ...
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Chess: Encyclopedia Ii - Chess - History
Chess - Origins of chess.
Main article: Origins of chess
Many countries claim to have invented the chess game in some incipient form....
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Mahmud Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Mahmud Ii - Reforms
the main points of the more momentous measures may be advantageously surveyed together; and among the first in value as well as date next...
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Xerxes I Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - Xerxes I Of Persia - Political Career
Xerxes I The Great, son of Darius I The Great and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great, was appointed successor to his father in prefe...
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Aladdin And His Wonderful Lamp: Encyclopedia Ii - Aladdin And His Wonderful Lamp - Plot
This short features Olive as a screenwriter for Surprise Pictures ("if it's a good picture, it's a Surprise"), working on a treatment of ...
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Golden Age Of Jewish Culture In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - Golden Age Of Jewish Culture In Spain - End Of The Golden Age
With the death of Al-Hakam II Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman in 976, the Caliphate began to dissolve, and the position of the Jews became more precari...
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Third Crusade: Encyclopedia Ii - Third Crusade - Background
After the failure of the Second Crusade, Nur ad-Din had control of Damascus and a unified Syria.
Third Crusade - Muslim unification.
Ea...
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Ramesses I: Encyclopedia Ii - Ramesses I - Origins
Originally called Paramessu, he was of non-royal birth, born into a noble family from the Nile delta region, perhaps near the former Hyks...
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Saladin: Encyclopedia Ii - Saladin - Fighting The Crusaders
On two occasions, in 1171 and 1173, Saladin retreated from an invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. These had been launched by Nur ad-Din...
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Imhotep: Encyclopedia Ii - Imhotep - Modern Cultural Impact
Imhotep is also the name of a fictional character played by Boris Karloff in the 1932 movie The Mummy, and of a similar character played ...
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Amenmesse: Encyclopedia Ii - Amenmesse - Usurper
It is likely he was not the true heir to the throne. Most scholars such as Kenneth Kitchen and Von Beckerath believe that he succeeded Me...
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Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Ottoman Empire - History
The history of Ottoman Empire scans more than 7 centuries. There are different classifications of this history, such as based on only mil...
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Old Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Old Kingdom - The Beginning: Third Dynasty
The first famous pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Djoser (2630–2611 BC) of the Third Dynasty, who ordered the construction of the first ...
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List Of Unsolved Problems In Egyptology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Unsolved Problems In Egyptology - Introduction
There are many open problems concerning Ancient Egypt, including some with no satisfactory solution. Experts may suggest solutions to man...
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Arabization And Islamicization In Post-conquest Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabization And Islamicization In Post-conquest Iran - Persian Influence On The Islamic Culture
Persians had a great influence on their conquerors. The caliphs adopted many Sassanid administrative practices, such as coinage, the offi...
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Pepi Ii Neferkare: Encyclopedia Ii - Pepi Ii Neferkare - The Decline Of The Old Kingdom
The decline of the Old Kingdom arguably began before the time of Pepi II, with nomarchs (regional representatives of the king) becoming m...
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The Book Of One Thousand And One Nights: Encyclopedia Ii - The Book Of One Thousand And One Nights - Editions
The first European version (and first printed edition) was a translation into French (1704 - 1717) by Antoine Galland from an earlier com...
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Kitab Al-i'tibar: Encyclopedia Ii - Kitab Al-i'tibar - Material Culture
Usāmah's autobiography can tell us about aspects of the material culture of the 12th century. When Usāmah moves to Egypt in 1144 the ca...
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Mantri: Encyclopedia Ii - Mantri - Malay World
Mantri - Malaysia.
in various constitutive sultanates, also in compounds
Mantri - Brunei.
Mentri (or Mantri): ministerial rank bel...
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Siege Of Damascus: Encyclopedia Ii - Siege Of Damascus - Siege
The crusaders decided to attack Damascus from the west, where orchards would provide them with a constant food supply. They arrived at Da...
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Bahá'u'lláh: Encyclopedia Ii - Bahá'u'lláh - Baghdad
Bahá'u'lláh - Banishment from Iran.
In 1853, with limited supplies and food, and through the cold of winter, Bahá'u'lláh and his fa...
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Avicenna: Encyclopedia Ii - Avicenna - Early Life
His life is known to us from authoritative sources. An autobiography covers his first thirty years, and the rest are documented by his di...
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Mehmed Talat Pasha: Encyclopedia Ii - Mehmed Talat Pasha - The Three Pashas
After the assassination of the Prime Minister Mahmut Sevket Pasa in July 1913, Talat Pasha once again became Minister of Interior Affairs...
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Prince Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - Prince Of Persia - Ports
Originally released for the Apple II in 1989, Prince of Persia was ported to several other platforms. One year later it was ported to oth...
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Persian Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Literature - Classical Persian Literature
Persian literature - Pre-Islamic Iranian Literature.
We have few literary remains from the ancient Persians. Most of these consist of t...
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Chess: Encyclopedia Ii - Chess - Gameplay
Chess - Rules of chess.
See Rules of chess for some important details not covered here.
When a game of chess begins, one player control...
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Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Ottoman Empire - History
The history of Ottoman Empire spans more than 7 centuries. There are different classifications of this history, such as based on only mil...
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Akhenaten: Encyclopedia Ii - Akhenaten - Atenist Revolution
Main article: Atenism
A religious revolutionary, Amenhotep IV introduced Atenism in the first year of his reign, raising the previously o...
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Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Ottoman Empire - History
The history of Ottoman Empire spans more than 7 centuries. Older classifications of this history were based on military gains and losses....
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Tabari: Encyclopedia Ii - Tabari - Translations Into English
Various editions of the Annals include:
A version published under the editorship of M.J. de Goeje in three series, comprising thirteen v...
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First Crusade: Encyclopedia Ii - First Crusade - Chronological Sequence Of The Crusade
First Crusade - The Council of Clermont.
Main article: Council of Clermont
In March of 1095 Alexius I sent envoys to the Council of Pia...
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List Of Iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Iranians - Artists
List of Iranians - Authors and poets.
See main article: Persian literature
See main list: List of Persian poets and authors
List of ...
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The Book Of One Thousand And One Nights: Encyclopedia Ii - The Book Of One Thousand And One Nights - Editions
The first European version (and first printed edition) was a translation into French (1704 - 1717) by Antoine Galland from an earlier com...
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Thra: Encyclopedia Ii - Thra - History
It has been theorized that the planet Thra may be triangular in shape since the number three is so important to the cultures which inhabi...
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Yu-gi-oh! Anime And Manga Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - Yu-gi-oh! Anime And Manga Characters - Manga And First Series Anime Characters
This section uses the names from the English manga.
Yu-Gi-Oh! anime and manga characters - Arcade game player.
1st series name: Dragon
...
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Alp Arslan: Encyclopedia Ii - Alp Arslan - Byzantine Struggle
In 1068 Alp Arslan invaded the Byzantine Empire. The emperor Romanus IV Diogenes, assuming the command in person, met the invaders in Cil...
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Persian Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Literature - Contemporary Persian Literature
Literature of the late 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.
Persian literature - Poetry.
Notable poets include:
Nima Yushij
Ahmad Shamlou
M...
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Arabization And Islamicization In Post-conquest Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabization And Islamicization In Post-conquest Iran - Social Relations
Despite the message of equality embedded in the new religion of Islam, the Arab conquerors, according to many historians, formed "a rulin...
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Bahá'u'lláh: Encyclopedia Ii - Bahá'u'lláh - Bahá'u'lláh's Works
Bahá'u'lláh wrote many books, tablets and prayers. Below are some that have been translated to English:
The Hidden Words
The Four Vall...
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Saladin: Encyclopedia Ii - Saladin - Rise To Power
Saladin was born into a Kurdish family in Tikrit and was sent to Damascus to finish his education. His father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, was gov...
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Persian Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Literature - Dictionaries
Dehkhoda names 200 Persian lexicographical works in his monumental Dehkhoda Dictionary, the earliest being from the late Sassanid era, na...
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Persian Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Literature - The Influence Of Persian Literature On Other World Literatures
Persian literature - Sufi poetry.
Some of Persia's best-beloved medieval poets were Sufis, and their poetry was, and is, widely read by...
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Yu-gi-oh! Anime And Manga Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - Yu-gi-oh! Anime And Manga Characters - Manga First And Second Series Anime Characters
This section uses the names from the English manga.
Yu-Gi-Oh! anime and manga characters - Gozaburo Kaiba.
Appears in: Yu-Gi-Oh! manga,...
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Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Ottoman Empire - Culture
Ottoman culture covers expressive activities and the symbolic structures that happened under the umbrella of the Ottoman Empire. That is ...
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Prince Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - Prince Of Persia - Legacy
The Prince of Persia series has the following official titles:
Game Boy Color, NES, SNES, Sam Coupé, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum
In 1993, a...
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Siege Of Damascus: Encyclopedia Ii - Siege Of Damascus - Aftermath
All sides felt betrayed by the others. A new plan was made to attack Ascalon but this was abandoned due to the lack of trust that had res...
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Saladin: Encyclopedia Ii - Saladin - Recognition
Despite his fierce opposition to the Christian powers, Saladin achieved a great reputation in Europe as a chivalrous knight, so much so t...
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Arabization And Islamicization In Post-conquest Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabization And Islamicization In Post-conquest Iran - Iranian Culture After Islam
After the Islamic conquest of Iran, during the Ummayad dynasty, the Arabs, imposed Arabic as the first language throughout the Muslim emp...
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Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Ottoman Empire - Law
The Ottoman empire was legally based around the philosophy of local jurisprudence. Local legal systems that did not conflict with the sta...
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History Of Ottoman Albania: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ottoman Albania - The Ottoman Conquest Of Albania
The Ottoman Turks expanded their empire from Anatolia to the Balkans in the 14th century. They crossed the Bosporus in 1352, and in 1389 ...
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List Of Iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Iranians - Leaders And Politicians
The list here excludes the royalty. An extensive list of Persian royalty appears further down in this page.
See also List of Prime Minist...
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Chess: Encyclopedia Ii - Chess - Gameplay
Chess - Rules of chess.
Main article: Rules of chess
When a game of chess begins, one player controls the sixteen white pieces while ...
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List Of Iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Iranians - Scientists Scholars And Academics
See comprehensive List of Iranian scientists and engineers of the pre-modern age.
See comprehensive List of Iranian scientists and engine...
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List Of Iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Iranians - Other
List of Iranians - Famous Armenians of Iran.
Klara Abkar, painter
Armaees Aghamaliyan
Anik
Anoosh
Arman
Loris Tjeknavorian
Vigen Derd...
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Chess: Encyclopedia Ii - Chess - Computer Chess
Serious work on machines that play chess has been going on since 1890, and chess-playing computer programs featured prominently in the ar...
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History Of Ottoman Albania: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ottoman Albania - Local Albanian Leaders In The Early Nineteenth Century
The weakening of Ottoman central authority and the timar system brought anarchy to the Albanian-populated lands. In the late 18th century...
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Husein Gradaščević: Encyclopedia Ii - Husein Gradaščević - Legacy
Husein Gradaščević was a living legend in his own time. Upon his death, he also became something of a martyr for Bosnian pride. There ...
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Kitab Al-i'tibar: Encyclopedia Ii - Kitab Al-i'tibar - Attitudes Towards The West
The autobiography gives us details of Muslim attitudes towards the Christian crusaders who went to the Middle East. His views of the Fran...
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Kitab Al-i'tibar: Encyclopedia Ii - Kitab Al-i'tibar - Medical Practices
Usāmah gives us details of medical practices by mentioning medical cures he has witnessed. For example someone who had lost his speech b...
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Kitab Al-i'tibar: Encyclopedia Ii - Kitab Al-i'tibar - Hunting
Usāmah devotes a section of his book to his hunting experiences. He describes the hunting practice of Zengi:
The falconers would proceed...
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Kitab Al-i'tibar: Encyclopedia Ii - Kitab Al-i'tibar - Political Structure Of Islamic Society
The autobiography can tell us about the internal political structure of Islamic society in the 12th century. After getting into trouble w...
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Third Crusade: Encyclopedia Ii - Third Crusade - Aftermath
Richard was captured by Duke Leopold, whose pride had been wounded when Richard tore his standard from the walls of Acre. It took a ranso...
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Chess: Encyclopedia Ii - Chess - Introduction
Chess is not a game of chance; it is based solely on tactics and strategy. Nevertheless, the game is so complex that not even the best pl...
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Fulk Of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia Ii - Fulk Of Jerusalem - Family
In 1110, Fulk married Ermengarde of Maine (died 1126), the daughter of Elias I of Maine. Their four children were:
Geoffrey of Anjou
Sib...
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Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Ottoman Empire - State
There are some Ottoman State characters which did not change throughout the centuries.
The Ottoman state revolutionized the system with t...
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Croatia In The Habsburg Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Croatia In The Habsburg Empire - 17th And 18th Century
After the battle of Sisak in 1593, when the Ottoman army was successfully repelled for the first time on the territory of Croatia, the lo...
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Croatia In The Habsburg Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Croatia In The Habsburg Empire - The Ottoman Incursion
The change of leadership was far from a solution to the war with the Turks, in fact, the Ottoman Empire gradually expanded in the 16th ce...
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Battle Of Ascalon: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Ascalon - Aftermath
The crusaders spent the night in the abandoned camp, preparing for another attack, but in the morning they learned that the Fatimids were...
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Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Ottoman Empire - Military
The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fief-holding. In the Ottoman army, light cavalry long formed the core and the...
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Kitab Al-i'tibar: Encyclopedia Ii - Kitab Al-i'tibar - Warfare
Usāmah gives us a record of how warfare was conducted. One of the main themes of the book is that the outcome of warfare is pre-determin...
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Mehmed Talat Pasha: Encyclopedia Ii - Mehmed Talat Pasha - The End Of The War
Over the next year Jerusalem was lost, Baghdad was lost and in October of 1918, the British had shattered both Ottoman armies they faced....
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First Serbian Uprising: Encyclopedia Ii - First Serbian Uprising - Background
After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Turkish-Austrian war of 1791, Serbs living under Turkey began to realise that an uprising a...
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Fulk Of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia Ii - Fulk Of Jerusalem - Death
In 1143, while the king and queen were on holiday in Acre, Fulk was killed in a hunting accident. His horse stumbled, fell, and Fulk's sk...
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