vizier

Muhammed ben Da'ud (1029–December 15, 1072) was the second sultan of the dynasty of Seljuk Turks, in Persia, and great-grandson of Seljuk, the founder of the dynasty. He assumed the name of Muhammed when he embraced Islam, and on account of his military prowess and personal valor and fighting skills he obtained the surname Alp Arslan, which signifies "a valiant lion." He succeeded his father Da'ud as ruler of Khorasan in 1059, and his uncle Toğrül as sultan of Iran and Baghdad in 1063, and thus became sole monarch of ...

Including:

• Alp Arslan - Byzantine struggle
• Alp Arslan - State organization
• Alp Arslan - Death
• Alp Arslan - Reference

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Bayezid II (1447/48 – May 26, 1512) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. Bayezid was born in Demotika in Thrace. The son of Mehmed II the Conqueror, Bayezid ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481. Like his father, Bayezid was a patron of western and eastern culture and unlike many other Sultans, worked hard to ensure a smooth running of domestic politics, which earned him the epithet of "the Just". Throughout his reign, Bayezid engaged in numerous campaigns to conquer the Venetian-held despotate of Morea, accu ...

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An-Nasir (Arabic: الناصر) (d. 1225) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1180 to 1225. His pious title means Defender of the Faith. He attempted to restore the Caliphate to its ancient dominant role. He not only held the Capital in strength, but extended his dominion into Mesopotamia and Persia. In the early years of his caliphate, his goal was to crush the Seljuk power and replace it with his own. He incited rebellion against the Seljuk Sultan. The Khwarizm Shah, Tekish, at his instigation, attacked the Seljuk f ...

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Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari (Arabic الطبري, AD 838-AD 923), Iranian Sunni historian and theologian, was born in Amol, Tabaristan (south of the Caspian Sea). He studied in Ray (Rages), Baghdad, and in Syria and Egypt. "Tabari" means from Tabaristan. He died in Baghdad in 923. Cast upon his own resources after his father's death, he was reduced to great poverty until he was appointed tutor to the son of the vizier Tibaidallāh ibn Yaliya. He afterwards journeyed to Egypt, but soon returned to Baghdad, where he re ...

Including:

• Tabari - Translations into English

Read more here: » Tabari: Encyclopedia - Tabari

The Báb · Abdu'l-Bahá Kitáb-i-Aqdas · Kitáb-i-Íqán The Hidden Words Administrative Order The Guardian Universal House of Justice Continental Counsellors Spiritual Assembly Haifa · Akká Shiraz · Baghdad Bahá'í History · Timeline Bábís · Shaykh Ahmad Táhirih · Quddús · Badí' Shoghi Effendi Rúhíyyih Khanum Unity of humanity Unity of religion Gender equality Universal education Science and religion Auxilliary language Symbols · Humor · Laws Ca ...

Including:

• Bahá'u'lláh - Early life
• Bahá'u'lláh - Background
• Bahá'u'lláh - Marriage and family
• Bahá'u'lláh - Bábí movement
• Bahá'u'lláh - Acceptance of the Báb
• Bahá'u'lláh - Attempt on the life of the Shah
• Bahá'u'lláh - Revelation in the Síyáh-Chál
• Bahá'u'lláh - Baghdad
• Bahá'u'lláh - Banishment from Iran
• Bahá'u'lláh - Kurdistan
• Bahá'u'lláh - Return to Baghdad
• Bahá'u'lláh - Declaration in the Garden of Ridvan
• Bahá'u'lláh - Imprisonment
• Bahá'u'lláh - Constantinople Istanbul
• Bahá'u'lláh - Adrianople Edirne
• Bahá'u'lláh - Akka Akko Acre
• Bahá'u'lláh - Final Years
• Bahá'u'lláh - Bahji
• Bahá'u'lláh - Succession
• Bahá'u'lláh - Bahá'u'lláh's Works
• Bahá'u'lláh - Photograph

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The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabic: كتاب ألف ليلة و ليلة Kitāb 'Alf Layla wa-Layla, Persian: هزار و یک شب Hazâr-o Yak Šab) is a piece of medieval Middle-Eastern literature in the style of a frame tale. The nucleus of these stories is formed by an old Persian book called Hazâr Afsâna ('Thousand Myths', Persian: هزارافسانه). The later compiler and translator into Arabic is reputedly storyteller Abu abd-Allah Muhammed el-Gahshigar in the 9th century. The fra ...

Including:

• The Book of One Thousand and One Nights - Editions
• The Book of One Thousand and One Nights - Adaptations
• The Book of One Thousand and One Nights - Film and television
• The Book of One Thousand and One Nights - Upcoming movies

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Chess is a board game and mental-skill game for two players. It is played on a square board of eight rows (called ranks) and eight columns (called files), giving 64 squares of alternating colour, light and dark, with each player having a light square at the near right corner when facing the board. Each player begins the game with 16 pieces which can move in defined directions (and in some instances, limited range) and can remove other pieces from the board: each player's pieces comprise eight pawns, two knights, two bish ...

Including:

• Chess - Introduction
• Chess - History
• Chess - Gameplay
• Chess - Rules of chess
• Chess - Strategy and tactics
• Chess - Ways to play chess
• Chess - Modern chess
• Chess - Notation
• Chess - Chess and education
• Chess - Computer chess
• Chess - Chess variants
• Chess - Famous chess games
• Chess - History of chess
• Chess - World chess champions
• Chess - Chess literature
• Chess - Chess in the arts and literature

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Xerxes I (خشایارشاه), was a Persian king (reigned 485 - 465 BC) of the Achaemenid dynasty. "Xerxes" is the Greek transliteration of the Persian throne name Khshayarsha or Khsha-yar-shan, meaning "ruler of heroes". In the Hebrew Bible, the Persian king אחשורש Aḥashverosh (Ahasuerus in Greek) probably corresponds to Xerxes I. Xerxes I of Persia - Political career. Xerxes I The Great, son of Darius I The Great and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great, was appointed successor t ...

Including:

• Xerxes I of Persia - Political career
• Xerxes I of Persia - Missing later years
• Xerxes I of Persia - In the Bible
• Xerxes I of Persia - External link

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Al-Muti (or Obedient to the Lord) (Arabic: الموتي) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 946 to 974. He had long aspired to the office. Between him and the previous Caliph, al-Mustakfi, bitter enmity existed, which led him to retire into hiding. When the Buwayhids entered Baghdad, al-Muti came forth from his retirement and established himself at the new court. But even he, after he became caliph, was no longer allowed a voice in nominating the vizier. The office was shorn of every token of respect and digni ...

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The Abbadids comprised a Muslim dynasty which arose in Al-Andalus (present-day Spain) on the downfall of the Caliphate of Cordoba (756–1031). Abbadid rule lasted from about 1023 until 1091, but during the short period of its existence it exhibited singular energy and typified its time. The name of the dynasty should not be confused with that of the Abbasids of Baghdad. Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad (1023-1042), the cadi of Seville, founded the house in 1023. He functioned as the chief of an Arab family settled in the ...

Including:

• Abbadid - Abbadid Rulers of Seville

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Imhotep (sometimes spelt Immutef, Ȧmhotep, or Ii-em-Hotep, Egyptian ii-m-ḥtp) was a vizier, wizard, and the first architect and physician known by name to written history. As the Pharaoh Djosèr's Vizier, he designed the Pyramid of Djzosèr (Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC, during the 3rd Dynasty. He may also have been responsible for the first known use of columns in architecture. His ...

Including:

• Imhotep - Fringe theories
• Imhotep - Modern cultural impact

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Avicenna (Ibn Sina also known as al-Shaykh al-Rais (meaning the Leader among the wise men), in Persian and Arabic: شيخ الرئيس، ابوعلی حسين بن عبدالله بن سينا), (full name is Abu Ali Husain ebn-e Abdollah Ebn-e Sina-e Balkhi or Pur-Sina or Ebn-e Sina (980 - 1037)) was a Muslim Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on a wide range of subjects. Many of these concentrated on philosophy and medicine. He is c ...

Including:

• Avicenna - Early life
• Avicenna - Late life
• Avicenna - Works
• Avicenna - Related topics
• Avicenna - Source

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Akhenaten, known as Amenhotep IV at the start of his reign, was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. He is thought to have been born to Amenhotep III and his Chief Queen Tiy in the year 26 of their reign (1379 BC or 1362 BC). Amenhotep IV succeeded his father after Amenhotep III's death at the end of his 38-year reign, possibly after a co-regency between the two of up to 12 years. Suggested dates for Akhenaten's reign (subject to the debates surrounding Egyptian chronology) are from 1353 BC-1336 BC or 1351 BC-1334 BC. Akhenaten's chief wife was Nefertiti, who has been made famous by her exquisitely pa ...

Including:

• Akhenaten - Atenist revolution
• Akhenaten - Depictions of the Pharaoh and his family
• Akhenaten - Problems of the reign
• Akhenaten - Plague and pandemic
• Akhenaten - Family
• Akhenaten - Burial
• Akhenaten - Succession
• Akhenaten - Akhenaten in the arts

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According to the website habidabad.com, Thra is the name of the planet created by Jim Henson for his film, The Dark Crystal. It is a planet with three suns, so it does not contain the dualities of day and night, nor the summer and winter of planet Earth. The most important element on the planet is a huge crystal, which was erected by the planet's ruling UrSkeks and which once bathed the planet Thra in a healthy light. It is housed in the magnificent Castle of ...

Including:

• Thra - History
• Thra - Geography

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Abul-Fazel, the vizier of the great Mughal emperor Akbar, and who wrote an account of his reign and of the Mogul empire. He also lead the imperial army in its wars in the Deccan. He was assassinated in a plot contrived by the prince Salim in 1602. Other related archives1602, Akbar, Deccan, Mughal, Salim, vizier

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The following are unsolved problems in Egyptology and modern knowledge of ancient Egypt. This includes a list of ancient Egypt mysteries. List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Introduction. There are many open problems concerning Ancient Egypt, including some with no satisfactory solution. Experts may suggest solutions to many of these questions; others may never be solved. Egyptian archaeology is in a state of constant transition, with much of the terminology and chronology in disp ...

Including:

• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Introduction
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Origins
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - The Pharaohs
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Temples and pyramids
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Burial and tombs
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Biblical
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Technology
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Language and the arts
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Miscellaneous
• List of unsolved problems in Egyptology - Further reading and other publications

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Joseph occupies a very important place in Rabbinical literature, and no patriarch was the subject of so many Midrashic traditional narratives. As Rachel was visited by the Lord on Rosh ha-Shanah (Talmud, Tractate Rosh Hashana. 10b), Joseph was born in due course on the 1st of Tammuz, 2199 (Book of Jubilees, xxviii. 32). Joseph is represented as a perfectly righteous man (tzadik gamur) and as the counterpart of his father; not only did Joseph resemble his father in appearance and in having been born circumcised, but the m ...

See also:

Joseph Hebrew Bible, Joseph Hebrew Bible - The Genesis story of Joseph, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Joseph in rabbinical literature, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Sent to brothers, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Joseph in captivity, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Joseph's temptation, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Joseph in prison, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Joseph as ruler, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Joseph and his brethren, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Why he died before his brothers, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Critical view, Joseph Hebrew Bible - In Arabic literature, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Joseph and Zulaikha, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Differences of tradition, Joseph Hebrew Bible - House of Joseph, Joseph Hebrew Bible - Other versions

Read more here: » Joseph Hebrew Bible: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Hebrew Bible - Joseph in rabbinical literature

By 1127 Fulk was preparing to return to Anjou when he received an embassy from King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. Baldwin II had no male heirs but had already designated his daughter Melisende to succeed him. Baldwin II wanted to safeguard his daughter's inheritance by marrying her to a powerful lord. Fulk was a wealthy crusader and experienced military commander, and a widower. His experience in the field would prove in ...

See also:

Fulk of Jerusalem, Fulk of Jerusalem - Count of Anjou, Fulk of Jerusalem - Crusader and King, Fulk of Jerusalem - Securing the borders, Fulk of Jerusalem - Death, Fulk of Jerusalem - Family, Fulk of Jerusalem - Sources, Fulk of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

Read more here: » Fulk of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Fulk of Jerusalem - Crusader and King

Serb leaders then began to conspire about starting an uprising against the dahias. When dahias found out about this, they captured and killed many of the Serbian leaders on February 4th, 1804. This event, known today as Seča knezova (beheading of knezes) incited the uprising. In retrospect, it is seen as a huge mistake by the Janissary: it angered the people and the leaders now had nothing to lose. On February 14th, 1804, in the small Šumadija village of Orašac, the Serbs gathered and decided to raise an uprising. Đorđe Petr ...

See also:

First Serbian Uprising, First Serbian Uprising - Background, First Serbian Uprising - The Uprising Begins, First Serbian Uprising - The Outcome, First Serbian Uprising - Battles, First Serbian Uprising - People, First Serbian Uprising - External link

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The governments of Austria and Hungary each tried to colonize Croatia over a period of several centuries: they imposed their languages on the Croatian people and settled many Austrian and Hungarian colonists in Croatia. Croatian romantic nationalism emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent Germanization and Magyarization. The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the Illyrian Movement. The movement was misnamed (some wrongly thought that they primarily descended from the ancient Illyrians rather than the Slav settlers), ...

See also:

Croatia in the Habsburg Empire, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - The Ottoman incursion, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 17th and 18th century, Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 19th century up to WWI

Read more here: » Croatia in the Habsburg Empire: Encyclopedia II - Croatia in the Habsburg Empire - 19th century up to WWI