visual system - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Neuropsychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Neuropsychology - History
The modern science of cognitive neuropsychology emerged during the 1960s. However there have been a series of influential studies during ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Visual Perception: Encyclopedia - Visual Perception
Visual perception is one of the senses, consisting of the ability to detect light and interpret (see) it as the perception known as sight...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain Implant: Encyclopedia - Brain Implant
The term brain implants, also known as neural implants, usually refers to devices of a technological nature that are connected directly t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Visual Field: Encyclopedia - Visual Field
The term visual field is sometimes used as a synonym to field of view, though they do not designate the same thing. The visual field is t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vision Therapy: Encyclopedia - Vision Therapy
Vision therapy, also known as visual therapy or visual training, is a broadly-defined set of treatment programs related to the improvemen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Method: Encyclopedia - Scientific Method
The scientific method or scientific process is fundamental to scientific investigation and to the acquisition of new knowledge based upon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia - Brain
In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for "in the head"), acts as the control center of the central nervous system. In most animals...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Beauty: Encyclopedia - Beauty
Beauty is the phenomenon of the experience of pleasure, through the perception of balance and proportion of stimulus. It involves the cog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vision: Encyclopedia - Vision
Vision may mean: Visual perception via the visual system, one of the senses. Vision (religion), inspirational renderings believed to com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Neuropsychology: Encyclopedia - Cognitive Neuropsychology
Cognitive neuropsychology is a branch of neuropsychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relates to s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Regions In The Human Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Regions In The Human Brain - Brain Neural Tube
List of regions in the human brain - Rhombencephalon hindbrain. medulla oblongata medullary pyramids pons fourth ventricle cere...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vision Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Vision Therapy - Scientific Support For Vision Therapy
In 1988, a review of 238 scienfitic articals was published in the Journal of the American Optometric Association defining vision therapy ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opponent Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Opponent Process - History
The opponent color theory was first proposed by Ewald Hering in 1872 (Hering, 1964). He thought that the colors red, yellow, green, and b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photoreceptor: Encyclopedia Ii - Photoreceptor - Phototransduction
Phototransduction is the wonderfully complex process whereby the energy of a photon is used to change the inherent membrane potential of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Comparative Anatomy
Three groups of animals, with some exceptions, have notably complex brains: the arthropods (insects and crustaceans), the cephalopods (oc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rod Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Rod Cell - Response To Light
Activation of a photoreceptor cell is actually a hyperpolarization; when they are not being stimulated, rods and cones depolarize and rel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Receptive Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Receptive Field - Somatosensory System
In the somatosensory system, receptive fields are regions of the skin or of internal organs. Some types of mechanoreceptors have large re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photoreceptor: Encyclopedia Ii - Photoreceptor - Phototransduction
Phototransduction is the complex process whereby the energy of a photon is used to change the inherent membrane potential of the photorec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opponent Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Opponent Process - History
The opponent colour theory was first proposed by Ewald Hering in 1872 (Hering, 1964). He thought that the colours red, yellow, green, and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sensory System: Encyclopedia Ii - Sensory System - Modality
There are many stimulus modalities: temperature, taste, sound, and pressure. The type of sensory receptor activated by a stimulus plays t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sensory System: Encyclopedia Ii - Sensory System - Modality
There are many stimulus modalities: temperature, taste, sound, and pressure. The type of sensory receptor activated by a stimulus plays t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vision Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Vision Therapy - Scientific Support For Vision Therapy
In 1988, a review of 238 scientific articles was published in the Journal of the American Optometric Association defining vision therapy ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torsten Wiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Torsten Wiesel - Research
The Hubel and Wiesel experiments greatly expanded the scientific knowledge of sensory processing. In one experiment, done in 1959, they i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mona Lisa: Encyclopedia Ii - Mona Lisa - History
Leonardo began the Mona Lisa in 1503 and completed it three or four years later. The painting was brought from Italy to France by Leonard...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Encyclopedia Ii - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - Structure
The LGN is a distinctively layered structure ("geniculate" means "bent like a knee"). In most primates, including humans, it has six laye...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Biologists: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Biologists - B
List of biologists - Ba-Bi. Churchill Babington (1831-1881), British archaeologist and conchologist John Bachman (1790-1874), American...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reduplicative Paramnesia: Encyclopedia Ii - Reduplicative Paramnesia - Medical Explanations
Early psychodynamic explanations suggested that reduplicative paramnesia was not directly connected to brain injury, but arises from a mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amblyopia: Encyclopedia Ii - Amblyopia - Types
Amblyopia can be caused by deprivation of vision early in life, or by strabismus (misaligned eyes), vision obstructing disorders and anis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - David H. Hubel: Encyclopedia Ii - David H. Hubel - Research
The Hubel and Wiesel experiments greatly expanded the scientific knowledge of sensory processing. In one experiment, done in 1959, they i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - High Dynamic Range Imaging: Encyclopedia Ii - High Dynamic Range Imaging - Difference Between High Dynamic Range And Traditional Digital Images
Information stored in high dynamic range (HDR) images usually correspond to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be obse...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greeble: Encyclopedia Ii - Greeble - Greebles In Movies
The first recorded use of the term was by those working on the special effects for Star Wars - the group who would later become Industria...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sensory System: Encyclopedia Ii - Sensory System - Functions
Receptive fields have been identified for the visual system, auditory system and somatosensory system, so far. Sensory system - Coding. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mona Lisa: Encyclopedia Ii - Mona Lisa - History
Leonardo began the Mona Lisa in 1503 and completed it three or four years later. The painting was brought from Italy to France by Leonard...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Visual Perception: Encyclopedia Ii - Visual Perception - Theoretical Perspectives In The Study Of Visual Perception
Visual perception - Unconscious inference. Hermann von Helmholtz is often credited with the founding of the scientific study of visual ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - The Importance Of The Brain
Brain - The brain in animals. Three groups of animals, with some exceptions, have notably complex brains: the arthropods (insects and c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain Implant: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain Implant - Research
Brain implants electrically stimulate single neurons or groups of neurons (biological neural networks) in the brain. This can only be don...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Beauty: Encyclopedia Ii - Beauty - Theories Of Beauty
The earliest theory of beauty can be found in the works of early Greek philosophers from the pre-Socratic period, such as Pythagoras. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Encyclopedia Ii - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - Structure
The LGN is a distinctively layered structure ("geniculate" means "bent like a knee"). In most primates, including humans, it has six laye...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Method: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Method - Elements Of Scientific Method
The essential elements of a scientific method are iterations, recursions, interleavings and orderings of the following: Characterization...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Brain As Food
Like most other internal organs, the brain can serve as nourishment. For example, in the Southern United States canned pork brain in grav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Method: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Method - History
The development of the scientific method is inseparable from the history of science itself. Although documents from even before 1000 BC e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Method: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Method - Evaluations And Iterations
Scientific method - Testing and improvements. The scientific process is iterative. At any stage it is possible that some consideration ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Visual Perception: Encyclopedia Ii - Visual Perception - Individual And Group Differences In Visual Perception
Most of the general processes of visual perception have been shown to be universal, as opposed to being dependant on culture, although th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Method: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Method - Scope And Goals
Scientific method can be applied to anything within the range of our experiences. As long as something has an effect on our lives, we can...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Mind And Brain
A distinction is sometimes made in the philosophy of mind between the mind and brain. The brain is defined as the physical, biological ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amblyopia: Encyclopedia Ii - Amblyopia - Treatment And Prognosis
Treatment consists of forcing use of the amblyopic eye either by patching or instilling topical atropine in the eye with better vision [3...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reduplicative Paramnesia: Encyclopedia Ii - Reduplicative Paramnesia - Clinical Phenomena
Reduplicative paramnesia has been reported in the context of a number of neurological disorders, including stroke, intracerebral hemorrha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain Implant: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain Implant - Brain Implants In Fiction And Philosophy
In Hilary Putnam's argument of the brain in a vat, he argues that brains, being directly fed with an input from a computer (instead of re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain Implant: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain Implant - Historical Research On Brain Implants
(see also: History of brain imaging) In 1870, Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch demonstrated that electrical strimulation of certain areas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vision Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Vision Therapy - Skepticism
Most critics of vision therapy distinguish between eye exercises appropriately performed for conditions and symptoms directly attributabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greeble: Encyclopedia Ii - Greeble - Greebles In Visual Processing And Face Recognition
Examples of the second sense of greebles are Gauthier and Tarr's 1997 and Gauthier et al.'s 1999 studies of how humans come to be experts...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Beauty: Encyclopedia Ii - Beauty - Effects Of Beauty In Human Society
A survey conducted by London Guildhall University of 11,000 people showed that (subjectively) good-looking people earn more. Less attract...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mona Lisa: Encyclopedia Ii - Mona Lisa - Aesthetics
The portrait presents the subject from just above the bust, with a distant landscape visible as a backdrop. Leonardo used a pyramid desig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mona Lisa: Encyclopedia Ii - Mona Lisa - Identity Of The Model
There has been much speculation about the identity of the sitter. Vasari identified the subject to be the wife of the socially prominent ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Method: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Method - Scientific Method And The Practice Of Science
The primary constraints on science are: Publication, i.e. Peer review Resources (mostly, funding) It has not always been like this: in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photoreceptor: Encyclopedia Ii - Photoreceptor - Humans
In humans, the visual system uses millions of such photoreceptors to view, perceive, and analyze the visual world. Moreover, the photorec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Method: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Method - Philosophical Issues
The study of a scientific method is distinct from the practice of science and is more a part of the philosophy, history and sociology of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Beauty: Encyclopedia Ii - Beauty - Beauty And Aesthetics
Understanding the nature and meaning of beauty is one of the key themes in the philosophical discipline known as aesthetics. The composer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Encyclopedia Ii - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - Lgn Output
Information leaving the LGN travels out on the optic radiations, which form part of the retrolenticular limb of the internal capsule. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Method: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Method - Scientific Communities
Frequently the scientific method is not employed by a single person, but by several people cooperating directly or indirectly. Such coope...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Encyclopedia Ii - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - M P K Cells
Magnocellular cells have large cell bodies, use a relatively short time to process information, and are part of a visual processing syste...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reduplicative Paramnesia: Encyclopedia Ii - Reduplicative Paramnesia - History
The term reduplicative paramnesia was first used in 1903 by the Czechoslovakian neurologist Arnold Pick to describe a condition in a pati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Encyclopedia Ii - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - Ipsilateral And Contralateral Layers
Additionally, the layers are divided up so that the eye on the same side (the ipsilateral eye) sends information to layers 2, 3 and 5 whi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - The Study Of The Brain
Brain - Fields of study. Several areas of science specifically study the brain. Neuroscience seeks to understand the nervous system, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Neurobiology
Despite the variance of the species in which the brain is found there are many common features in its cellular make-up, its structure, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Brain As Food
Like most other internal organs, the brain can serve as nourishment. For example, in the Southern United States canned pork brain in grav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mona Lisa: Encyclopedia Ii - Mona Lisa - Title
The title Mona Lisa stems from the Giorgio Vasari biography of Leonardo da Vinci, published 31 years after Leonardo's death. In it, he id...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mona Lisa: Encyclopedia Ii - Mona Lisa - Identity Of The Model
There has been much speculation about the identity of the sitter. Vasari identified the subject to be the wife of the socially prominent ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Encyclopedia Ii - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - M And P Cells
Magnocellular cells have large cell bodies, use a relatively short time to process information, and are part of a visual processing syste...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Encyclopedia Ii - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - Ipsilateral And Contralateral Layers
Additionally, the layers are divided up so that the eye on the same side (the ipsilateral eye) sends information to layers 2, 3 and 5 whi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - History
Ancient Greeks had differing views on the function of the brain. Hippocrates believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence. Aristotle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Encyclopedia Ii - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - Lgn Output
Information leaving the LGN travels out on the optic radiations, which form part of the retrolenticular limb of the internal capsule. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Biologists: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Biologists - S
List of biologists - Sa-So. Joseph Sabine (1770-1837), English naturalist Julius von Sachs (1832-1897), German botanist Étienne Geoff...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Regions In The Human Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Regions In The Human Brain - Cerebrospinal Systems
List of regions in the human brain - Neuronal systems. central nervous system peripheral nervous system somatic nervous system autono...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Regions In The Human Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Regions In The Human Brain - Organization
Anatomical regions are listed vertically beneath Brain according to typical hierarchies. Functional, connective and developmental regions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - Mind And Brain
A distinction is sometimes made in the philosophy of mind between the mind and brain. The brain is defined as the physical, biological [[...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mona Lisa: Encyclopedia Ii - Mona Lisa - Aesthetics
The portrait presents the subject from just above the bust, with a distant landscape visible as a backdrop. Leonardo used a pyramid desig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photoreceptor: Encyclopedia Ii - Photoreceptor - Humans
In humans, the visual system uses millions of such photoreceptors to view, percieve, and analyze the visual world. Moreover, the photorec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vision Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Vision Therapy - Skepticism
Most critics of vision therapy distinguish between eye exercises appropriately performed for conditions and symptoms directly attributabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Biologists: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Biologists - M
List of biologists - Ma-Mi. John Macadam (1827-1865), Scottish-born Australian botanist William MacGillivray (1796-1852), Scottish nat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Neuropsychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Neuropsychology - Methods
The 'lesion method' (using brain injury or lesions to infer cognitive function) was probably best described unwittingly by singer-songwri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photoreceptor: Encyclopedia Ii - Photoreceptor - Function
Commonly misunderstood is the function of the photoreceptors. A very important point to remember is that photoreceptor do not signal colo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - The Brain As A Food
Like most other internal organs, the brain can serve as nourishment. For example, in the Southern United States canned pork brain in grav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain - The Biology Of The Brain
Despite the variance of the species in which the brain is found there are many common features in its cellular make-up, its structure and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Method: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Method - History
The development of the scientific method is inseparable from the history of science itself. Although documents from even before 1000 BC e...   » Read the article