Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and oleum – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. A widely believed myth is that the oil itself is flammable; however, it is actually the gas that evaporates from the oil that is flammable. Petroleum exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. Another name is naphtha, from Persian naft or nafátá (to flow). It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, l ...

Including:

• Petroleum - Origin
• Petroleum - Biogenic theory
• Petroleum - Abiogenic theory
• Petroleum - Composition
• Petroleum - Extraction
• Petroleum - Alternate means of producing oil
• Petroleum - History
• Petroleum - Environmental effects
• Petroleum - Future of oil
• Petroleum - Classification
• Petroleum - Pricing
• Petroleum - Top petroleum-producing countries
• Petroleum - Books about the petroleum industry
• Petroleum - Films about petroleum
• Petroleum - Writers covering the petroleum industry

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Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). Medical terms related to blood often begin in hemo- or hemato- (BE: haemo- and haemato-) from the Greek word "haima" for "blood". The main function of blood is to supply nutrients (oxygen, glucose) and constitutional elements to tissues and to remove waste products (such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid). Blood also enables cells (leukocytes, abnormal tumor cells) and different su ...

Including:

• Blood - Anatomy of blood
• Blood - Physiology of blood
• Blood - Production and degradation
• Blood - Transport of oxygen
• Blood - Transport of carbon dioxide
• Blood - Transport of hydrogen ions
• Blood - Color
• Blood - Health and disease
• Blood - Ancient medicine
• Blood - Diagnosis
• Blood - Pathology
• Blood - Treatment
• Blood - Mythology and religion
• Blood - Indo-European paganism
• Blood - Judaism
• Blood - Christianity
• Blood - Jehovah's Witnesses
• Blood - Vampire legends
• Blood - Chinese and Japanese culture

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Consistency has three technical meanings: In mathematics and logic, as well as in theoretical physics, it refers to the proposition that a formal theory or a physical theory contains no contradictions. See consistency proof. In statistics, consistency refers to a property of estimators. In decision theory, a voting system is called "consistent" if and only if it guarantees that whenever option A is the winner both in district 1 and district 2 then option A must a

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Lava is molten rock that a volcano expels during an eruption. Lava, when first exuded from a volcanic vent, is a liquid at very high temperature: typically from 700°C to 1200°C (1300°F to 2200°F). Although the viscosity of lava is 100,000 times that of water, the viscous rock can flow many miles before eventually cooling and solidifying. While still below the earth's surface, the molten rock is termed magma. Solidified lava is known as igneous rock, although the term "lava flow" refers to the hardened formation. An "active ...

Including:

• Lava - Lava compositions
• Lava - ‘A‘a
• Lava - Pāhoehoe
• Lava - Pillow lava
• Lava - Lava formations
• Lava - Lava cascades and fountains
• Lava - Lava lakes
• Lava - Composition of volcanic rocks
• Lava - Towns destroyed by lava
• Lava - Towns partially destroyed by lava flows

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Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, isostatic rebound or isostatic adjustment) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last ice age, through a process known as isostatic depression. It affects northern Europe, especially Scotland and Scandinavia, Siberia, Canada, and the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States. Post-glacial rebound - Overview. By the end of the last ice age about 11,000 years ago, much of nor ...

Including:

• Post-glacial rebound - Overview
• Post-glacial rebound - Effects

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Sulfur (or sulphur; see spelling below) is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, tasteless, odorless, multivalent non-metal. Sulfur, in its native form, is a yellow crystaline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element or as sulfide and sulfate minerals. It is an essential element for life and is found in two amino acids. Its commercial uses are primarily in fertilizers but it is also widely used in gunpowder, matches, insecticides and fungici ...

Including:

• Sulfur - Notable characteristics
• Sulfur - Applications
• Sulfur - Biological role
• Sulfur - Environmental Impact
• Sulfur - History
• Sulfur - Occurrence
• Sulfur - Compounds
• Sulfur - Isotopes
• Sulfur - Precautions
• Sulfur - Spelling

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Vla is a typical Dutch dairy product, made of fresh milk. It has the viscosity of yoghurt, but is much sweeter and is available in several flavors. These include: Plain (vanilla) Chocolate Raspberry Caramel Hopjes (Coffee / Caramel) Stracciatella (chocolate shavings) Cream Banana Strawberry Milk Cream (in several flavours) Almond cookies Traditional vla is made of cooked milk with custard, or with a combination of eggs, maizena, vanilla and sugar. Vla found in Dutch supermarkets is usually also made ...

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Chewing gum is a type of confectionery which is designed to be chewed, not swallowed. Traditionally, it was made of chicle, a natural latex product, although for reasons of economy many modern chewing gums use petroleum-based plastic instead of chicle. Chicle is nonetheless still the base of choice for some "upscale" gum brands, as well as some regional markets, such as in Japan. Chewing gum - History of gum. Chewing gum, in various forms, has existed since at least Ancient Greece. The Greeks chewed mastic ...

Including:

• Chewing gum - History of gum
• Chewing gum - Types of gum
• Chewing gum - Composition and manufacture
• Chewing gum - Gum and society
• Chewing gum - Gum and military
• Chewing gum - Footnotes

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A chainsaw (also spelled chain saw) is a portable mechanical, motorized saw. It is most commonly used in forestry activities such as logging and tree thinning; by tree surgeons to fell trees and remove branches and foliage; and to harvest firewood. Chainsaws with specially designed blades have been developed as tools for use in chainsaw art. Chainsaw - Construction. Chainsaws consist of a small two-stroke gasoline (petrol) internal combustion engine (although smaller versions sometimes use electric m ...

Including:

• Chainsaw - Construction
• Chainsaw - Maintenance
• Chainsaw - Safety
• Chainsaw - Accessories
• Chainsaw - History
• Chainsaw - In culture

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Carrageenan (/IPA: kærˌəgiːˈnən/) is a family of linear sulphated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. It is named after Irish moss (Chondrus crispus, also known as Carrageen moss), which is called carraigín in Irish. It was originally isolated from this alga in 1844. These chemicals are large, highly flexible molecules which curl around each other forming double-helical structures. This gives them the ability to form a variety of different gels at room temperature. They are widely used in the food ...

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Vitreous humour is the clear aqueous solution that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the vertebrate eyeball. The solution is 99% water, but has a gelatinous viscosity two to four times that of water. The remaining solutes include salts, sugars, phagocytes, and a network of collagen fibres. The phagocytic cells are present to remove unwanted debris in the visual field. The primary purpose of the vitreous humour is to provide a cushioned support for the rest of the eye, as well as a clea ...

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Painting is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas or a wall. This is done by a painter; this term is used especially if this is his or her profession. Evidence indicates that humans have been painting for about 6 times as long as they have been using written language. Drawing, by comparison, is the process of making marks on a surface by applying pressure from or moving a tool on the surface. Painting - History ...

Including:

• Painting - History of painting
• Painting - Painting techniques
• Painting - Painting supports
• Painting - Painting media
• Painting - Popular painting styles
• Painting - Common painting idioms
• Painting - Philosophy of painting

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A subset of the phases of matter, fluids include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids. Fluids share the properties of not resisting deformation and the ability to flow (also described as their ability to take on the shape of their containers). These properties are typically a function of their inability to support a shear stress in static equilibrium. While in a solid, stress is a function of strain, in a fluid stress is a function of rate of strain. A consequence of this behaviour is Pascal's law which entails the important role of ...

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Emergence is the process of complex pattern formation from simpler rules. This can be a dynamic process (occurring over time), such as the evolution of the human brain over thousands of successive generations; or emergence can happen over disparate size scales, such as the interactions between a great number of neurons producing a human brain capable of thought (even though the constituent neurons are not individually capable of thought). The original term wa ...

Including:

• Emergence - Emergent properties
• Emergence - Emergence in games
• Emergence - Emergent structures in nature
• Emergence - Emergence in culture and engineering
• Emergence - Emergence in physics
• Emergence - Bibliography

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A gas is one of the four main phases of matter (after solid and liquid, and followed by plasma), that subsequently appear as a solid material is subjected to increasingly higher temperatures. Thus, as energy in the form of heat is added, a solid (e.g. ice) will first melt to become a liquid (e.g. water), which will then boil or evaporate to become a gas (e.g. water vapor). In some circumstances, a solid (e.g. "dry ice") can directly turn into a gas: this is called sublimation. If the gas is further heated, its atoms or molecules can become (wholly or partiall ...

Including:

• Gas - Etymology

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The Coandă effect (IPA: ['kwandə]) is the tendency of a stream of fluid to stay attached to a convex surface, rather than follow a straight line in its original direction. The principle was named after Romanian inventor Henri Coandă, who was the first to understand the practical importance of the phenomenon for aircraft development. He made the discovery during experiments with his Coandă-1910 aircraft, which is the ...

Including:

• Coandă effect - Demonstration
• Coandă effect - Lift from an airfoil

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A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to measure the viscosity and flow parameters of a fluid. The classical method of measuring due to Stokes, consisted of measuring the time for a fluid to flow through a capillary tube. Refined by Cannon, Ubbelohde and others, the glass tube viscometer is still the master method for the standard determination of the viscosity of water. The vis ...

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See also timeline of luminiferous aether. Isaac Newton had assumed that light was made up of numerous small particles, in order to explain features such as its ability to travel in straight lines and reflect off surfaces. This theory was known to have its problems; although it explained reflection well, its explanation of refraction and diffraction was less pleasing. In order to explain refraction, in fact, Newton's Opticks (1704) postulated an "Aethereal Medium" transmitting vibrations faster than light, by which ...

See also:

Luminiferous aether, Luminiferous aether - The history of light and aether, Luminiferous aether - Aether and classical mechanics, Luminiferous aether - Experiments, Luminiferous aether - End of aether?, Luminiferous aether - Continuing adherents, Luminiferous aether - Aether conceptions

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Over the decades since the 1950s, a rich technical jargon has grown around the engineering of vehicles designed to enter planetary atmospheres. Definition of the jargon is prerequisite to meaningful discussion about atmospheric reentry. Atmospheric entry is the transition from the vacuum of space to the atmosphere of any planet or other celestial body. The term is not used for landing on bodies which have no atmosphere such as the Moon. Atmospheric reentry refers to the return to an atmosphere previously left for ...

See also:

Atmospheric reentry, Atmospheric reentry - Terminology definitions and jargon, Atmospheric reentry - Blunt body entry vehicles, Atmospheric reentry - Entry vehicle shapes, Atmospheric reentry - Sphere or spherical section, Atmospheric reentry - Sphere-cone, Atmospheric reentry - Biconic, Atmospheric reentry - Non-axisymmetric shapes, Atmospheric reentry - Shock layer gas physics, Atmospheric reentry - Perfect gas model, Atmospheric reentry - Real equilibrium gas model, Atmospheric reentry - Real non-equilibrium gas model, Atmospheric reentry - Frozen gas model, Atmospheric reentry - Thermal Protection Systems, Atmospheric reentry - Ablative, Atmospheric reentry - Thermal soak, Atmospheric reentry - Passively cooled, Atmospheric reentry - Actively cooled, Atmospheric reentry - Feathered reentry, Atmospheric reentry - Entry vehicle design considerations, Atmospheric reentry - History's most difficult atmospheric entry, Atmospheric reentry - Notable atmospheric entry mishaps, Atmospheric reentry - Uncontrolled reentry, Atmospheric reentry - Reference books, Atmospheric reentry - Commentary about the reference books

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The compound eye of the fruit fly contains 800 unit eyes or ommatidia, and are one of the most advanced among insects. Each ommatidium contains 8 photoreceptor cells (R1-8), support cells, pigment cells, and a cornea. Wild-type flies have reddish pigment cells, which serve to absorb excess blue light so the fly isn't blinded by ambient light. Each photoreceptor cell consists of two main sections, the cell body and the rhabdomere. The cell body contains the nucleus while the rhabdomere is made up of toothbrush-like stacks of membrane c ...

See also:

Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila melanogaster - Physical appearance, Drosophila melanogaster - Life cycle, Drosophila melanogaster - Model organism in genetics, Drosophila melanogaster - The Drosophila genome, Drosophila melanogaster - Similarity to humans, Drosophila melanogaster - Genetic nomenclature, Drosophila melanogaster - Development and embryogenesis, Drosophila melanogaster - Behavioral genetics and neuroscience, Drosophila melanogaster - Vision in Drosophila, Drosophila melanogaster - Drosophila flight

Read more here: » Drosophila melanogaster: Encyclopedia II - Drosophila melanogaster - Vision in Drosophila

Common sources of vegetable oil include: Oilseeds: cashew castor bean - castor oil flax seed - linseed oil grape seed - grape seed oil hemp (cannabis) mustard poppy seeds - poppyseed oil rapeseed canola (cultivar of rapeseed) safflower sesame seed sunflower Other vegetable oils: almond apricot avocado corn (maize) - corn oil cotton plant seed - cotton ...

See also:

Vegetable oil, Vegetable oil - Sources, Vegetable oil - Extraction, Vegetable oil - Industrial uses

Read more here: » Vegetable oil: Encyclopedia II - Vegetable oil - Sources