The earliest history of Visby is uncertain, but it is known to have been a centre of merchandice around 900 AD. In the 12th century the Visby Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Mary, was constructed. It was reshaped in the 13th century to its current appearance. Several other churches were also constructed in the ensuing centures. The city flourished thanks to the German Hanseatic League. The ringwall was likely begun in the 13th century. Around 1280 it was rebuilt to reach its current height, and getting the characteristic towers, although some towers were not constructed until the 15th century. The ...

See also:

Visby, Visby - History, Visby - Sights, Visby - Gallery, Visby - Miscellaneous, Visby - Notable natives

Read more here: » Visby: Encyclopedia II - Visby - History

The parts of Sweden, being rather large and hard to travel through, each have a distinguished culture. Historically this was noted through the Swedish provinces that once (around 1,000 years ago) constituted separate countries. For brevity, one can make a crude distinction into six areas. From north to south: Northern part: Norrland, number 1 and 2. This part was historically unexplored for centuries. For large parts wilderness dominates. The Scandinavian mountain range occupies its western part. Th ...

See also:

Culture of Sweden, Culture of Sweden - Regions, Culture of Sweden - The people, Culture of Sweden - Film, Culture of Sweden - Music, Culture of Sweden - Literature, Culture of Sweden - Architecture, Culture of Sweden - Arts

Read more here: » Culture of Sweden: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Sweden - Regions

University colleges are not generally permitted to award degrees higher than Master's. These university colleges generally have no authority to award PhD degrees. However, some are exceptions, such as Blekinge Institute of Technology which is allowed to issue PhD degrees within technical sciences. Further, Jönköping is allowed to issue PhD degrees in the social sciences Blekinge Institute of Technology (Karlskrona, Ronneby, and Karlshamn) Södertörn University College (Stockholm) University College of ...

See also:

List of universities in Sweden, List of universities in Sweden - General academic institutions, List of universities in Sweden - Universities universitet, List of universities in Sweden - University colleges högskolor, List of universities in Sweden - Professional academic institutions, List of universities in Sweden - Architecture and engineering schools, List of universities in Sweden - Business schools, List of universities in Sweden - Education, List of universities in Sweden - Medical schools, List of universities in Sweden - Veterinary medicine and agricultural sciences, List of universities in Sweden - Art colleges

Read more here: » List of universities in Sweden: Encyclopedia II - List of universities in Sweden - General academic institutions

Christopher Polhammar, known after his ennoblement as Christopher Polhem ▶ (help·info), the name which he is more commonly referred to (December 18, 1661 - August 30, 1751) was a Swedish scientist, inventor and industrialist, born in Visby on the island of Gotland. Made significant contributions to the economical and industrial development of Sweden, perticularly mining. Christopher Polhem - Other fields. Polhem was not only ...

Including:

• Christopher Polhem - Other fields

Read more here: » Christopher Polhem: Encyclopedia - Christopher Polhem

A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China and the Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose vast regions. Walls are usually made of stone or clay and are generally as tall as a man's own height, although oftentimes much taller. Depending ...

Including:

• Defensive wall - History
• Defensive wall - Composition
• Defensive wall - Decline
• Defensive wall - Modern Era
• Defensive wall - Africa
• Defensive wall - Austria
• Defensive wall - Azerbaijan
• Defensive wall - Canada
• Defensive wall - China
• Defensive wall - Croatia
• Defensive wall - France
• Defensive wall - Germany
• Defensive wall - Greece
• Defensive wall - Hungary
• Defensive wall - Israel
• Defensive wall - Ireland
• Defensive wall - Middle East
• Defensive wall - Morocco and Western Sahara
• Defensive wall - the Netherlands
• Defensive wall - Philippines
• Defensive wall - Poland
• Defensive wall - Spain
• Defensive wall - Sweden
• Defensive wall - Turkey
• Defensive wall - United Kingdom
• Defensive wall - United States

Read more here: » Defensive wall: Encyclopedia - Defensive wall

Dark forests, red cottages, ABBA, Volvo and Ikea? The Culture of Sweden is arguably what has made Sweden known in the world. In the outskirts of Europe the country developed its style isolated from the main cultures in the world. When Sweden's culture began spreading in the world, it was through the traditions of the century old flavours, which had been fostered and nourished and now sprung into a crescendo. The distinguished and honoured 20th century artists in Sweden have all been marked by th ...

Including:

• Culture of Sweden - Regions
• Culture of Sweden - The people
• Culture of Sweden - Film
• Culture of Sweden - Music
• Culture of Sweden - Literature
• Culture of Sweden - Architecture
• Culture of Sweden - Arts

Read more here: » Culture of Sweden: Encyclopedia - Culture of Sweden

Northern Europe, Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway. Strategic location along Öresund and the Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas. Climate: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north Terrain: Mountains and hills in west. Plains and agriculture land in the south. The mountains fjeld are in the north togeter with plains and lakes and a lot of snow in the winter. More than 50% ...

See also:

Geography of Sweden, Geography of Sweden - Location, Geography of Sweden - Lands of Sweden, Geography of Sweden - Historical lands of Sweden, Geography of Sweden - Counties, Geography of Sweden - Cities, Geography of Sweden - Municipalities, Geography of Sweden - Area, Geography of Sweden - Land boundaries, Geography of Sweden - Maritime claims, Geography of Sweden - Elevation extremes, Geography of Sweden - Railways, Geography of Sweden - Natural resources, Geography of Sweden - Land use, Geography of Sweden - Natural hazards, Geography of Sweden - Environment

Read more here: » Geography of Sweden: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Sweden - Location

The main aim of the County Administrative Board is to fulfil the goals set in national politics by the Parliament and the Government, to coordinate the interests and promote the development of the county, to establish regional goals and safeguard the due process of law in the handling of each case. The County Administrative Board is nominally a Government agency headed by a Governor. See List of Gotland Governors. Gotland is the only Swedish county that does not have a county council, as well a ...

See also:

Gotland County, Gotland County - Province, Gotland County - Administration, Gotland County - Politics, Gotland County - Heraldry

Read more here: » Gotland County: Encyclopedia II - Gotland County - Administration

The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre (Akko). When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them the district of Burze ...

See also:

Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Quotes, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

Read more here: » Teutonic Knights: Encyclopedia II - Teutonic Knights - History

Sigtuna was founded on what was then the shore of lake Mälaren about 1,000 years ago. It took its name from an ancient royal estate (see Uppsala öd) several kilometers to the west (see Fornsigtuna). Various sources claim King Eric the Victorious as founder while others claim King Olof Skötkonung. It operated as a royal and commercial centre for some 250 years, and was one of the most important cities of Sweden. The old church built in the 13th century by the Dominican order at the monastery still remains, and has had few restoratio ...

See also:

Sigtuna, Sigtuna - Geography, Sigtuna - History, Sigtuna - Industry, Sigtuna - Notes

Read more here: » Sigtuna: Encyclopedia II - Sigtuna - History

Unlike many of the larger navies the Swedish was changed into a coastal defence force after the Second World War and is not meant to project force on other countries. It lacks many of the ships vital to battle far from land, such as aircraft carriers, cruisers, nuclear submarines and destroyers. The largest combat ships are corvettes. This limits the endurance of the navy, but smaller short-range ships was deemed better suited for missions along the coast, ...

See also:

Swedish Navy, Swedish Navy - History, Swedish Navy - Organization, Swedish Navy - Naval units, Swedish Navy - Amphibious units, Swedish Navy - Bases, Swedish Navy - Equipment, Swedish Navy - Strategy

Read more here: » Swedish Navy: Encyclopedia II - Swedish Navy - Equipment

Main article County Councils of Sweden When Gotland was made into a single municipality in the 1970s, the county council was abolished and its responsibilities transferred to the municipality, making it a unitary authority. During a trial period some of the authority normally held by the Gotland County Administrative Board, an agency of the national government, has also been devolved to the Gotland Municipality, as well as to two mainland councils. The municipality of Gotland is there for in this respect also a region. It has responsibility for the ...

See also:

Gotland Municipality, Gotland Municipality - Towns, Gotland Municipality - Politics, Gotland Municipality - Region

Read more here: » Gotland Municipality: Encyclopedia II - Gotland Municipality - Region

History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR. On June 16-17, 1940, the Soviet troops occupied the whole territory of Estonia and demanded a change to a new pro-Soviet puppet government. Similarly to the developments in neighboring Latvia and Lithuania, the occupation and change of government was then in the three countries followed by "parliamentary elections" where all but pro-Communist candidates were outlawed. The "parliament" so elected proclaimed Estonia a Socialist Republic on July 21, 1940 and unanimously ...

See also:

History of Estonia, History of Estonia - Pre-history, History of Estonia - The Conquest, History of Estonia - The Middle Ages, History of Estonia - Swedish Period, History of Estonia - Part of Imperial Russia, History of Estonia - Independence, History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation, History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR, History of Estonia - German Occupation, History of Estonia - After World War II, History of Estonia - Regaining Independence, History of Estonia - Time line, History of Estonia - Prehistory, History of Estonia - Livonian Period, History of Estonia - Swedish period, History of Estonia - Russian Period, History of Estonia - Independent Estonia

Read more here: » History of Estonia: Encyclopedia II - History of Estonia - Period of Soviet and German Occupation

The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre. When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them the district of Burzenland i ...

See also:

Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Quotes, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

Read more here: » Teutonic Knights: Encyclopedia II - Teutonic Knights - History

When Queen Margaret and Albrecht of Mecklenburg were battling for Scandinavian supremacy and Margaret's forces had besieged Stockholm, privateers named Victual Brothers acceded sea-war-activities and the shipping of goods to keep the city supplied with food. The name Victual Brothers is derivated from the Latin word "victualia" — meaning provisions — and refers to their first mission, which was to bring supplies to the besieged town of Stockholm. Victual Brothers were organised as a brotherhood or guild and attracted people ...

See also:

Victual Brothers, Victual Brothers - Guild of the Victual Brothers, Victual Brothers - Likedeelers the successors of the Victual Brothers

Read more here: » Victual Brothers: Encyclopedia II - Victual Brothers - Guild of the Victual Brothers

Even while William was negotiating in Livonia, the conflicts were brewing that would occupy him two decades later. In the Crusades to conquer and christianize Prussia at swordpoint, William of Modena found himself required to mediate between the rival claims and conflicting programs of Christian, the evangelizing first Bishop of Prussia, who, if he had been more successful, would have been sainted, as an "Apostle to the Prussians," and the Knights of the Teutonic Order, to whom Christian and Duke Conrad of Masovia had pledged territorial pro ...

See also:

William of Modena, William of Modena - In Livonia, William of Modena - The bishoprics of Prussia question, William of Modena - An Embassy to Frederick II

Read more here: » William of Modena: Encyclopedia II - William of Modena - The bishoprics of Prussia question

The location of Oskarshamn was known as Döderhultsvik since the Medieval age. In 1645, the city of Kalmar, to the south, made a request to the Royal Government on holding commerce in the bay there, which was granted, giving it merchancy rights as a köping. There followed 200 years of merchancies in the town, during which it was governed and dependant on Kalmar; while the surrounding towns and municipalites made frequent requests to grant it a charter, consequently turned down each of the attempts made in the years: 1786, 1798, 1800, ...

See also:

Oskarshamn Municipality, Oskarshamn Municipality - History, Oskarshamn Municipality - Coat of arms, Oskarshamn Municipality - Recent history, Oskarshamn Municipality - Industry, Oskarshamn Municipality - Notability

Read more here: » Oskarshamn Municipality: Encyclopedia II - Oskarshamn Municipality - History

The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre. When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them the district of Burzenland i ...

See also:

Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

Read more here: » Teutonic Knights: Encyclopedia II - Teutonic Knights - History

History of Denmark - Earliest literary sources. Widsith and Beowulf and by later Scandinavian writers, notably Saxo Grammaticus (c. 1200) provide some of the earliest descriptions of Danish culture. Much is mythical and legendary. Like Homer an earlier culture is described imperfectly from a later perspective. However, they may contain some historical facts. History of Denmark - Vikings. See also:

History of Denmark, History of Denmark - Ancient Denmark, History of Denmark - The Germanic Iron Age, History of Denmark - Middle Ages, History of Denmark - Earliest literary sources, History of Denmark - Vikings, History of Denmark - Christianity and the Establishment of Denmark, History of Denmark - Difficulties for the Kings, History of Denmark - Margaret and the Kalmar Union, History of Denmark - Early Modern, History of Denmark - Reformation, History of Denmark - Early Modern Politics, History of Denmark - Absolutism, History of Denmark - Colonialism, History of Denmark - 19th Century, History of Denmark - Napoleonic Wars, History of Denmark - Nationalism and Liberalism, History of Denmark - Monetary Union, History of Denmark - 20th Century, History of Denmark - Early 20th century, History of Denmark - Post-War

Read more here: » History of Denmark: Encyclopedia II - History of Denmark - Middle Ages

Turf maze - Surviving English examples. As noted above, turf mazes are notoriously difficult to date, as they have to be recut periodically to keep the paths clear. Eight supposedly ancient turf mazes survive in England: Alkborough, North Lincolnshire "Julian's Bower", "Gillian's Bore" or "Gilling Bore" (mentioned by Abraham de la Pryme c. 1700) Breamore, Hampshire "Miz-Maze" or "Mizmaze" Dalby, North Yorkshire "Walls of Troy" Hilton, Cambridgeshire (cut in 1660) ...

See also:

Turf maze, Turf maze - Origins of the turf maze, Turf maze - The purpose of turf mazes, Turf maze - Maze names, Turf maze - Historic turf mazes, Turf maze - Surviving English examples, Turf maze - Lost British turf mazes, Turf maze - Historic turf mazes in Europe, Turf maze - Some modern turf mazes

Read more here: » Turf maze: Encyclopedia II - Turf maze - Historic turf mazes