Encyclopedia - List Of Computer Viruses: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Computer Viruses - Naming
One fundamental fact that makes the compilation of a unified list of viruses difficult is naming. When a new virus appears, the rush begi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Virus - Viruses And Legitimate Software
Computer virus - The vulnerability of operating systems to viruses. Another analogy to biological viruses: just as genetic diversity in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malware: Encyclopedia Ii - Malware - Infectious Malware: Viruses And Worms
The best-known types of malware, viruses and worms, are known for the manner in which they spread, rather than any other particular behav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virology: Encyclopedia - Virology
Virology is the study of viruses and their properties. Virology is both the study of how a virus can affect a cell, and the biological an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus Classification: Encyclopedia - Virus Classification
Viruses can be classified in several ways, such as by their geometry, by whether they have envelopes, by the identity of the host organis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Virus: Encyclopedia - Computer Virus
In computer security technology, a virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organism: Encyclopedia - Organism
In biology and ecology, an organism (in Greek organon = instrument) is a complex adaptive system of organs that influence each other in s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antigenic Shift: Encyclopedia - Antigenic Shift
Antigenic shift is the process by which two different strains of influenza combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assay: Encyclopedia - Assay
An assay is a procedure where the concentration of a component part of a mixture is determined. There are numerous applications of an ass...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Hazard: Encyclopedia - Biological Hazard
Biohazard is a shorthand term for "biological hazard". It refers to biological substances that pose a threat to (primarily) human health....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia - Virus
A virus is a microscopic parasite that infects cells in biological organisms. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; they can repr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-virus Software: Encyclopedia - Anti-virus Software
Anti-virus software consists of computer programs that attempt to identify, thwart and eliminate computer viruses and other malicious sof...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cih Computer Virus: Encyclopedia - Cih Computer Virus
CIH, also known as Chernobyl or Spacefiller, is a computer virus written by Chen Ing Hau of Taiwan. It is considered to be one of the mos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bliss Virus: Encyclopedia - Bliss Virus
Bliss is a computer virus that infects GNU/Linux systems. It was posted on a Usenet usergroup by its author on February 5th, 1997. When e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology: Encyclopedia - Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology
The central dogma of molecular biology was first enunciated by Francis Crick in 1958 and re-stated in a Nature paper published in 1970. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Macro: Encyclopedia Ii - Macro - Visual Basic For Applications And Macro Viruses
Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is a programming language included in Microsoft Office and some other applications. It is not, by the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Virus - Why People Create Computer Viruses
Unlike biological viruses, computer viruses do not simply evolve by themselves, except in the cases where copying errors and recombinatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aol Instant Messenger: Encyclopedia Ii - Aol Instant Messenger - Spyware/adware/viruses
Viewpoint Media Player is a program that is installed during the installation of AOL Instant Messenger that is a plugin for displaying gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Mapping The Genetic Code Of Viruses Linked To Sars
On April 12, 2003, scientists working around the clock at the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre in Vancouver, British Columbia finishe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Common Misconceptions About Hiv And Aids: Encyclopedia Ii - Common Misconceptions About Hiv And Aids - The Distribution Of Aids Cases Casts Doubt On Hiv As The Cause. Viruses Are Not Gender-specific Yet Only A Small Proportion Of Aids Cases Are Among Women
The distribution of AIDS cases, whether in the United States or elsewhere in the world, invariably mirrors the prevalence of HIV in a pop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Common Misconceptions About Hiv And Aids: Encyclopedia Ii - Common Misconceptions About Hiv And Aids - The Distribution Of Aids Cases Casts Doubt On Hiv As The Cause. Viruses Are Not Gender-specific, Yet Only A Small Proportion Of Aids Cases Are Among Women
The distribution of AIDS cases, whether in the United States or elsewhere in the world, invariably mirrors the prevalence of HIV in a pop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus Classification: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus Classification - Classification By Genome Type
Virus classification - DNA viruses. Order Caudovirales (tailed bacteriophages). Family Myoviridae - e.g. Enterobacteria phage T4 Fam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus Classification: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus Classification - Overview
The various forms of viruses arise because one of the two strands of DNA in which all cellular life forms store their genetic information...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus Classification: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus Classification - Subviral Agents
The following agents are smaller than viruses but have some of their properties. Virus classification - Viroids. Family Pospiviroidae ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malware: Encyclopedia Ii - Malware - Goals
Over the years, people have written malicious software for a number of different purposes. Many early infectious programs, including the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Virus - Methods To Avoid Detection
In order to avoid detection by users, some viruses employ different kinds of obfuscation. Some old viruses, especially on the MS-DOS plat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gene Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Gene Therapy - Vectors In Gene Therapy
Viruses attack their hosts to insert their genetic material into the genetic material of the host. This genetic material contains instruc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Worm: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Worm - Penalties
In January 2002 programmer Simon Vallor was sentenced to two years in prison for releasing the "mass mailer" viruses Gokar, Admirer and R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Virus - Replication Strategies
In order to replicate itself, a virus must be permitted to execute code and write to memory. For this reason, many viruses attach themsel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sobig Computer Worm: Encyclopedia Ii - Sobig Computer Worm - Technical Details
The Sobig viruses infect a host computer by way of the above mentioned attachment. When this is started they will replicate by using thei...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Virus - Definition
A virus is a type of program that can replicate itself by making (possibly modified) copies of itself. The main criterion for classifying...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Virus - Use Of The Word Virus
The term "virus" was first used in an academic publication by Fred Cohen in his 1984 paper Experiments with Computer Viruses, where he cr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Virus - Definition
A virus is a type of program that can replicate itself by making (possibly modified) copies of itself. The main criterion for classifying...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malware: Encyclopedia Ii - Malware - Concealment: Trojan Horses And Rootkits
For a malicious program to accomplish its goals, it must be able to do so without being shut down by the user or administrator of the com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malware: Encyclopedia Ii - Malware - Malware Tools And Aids
Malware - Exploit. An exploit is a piece of software that attacks a particular security vulnerability. Exploits are not necessarily mal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Virus - History
A program called "Elk Cloner" is credited with being the first computer virus to appear "in the wild" -- that is, outside the single comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Assay - In The Laboratory
Assays are regularly utilized in scientific research laboratories. Assay - DNA. Assays for studying interactions of protein with DNA in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Study And Applications
Virus - Exploring basic cellular processes. Viruses are important to the study of molecular and cellular biology because they provide s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Study And Applications
Virus - Exploring basic cellular processes. Viruses are important to the study of molecular and cellular biology because they provide s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Origins And Beginnings
The origins of viruses are not entirely clear and there may not be a single mechanism that can account for all viruses. Some of the small...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Origins And Beginnings
The origins of viruses are not entirely clear and there may not be a single mechanism that can account for all viruses. Some of the small...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Macro: Encyclopedia Ii - Macro - Keyboard Macros
Keyboard macros and editor macros are used interactively on a graphical user interface and text editor, respectively. These allow short s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Hazard: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Hazard - Levels Of Biohazard
The United States' CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) categorizes various diseases in levels of biohazard; Level 1 being mi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Model Organism: Encyclopedia Ii - Model Organism - Important Model Organisms
Model organism - Viruses. lambda phage Model organism - Prokaryotes. Escherichia coli (E. coli) Bacillus subtilis Mycoplasma genit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Lifeform Debate
A virus makes use of existing host enzymes and other molecules of a host cell to create more virus particles (virions). Some viruses enco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Etymology
The word is from the Latin virus referring to poison and other noxious things, first loaned into English in 1392. Virulent, from Latin vi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Etymology
The word is from the Latin virus referring to poison and other noxious things, first used in English in 1392. Virulent, from Latin virule...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Lifeform Debate
A virus makes use of existing host enzymes and other molecules of a host cell to create more virus particles (virions). Some viruses enco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumonia - Pathophysiology
The symptoms of infectious pneumonia are caused by the invasion of the lungs by microorganisms and by the immune system's response to the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotavirus: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotavirus - Selected Outbreaks
Literature references can be found at the links below. MMWR 48(27):1999 On August 31, 1998, a tetravalent rhesus-based rotavirus vaccine ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rna Polymerase: Encyclopedia Ii - Rna Polymerase - Rna Polymerase In Prokaryotes
In prokaryotes, the same enzyme catalyzes the sythesis of three types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. RNAP is a relatively large molecule. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Replication
Because viruses are acellular and do not have their own metabolism, they must utilize the machinery and metabolism of the host to reprodu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Human Viral Diseases
Examples of diseases caused by viruses include the common cold, which is caused by any one of a variety of related viruses; smallpox; AID...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotavirus: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotavirus - Nature Of Acute Disease
Rotaviruses cause acute gastroenteritis. "Infantile diarrhea", "winter diarrhea", "stomach flu", "acute nonbacterial infectious gastroent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Human Viral Diseases
Examples of diseases caused by viruses include the common cold, which is caused by any one of a variety of related viruses; smallpox; AID...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Virus - Replication
Because viruses are acellular and do not have their own metabolism, they must utilize the machinery and metabolism of the host for the pu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotavirus: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotavirus - Target Populations And Frequency
Humans of all ages are susceptible to rotavirus infection. Children 6 months to 2 years of age, premature infants, the elderly, and the i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotavirus: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotavirus - Transmission And Associated Foods
Rotaviruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Person-to-person spread through contaminated hands is probably the most important me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotavirus: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotavirus - Vaccines
In 2006, two vaccines against Rotavirus infection were shown to be safe and effective in children: Rotarix by GlaxoSmithKline and RotaTeq...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Model Organism: Encyclopedia Ii - Model Organism - Important Model Organisms
Model organism - Viruses. lambda phage Model organism - Prokaryotes. Escherichia coli (E. coli) Bacillus subtilis Mycoplasma genit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumonia - Pathophysiology
The symptoms of infectious pneumonia are caused by the invasion of the lungs by microorganisms and by the immune system's response to the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gene Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Gene Therapy - Background
In the 1980s, advances in molecular biology had already enabled human genes to be sequenced and cloned. Scientists looking for a method o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gene Therapy: Encyclopedia Ii - Gene Therapy - Types Of Gene Therapy
In theory it is possible to transform either somatic cells (most cells of the body) or cells of the germline (such as stem cells, sperm c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spyware: Encyclopedia Ii - Spyware - User Consent And Legality
Gaining unauthorized access to a computer is illegal, under computer crime laws such as the United States Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aol Instant Messenger: Encyclopedia Ii - Aol Instant Messenger - Aim Uri Scheme
AOL Instant Messenger's installation process automatically installs an extra URI scheme ("protocol") handler into some web browsers, so t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Model Organism: Encyclopedia Ii - Model Organism - Model Organisms Used For Specific Research Objectives
Model organism - Sexual selection and sexual conflict. Callusobruchus maculatus, the bruchid beetle Chorthippus parallelus, the meadow...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-virus Software: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-virus Software - Approaches To Virus Detection
Anti-virus software - Virus dictionary approach. In the virus dictionary approach, when the anti-virus software examines a file, it ref...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goodtimes Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Goodtimes Virus - A Hoax -- Or A Thought Virus?
The Good Times virus warning was a hoax; there was never any such virus. Indeed, at the time when the warning first appeared it was not t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aol Instant Messenger: Encyclopedia Ii - Aol Instant Messenger - About
AIM allows users to communicate instantly through text to their "buddies" (or bots such as SmarterChild) around the world, provided they ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumonia - Diagnosis
To diagnose pneumonia, health care providers rely on a patient's symptoms and findings from physical examination. Information from a ches...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumonia - Types Of Pneumonia
Pneumonias can be classified in several different ways. Pathologists classified them according to the anatomic changes that were found in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dangerous Organisms: Encyclopedia Ii - Dangerous Organisms - Venomous Non-biting Animals
Dangerous organisms - Jellyfish. Box jellyfish Dangerous organisms - Polyp. Portuguese Man o' War Dangerous organisms - Other. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumonia - Treatment
Most cases of pneumonia can be treated without hospitalization. Typically, oral antibiotics, rest, fluids, and home care are sufficient f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Pathogenic Agents
An early theory on the causes of food poisoning involved ptomaines, alkaloids found in decaying animal and vegetable matter. While some p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology - Alterations To The Central Dogma
In his 1970 paper on the subject, Crick pointed out that the central dogma, while useful as a theory to guide experiment, was not to be t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumonia - Complications
Sometimes pneumonia can lead to additional medical problems called complications. Complications are more frequently associated with bacte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumonia - Prognosis And Mortality
With treatment, most types of bacterial pneumonia can be cured within one to two weeks. Viral pneumonia may last longer, and mycoplasmal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-virus Software: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-virus Software - List Of Antivirus Software And Companies
Anti-virus software - For corporate market. BitDefender from Romania - email security solutions Dr.Web by Doctor Web, Ltd. from Russia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumonia - Prevention
There are several ways to prevent infectious pneumonia. Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such as AIDS) can decrease a person'...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumonia - Epidemiology
Pneumonia is a common illness in all parts of the world. It is a major cause of death among all age groups. In children, the majority of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Incubation Period
The delay between consumption of a contaminated food and appearance of the first symptoms of illness is called the incubation period. Thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Outbreaks
The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. In most cases these originate, and occur,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Political Issues
Foodborne illness - United Kingdom. Since the 1970s, key changes in UK food safety law have taken place following serious outbreaks of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nosocomial Infection: Encyclopedia Ii - Nosocomial Infection - Pathogens
Nosocomial infection - Bacteria. These are the most common nosocomial pathogens and can be divided into: Commensal bacteria found in n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pneumonia: Encyclopedia Ii - Pneumonia - History
The symptoms of pneumonia were described by Hippocrates (c. 460 BC–380 BC): Peripneumonia, and pleuritic affections, are to be thus obs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Statistics
There are every year about 76 million foodborne illnesses in the United States (26,000 cases for 100,000 inhabitants), 2 million in the U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dangerous Organisms: Encyclopedia Ii - Dangerous Organisms - Venomous Biting Animals
Dangerous organisms - Snakes. Cobra Copperhead Coral snake Cottonmouth (Water moccasin) Rattlesnake Viper Taipan Brown snake Death add...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Causes
Exposure to carcinogens, such as those present in tobacco smoke, immediately causes cumulative changes to the tissue lining the bronchi o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Signs And Symptoms
Symptoms that suggest lung cancer include: dyspnea (shortness of breath) hemoptysis (coughing up blood) chronic cough wheezing chest pai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Types
There are two main types of lung cancer categorised by the size and appearance of the malignant cells seen by a histopathologist under a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nosocomial Infection: Encyclopedia Ii - Nosocomial Infection - Host
People are at the centre of hospital acquired infection: as a reservoir or source of microorganisms, as the transmitter of microorganisms...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Treatment
Treatment for lung cancer depends on the cancer's specific form, how far it has spread, and other factors such as the patient's age and g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Epidemiology
The population segment most likely to develop lung cancer is the over-fifties who also have a history of smoking. Lung cancer is the seco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lung Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Lung Cancer - Diagnosis
Performing a chest X-ray is the first step if a patient reports symptoms that may be suggestive of lung cancer. This may reveal an obviou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herpes Simplex Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Herpes Simplex Virus - Hsv-1 And Hsv-2
Of the eight known types of HSV, the two most common are type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 is more common and generally considered...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herpes Simplex Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Herpes Simplex Virus - Hsv Disease
The ways in which herpes infections manifest themselves vary tremendously among individuals. The following are general descriptions of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herpes Simplex Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Herpes Simplex Virus - Prevalence
The incidence of herpes simplex in the United States rose 30% between 1976 and 1994. Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herpes Simplex Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Herpes Simplex Virus - Transmission
Herpes is contracted through direct skin contact (not necessarily in the genital area) with an infected person. The virus travels through...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herpes Simplex Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Herpes Simplex Virus - Prevention
Condoms are the recommended way to prevent transmission of herpes simplex infection, as demonstrated in numerous studies. (Wald, et al., ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herpes Simplex Virus: Encyclopedia Ii - Herpes Simplex Virus - Future Directions
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States is currently in the midst of phase III trials of a vaccine against HSV-2. Th...   » Read the article