virtual memory

Windows 2000 (also referred to as Win2K, W2K or Windows NT 5.0) is a preemptible and interruptible, graphical, business-oriented operating system that was designed to work with either uniprocessor or symmetric multi-processor (SMP) 32-bit Intel x86 computers. It is part of the Microsoft Windows NT line of operating systems and was released on February 17, 2000. Windows 2000 comes in four versions: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server. Additionally, Microsoft offers Windows 2000 Advanced Ser ...

Including:

• Windows 2000 - History
• Windows 2000 - Architecture
• Windows 2000 - User mode
• Windows 2000 - Kernel mode
• Windows 2000 - Common functionality
• Windows 2000 - NTFS 5
• Windows 2000 - Encrypting File System
• Windows 2000 - Basic and dynamic disk storage
• Windows 2000 - Accessibility support
• Windows 2000 - Language & locale support
• Windows 2000 - System utilities
• Windows 2000 - Recovery Console
• Windows 2000 - Server family functionality
• Windows 2000 - Distributed File System
• Windows 2000 - Active Directory
• Windows 2000 - Volume fault tolerance
• Windows 2000 - Versions
• Windows 2000 - Deployment
• Windows 2000 - Total cost of ownership
• Windows 2000 - Notes

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Windows 3.0 was the third major release of Microsoft Windows, and came out on May 22, 1990. It was the first widely successful version of Windows (see history of Microsoft Windows), enabling Microsoft to compete with Apple Macintosh and the Commodore Amiga on the GUI front. Windows 3.0 - Features. Windows 3.0 succeeded to Windows 2.1x and included a significantly revamped user interface as well as technical improvements to make better use of the memory management capabilities of Intel's 80286 and 80386 proc ...

Including:

• Windows 3.0 - Features
• Windows 3.0 - Memory modes
• Windows 3.0 - The Multimedia Extensions

Read more here: » Windows 3.0: Encyclopedia - Windows 3.0

In cryptography, zeroisation (also spelled zeroization) is the practice of erasing sensitive parameters (especially keys) from a cryptographic module to prevent their disclosure if the equipment is captured. When encryption was performed by mechanical devices, this would often mean changing all the machine's settings to some fixed, meaningless value, such as zero. On machines with letter settings rather than numerals, the letter 'O' was often used instead. Some machines had a button or lever for performing this process in a sin ...

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In computer science, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements (especially speeds and interconnections) and design implementations for the various parts of a computer —focusing largely on the way by which the CPU performs internally and accesses addresses in memory. "Architecture" hence typically refers to the fixed internal structure of the CPU (ie. electronic switches to represent logic gates) to per ...

Including:

• Computer architecture - Design goals
• Computer architecture - Cost
• Computer architecture - Performance
• Computer architecture - Virtual memory
• Computer architecture - Computer architecture on a future horizon

Read more here: » Computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Computer architecture

The term virtual is a concept applied in many fields with somewhat differing connotations, and also denotations. Colloquially, 'virtual' has a similar meaning to 'quasi-' or 'pseudo-' (prefixes which themselves have quite different meanings), meaning something that is almost something else, particularly when used in the adverbial form, e.g. "He's virtually [almost] my boyfriend." Virtual - Physics. In physics, one may speak of theoretical virtual particles, - particles which exist for period of time which i ...

Including:

• Virtual - Physics
• Virtual - Computing
• Virtual - Philosophy
• Virtual - Work Teams

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VAX is a 32-bit computing architecture that supports an orthogonal instruction set (machine language) and virtual addressing (i.e. demand paged virtual memory). It was developed in the mid-1970s by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). DEC was later purchased by Compaq, which in turn was purchased by Hewlett-Packard. The VAX has been perceived as the quintessential CISC processing architecture, with its very large number of addressing modes and machine instructions, including instructions for such complex operations as queue ins ...

Including:

• VAX - The name
• VAX - Operating systems
• VAX - History
• VAX - VAX models

Read more here: » VAX: Encyclopedia - VAX

In computer architecture, 64-bit is an adjective used to describe integers, memory addresses or other data units that are at most 64 bits (8 octets) wide, or to describe CPU and ALU architectures based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. As of 2004, 64-bit CPUs are common in servers, and have recently been introduced to the (previously 32-bit) mainstream personal computer arena in the form of the AMD64, EM64T, and P ...

Including:

• 64-bit - Architectural implications
• 64-bit - Memory limitations
• 64-bit - Timeline
• 64-bit - 32 vs 64 bit
• 64-bit - Pros and cons
• 64-bit - 64-bit data models
• 64-bit - Current 64-bit processor architectures
• 64-bit - Beyond 64 bits

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Data General was one of the first minicomputer firms from the late 1960s. Three of the four founders were former employees of Digital Equipment Corporation. Their first product, the Nova, was a 16-bit minicomputer which was an advance in technology in the era of 8-bit machines. The Nova, followed by the Supernova, and the Eclipse product lines, were used in many applications for the next two decades. The company employed an OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) sales stratey to sell to third parties who incorporated the Data General c ...

Including:

• Data General - History
• Data General - Origin founding and early years: The Nova and SuperNova
• Data General - Late 70s to late 80s: Crisis and a short term solution
• Data General - Data General-One
• Data General - Lock-in or no lock-in?
• Data General - AViiON
• Data General - The final downturn and the takeover by EMC; life after death
• Data General - Software
• Data General - Notable alumni

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Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called Berkeley Unix) is the Unix derivative distributed by the University of California, Berkeley starting in the 1970s. The name is also used collectively for the modern descendants of these distributions. BSD was widely identified with the versions of Unix available for workstation-class systems. This can be attributed to the ease with which it could be licensed and the familiarity it found among the founders of many technology companies during the 1980s. This fami ...

Including:

• Berkeley Software Distribution - History
• Berkeley Software Distribution - PDP-11 beginnings
• Berkeley Software Distribution - VAX versions
• Berkeley Software Distribution - 4.3BSD
• Berkeley Software Distribution - Net/2 and legal troubles
• Berkeley Software Distribution - 4.4BSD and descendants
• Berkeley Software Distribution - Technology
• Berkeley Software Distribution - Open source BSD derivatives
• Berkeley Software Distribution - Structure
• Berkeley Software Distribution - BSD descendants

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Copy-on-write (sometimes referred to as "COW") is an optimization strategy used in computer programming. The fundamental idea is that if multiple callers ask for resources which are initially indistinguishable, you can give them pointers to the same resource. This fiction can be maintained until a caller tries to modify its "copy" of the resource, at which point a true private copy is created to prevent the changes becoming visible to everyone else. All of this happens transparently to the callers. The primary advantage is that if a caller never makes any ...

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Virtual management seeks to separate certain responsibilities of managers from the actual site of production, the workers and resources at that site. It orients managers more directly to the needs of a service economy - wherein "commodity" and "product" relations are no longer a source of sustainable competitive advantage, due to global competition or inability to predict liability. Its major advantage, according to supporters, is to focus on the customer and the value chain from which the customer derives value. Its major draw ...

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In common usage, an image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact that reproduces the likeness of some subject—usually a physical object or a person. Images may be two dimensional, such as a photograph, or three dimensional such as in a statue. They are typically produced by optical devices—such as a cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces. The word image' is also used in the broader sense of any two-d ...

Including:

• Image - Specialised meanings

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The Macintosh, or Mac, is a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured and marketed by Apple Computer that run the Macintosh operating system ("Mac OS"). Named after the McIntosh apple, the original Macintosh was released on January 24, 1984. It was the first commercially successful personal computer to use a graphical user interface (“GUI”) and mouse instead of the then-standard command line interface. Following the Macintosh's introduction, Apple continued production and development of its Apple I ...

Including:

• Apple Macintosh - Current product line
• Apple Macintosh - History
• Apple Macintosh - 1979–84: Development and introduction
• Apple Macintosh - 1985–89: The desktop publishing era
• Apple Macintosh - 1990–98: Growth and decline
• Apple Macintosh - 1999 to the present: new beginnings
• Apple Macintosh - Timeline of Macintosh models
• Apple Macintosh - Hardware
• Apple Macintosh - Processor Architecture
• Apple Macintosh - Expandability and connectivity
• Apple Macintosh - Software
• Apple Macintosh - Operating system
• Apple Macintosh - Software history
• Apple Macintosh - Advertising
• Apple Macintosh - Effects on the technology industry
• Apple Macintosh - Market share and demographics
• Apple Macintosh - Advantages disadvantages and criticisms
• Apple Macintosh - Notable litigation

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x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. The x86 architecture currently dominates the desktop computer, portable computer, and small server markets. The architecture is called x86 because the earliest processors in this family were identified by model numbers ending in the sequence "86": the 8086, the 80186, the 80286, the 386, and the 486. Because one cannot trademark numbers, Intel and most ...

Including:

• X86 - History
• X86 - Design
• X86 - Real mode
• X86 - 16-bit protected mode
• X86 - 32-bit protected mode
• X86 - MMX and beyond
• X86 - 3DNow!
• X86 - SSE
• X86 - SSE2
• X86 - SSE3
• X86 - 64-bit
• X86 - Virtualization
• X86 - Manufacturers

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In computer science, an immutable object, as opposed to a mutable object, is a kind of object whose internal state cannot be modified after it is created. An object can be either entirely immutable or some attributes in the object may be declared immutable, as in C++'s const member data attribute. In some cases, an object is considered immutable even if some internally used attributes change but the object's state appears to be unchanging from an external point of view. For example, an object that uses memoization to cache the ...

Including:

• Immutable object - Background
• Immutable object - Implementation
• Immutable object - Example
• Immutable object - Usage

Read more here: » Immutable object: Encyclopedia - Immutable object

A buffer overflow occurs when data written to a buffer, due to insufficient bounds checking, corrupts data values in memory addresses adjacent to the allocated buffer. Most commonly this occurs when copying strings of characters from one buffer to another. Buffer overflow - Basic example. In the following example, a program has defined two data items which are adjacent in memory: an 8-byte-long string buffer, A, and a two-byte integer, B. Initially, A contains nothing but zero bytes, a ...

See also:

Buffer overflow, Buffer overflow - Technical description, Buffer overflow - Basic example, Buffer overflow - Buffer overflows on the stack, Buffer overflow - Exploits, Buffer overflow - Example, Buffer overflow - Protection against buffer overflows, Buffer overflow - Choice of programming language, Buffer overflow - Use of safe libraries, Buffer overflow - Stack-smashing protection, Buffer overflow - Executable space protection, Buffer overflow - Address Space Layout Randomization, Buffer overflow - Deep Packet Inspection, Buffer overflow - History

Read more here: » Buffer overflow: Encyclopedia II - Buffer overflow - Technical description

Sorting algorithm - Bubble sort. Bubble sort is a straightforward and simplistic method of sorting data that is used in computer science education. The algorithm starts at the beginning of the data set. It compares the first two elements, and if the first is greater than the second, it swaps them. It continues doing this for each pair of adjacent elements to the end of the data set. It then starts again with the first two elements, repeating until no swaps have occurred on the last pass. Although simple, this alg ...

See also:

Sorting algorithm, Sorting algorithm - Classification, Sorting algorithm - List of sorting algorithms, Sorting algorithm - Summaries of some popular sorting algorithms, Sorting algorithm - Bubble sort, Sorting algorithm - Insertion sort, Sorting algorithm - Shell sort, Sorting algorithm - Merge sort, Sorting algorithm - Heapsort, Sorting algorithm - Quicksort, Sorting algorithm - Radix sort, Sorting algorithm - Memory usage patterns and index sorting, Sorting algorithm - Graphical representations, Sorting algorithm - Language support

Read more here: » Sorting algorithm: Encyclopedia II - Sorting algorithm - Summaries of some popular sorting algorithms

It should be noted that the Sun engineers used non-standard terminology for a number of common components, which makes discussing the system somewhat confusing. For instance, Mach tasks are referred to as domains, ports as doors and the kernel as the nucleus. Spring operating system - The Nucleus. The Spring kernel was divided into two parts, a virtual memory system, and the nucleus. Although the nucleus represents only one portion of the Mach kernel, the two ...

See also:

Spring operating system, Spring operating system - History, Spring operating system - Background, Spring operating system - Rationale, Spring operating system - Description, Spring operating system - The Nucleus, Spring operating system - IPC Model, Spring operating system - Virtual Memory, Spring operating system - Name Service, Spring operating system - File System, Spring operating system - Unix emulation, Spring operating system - Subcontracts, Spring operating system - Other Systems

Read more here: » Spring operating system: Encyclopedia II - Spring operating system - Description

The term Windows is used as a collective term for several generations of operating system products which can be classified into the following categories: Microsoft Windows - 16-bit operating environments. The early versions of Windows were just graphical user interfaces or desktops, mostly because they used the underlying MS-DOS for file system services and all operating processes. Soon, 16-bit Windows versions would have their own executable file format and provide their own device drivers (graphic ...

See also:

Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Windows - Background, Microsoft Windows - Microsoft Windows versions, Microsoft Windows - 16-bit operating environments, Microsoft Windows - Hybrid 16/32-bit operating environments, Microsoft Windows - Hybrid 16/32-bit operating system, Microsoft Windows - 32-bit operating systems, Microsoft Windows - 64-bit operating systems, Microsoft Windows - Microsoft Windows history, Microsoft Windows - Interface, Microsoft Windows - Popularity, Microsoft Windows - Security, Microsoft Windows - Windows emulation software

Read more here: » Microsoft Windows: Encyclopedia II - Microsoft Windows - Microsoft Windows versions

Motorola 68000 - Address bus. The 68000 was a clever compromise. When the 68000 was introduced, 16-bit buses were really the most practical size. However, the 68000 was designed with 32-bit registers and address spaces, on the assumption that hardware prices would fall. It is important to note that even though the 68000 had 16-bit ALUs, addresses were always stored as 32-bit quantities, i.e. it had a flat 32-bit address space. This meant that the 68000 was, and is, a 32-bit microprocessor. Contrast this to ...

See also:

Motorola 68000, Motorola 68000 - History, Motorola 68000 - Architecture, Motorola 68000 - Address bus, Motorola 68000 - Internal registers, Motorola 68000 - Status register, Motorola 68000 - The instruction set, Motorola 68000 - Privilege levels, Motorola 68000 - Interrupts, Motorola 68000 - Instruction set details

Read more here: » Motorola 68000: Encyclopedia II - Motorola 68000 - Architecture