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Vilna Gaon | A Wisdom Archive on Vilna Gaon | | Vilna Gaon A selection of articles related to Vilna Gaon | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Vilna Gaon | | | |  Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Prayer - Philosophical paradoxes of prayerThere are a number of philosophical paradoxes involving prayer to an omnipotent God, namely:
If a person deserves the recipient of the prayer to give him the thing he prays for, why doesn't he receive it, even without prayer? And if a person is not deserving of it, then even if that person does pray and request it, should it be given just because of his prayer?
Why should it be necessary to pray with speech? Doesn't the recipient know the thoughts of all people?
If the recipient is omniscient (all-knowing) then ...
See also:Prayer, Prayer - Approaches, Prayer - The act of prayer, Prayer - Prayer in the Abrahamic religions, Prayer - Prayer in the Bible, Prayer - Jewish prayer, Prayer - Christian prayer, Prayer - Islamic prayer, Prayer - Bahá'í prayer, Prayer - Prayer in other religions, Prayer - Hindu Prayer, Prayer - Buddhism, Prayer - Prayer in Jainism, Prayer - Neopagan Prayers, Prayer - Philosophical paradoxes of prayer, Prayer - The educational approach, Prayer - The Kabbalistic view of prayer, Prayer - The rationalist approach, Prayer - The experiential approach, Prayer - Experimental evaluation of prayer, Prayer - Historical polytheistic prayer, Prayer - Prevalence, Prayer - References and footnotes Read more here: » Prayer: Encyclopedia II - Prayer - Philosophical paradoxes of prayer |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Haredi Judaism - Present day
Haredi Judaism - Israel.
In Israel, home to the most numerically powerful Haredi population, the situation is different. There, as in the United States, the community has adopted a policy of isolationism, but at the same time, it has also struggled for inclusion in dominant society, perceiving itself as the true protector of the country's Jewish nature.
The issues date to the late nineteenth-early twentieth century, with the rise of Zionism. Until the Holocaust, the vast majority of Haredi Jews rejected Zi ...
See also:Haredi Judaism, Haredi Judaism - Practices and beliefs, Haredi Judaism - Views of halakha, Haredi Judaism - Lifestyle and family, Haredi Judaism - Dress, Haredi Judaism - History, Haredi Judaism - Modern origins, Haredi Judaism - Effects of the Holocaust, Haredi Judaism - Present day, Haredi Judaism - Israel, Haredi Judaism - United States, Haredi Judaism - United Kingdom, Haredi Judaism - Organisations, Haredi Judaism - Rabbinical leaders, Haredi Judaism - External link Read more here: » Haredi Judaism: Encyclopedia II - Haredi Judaism - Present day |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Chaim Joseph David Azulai - Biography He was born in Jerusalem, where he received his education from some local prominent scholars, including Chaim ibn Attar (the Or ha-Chaim). At an early age he showed proficiency in Talmud, Kabbalah and Jewish history.
In 1755, he was - on the basis of his scholarship - elected to become an emissary for the small Jewish community in the Land of Israel, and he would travel around Europe extensively, making an impression in every Jewish community that he visited. According to some records, he left the Land of Israel three times (17 ...
See also:Chaim Joseph David Azulai, Chaim Joseph David Azulai - Biography, Chaim Joseph David Azulai - His works, Chaim Joseph David Azulai - External link Read more here: » Chaim Joseph David Azulai: Encyclopedia II - Chaim Joseph David Azulai - Biography |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Talmud - External attacks on the Talmud The history of the Talmud reflects in part the history of Judaism persisting in a world of hostility and persecution. Almost at the very time that the Babylonian savoraim put the finishing touches to the redaction of the Talmud, the emperor Justinian issued his edict against the abolition of the Greek translation of the Bible in the service of the Synagogue. This edict, dictated by Christian zeal and anti-Jewish feeling, was the prelude to attacks on the Talmud, conceived in the same spirit, and beginning in the thirteenth cent ...
See also:Talmud, Talmud - Structure and function, Talmud - Mishna and Gemara, Talmud - Orders and tractates, Talmud - Form and style, Talmud - Halakha and Aggadah, Talmud - The two Talmuds, Talmud - Talmud Yerushalmi Jerusalem Talmud, Talmud - Talmud Bavli Babylonian Talmud, Talmud - Comparison of style and subject matter, Talmud - Attitude to the Talmud within Judaism, Talmud - Karaism, Talmud - Talmudic Study and Kabbalah, Talmud - The Enlightenment, Talmud - Jews in Western culture, Talmud - The Talmud in modern-day Judaism, Talmud - Historical study, Talmud - Changes within the text of the Talmud, Talmud - External attacks on the Talmud, Talmud - Charges of racism, Talmud - Modern day Talmud scholars, Talmud - Conservative, Talmud - The Daf Yomi Daily Page, Talmud - Translations, Talmud - Translations of Talmud Bavli, Talmud - Translations of Talmud Yerushalmi Read more here: » Talmud: Encyclopedia II - Talmud - External attacks on the Talmud |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Abraham ben Abraham - Jewish tradition There are several versions of this story, especially among the Jews of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, who know and still refer to Potocki as the Ger Tzedek ("righteous proselyte") of Vilna. Virtually all Jewish sources agree that he was a Polish nobleman, who converted to Orthodox Judaism and was burned at the stake by the Roman Catholic Church at Wilno (Vilna/Vilnius) on May 24, 1749 (7 Sivan 5509) because he ha ...
See also:Abraham ben Abraham, Abraham ben Abraham - Background, Abraham ben Abraham - Historical evidence, Abraham ben Abraham - Jewish tradition, Abraham ben Abraham - Response to criticism, Abraham ben Abraham - Historical background Read more here: » Abraham ben Abraham: Encyclopedia II - Abraham ben Abraham - Jewish tradition |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin - Biography He was born into a family of Jewish scholars renowned for its scholarship. His father Jacob, while not being a rabbi, was a Talmudic scholar, and his mother was directly descended from from Chaim Volozhin, the student of the Vilna Gaon who had founded the Volozhin yeshiva. Although initially a weak student, legend has it that he applied himself to his studies after overhearing his parents debating whether he should pursue a trade.
His first wife was the daughter of Rabbi Yitzchok of Volozhin the son of Rabbi Chaim Volozhin, the chief- ...
See also:Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin - Biography, Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin - Views and influence, Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin - Bibliography, Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin - Sources Read more here: » Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin: Encyclopedia II - Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin - Biography |
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| | | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Zionism - Establishment of the Zionist movement Land of Israel
Districts · Cities · Transportation
Dead Sea · Red Sea · Sea of Galilee
Mediterranean · Negev · Judea · Samaria
Jerusalem · Tel Aviv · Haifa
Zionism · Timeline ·Aliyah · Herzl
Balfour · Mandate · 1947 UN Plan
Independence · Austerity · Ma'abarot
Lavon Affair · Eichmann Trial
1948 War · 1949 Armistice · Suez War
Six-Day War · Attrition War
Yom Kippur War · Lebanon War
Peace treaties with:
Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan
Timeline · Peace process · Peace camp
1s ...
See also:Zionism, Zionism - Establishment of the Zionist movement, Zionism - Zionist initiatives, Zionism - Jewish reaction to Zionism, Zionism - Zionism and the Arab Muslims, Zionism - The struggle for Palestine, Zionism - Zionism and Israel, Zionism - Anti-Zionism and post-Zionism, Zionism - Non-Jewish Zionism, Zionism - Relevant articles, Zionism - Types of Zionism, Zionism - Zionist institutes and organization, Zionism - History of Zionism and Israel, Zionism - Notes Read more here: » Zionism: Encyclopedia II - Zionism - Establishment of the Zionist movement |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Schisms among the Jews - Hasidim and Mitnagdim The arrival of Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer (1698-1760), known as the Baal Shem Tov ("Master [of the] Good Name"), on the scene of Jewish history in Eastern Europe would herald the commencement of a sea-change in what is known today as Haredi Judaism. Even though he did not write books, he succeeded in gaining powerful disciples to his teachings that were based on the earlier expositions of Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534-1572) known as the Ari who had based much of his Kabbalistic teachings on the Zohar. The Baal Shem Tov came at a ...
See also:Schisms among the Jews, Schisms among the Jews - First Temple era, Schisms among the Jews - Second Temple era, Schisms among the Jews - Break-offs: Samaritans and Christians, Schisms among the Jews - Karaite Judaism, Schisms among the Jews - Sabbatians and Frankists, Schisms among the Jews - Hasidim and Mitnagdim, Schisms among the Jews - Orthodox versus Reform East versus West Read more here: » Schisms among the Jews: Encyclopedia II - Schisms among the Jews - Hasidim and Mitnagdim |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism According to adherents of Kabbalah, the origin of Kabbalah begins with the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible). When read by a Kabbalist, the Torah's description of the creation in the Book of Genesis reveals mysteries about God's creation of the universe, Adam and Eve, the Garden of Eden, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and a Tree of Life, the interaction of these creations with the Serpent which leads to disaster when they ...
See also:Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism, Kabbalah - Mystic doctrines in Talmudic times, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the early Middle Ages, Kabbalah - Lurianic Kabbalah in the Middle Ages, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Sefardim and Mizrahim, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Maharal, Kabbalah - The failure of Sabbatian mysticism, Kabbalah - Spread of Kabbalah during the 1700s, Kabbalah - The modern world, Kabbalah - Primary texts, Kabbalah - Theodicy: explanation for the existence of evil, Kabbalah - Kabbalistic understanding of God, Kabbalah - Sefirot, Kabbalah - A Greek Orthodox theological view, Kabbalah - The human soul in Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Foretelling the future, Kabbalah - Practical applications, Kabbalah - Textual antiquity of esoteric mysticism, Kabbalah - Gnosticism and Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Criticisms, Kabbalah - Dualism, Kabbalah - Debate about Kabbalah in Judaism, Kabbalah - Early critiques, Kabbalah - Within Conservative and Reform Judaism, Kabbalah - Kabbalah Centre, Kabbalah - Kabbalah in non-Jewish society, Kabbalah - Hermetic Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Fictional representations, Kabbalah - Kabbalah personalities, Kabbalah - Footnotes Read more here: » Kabbalah: Encyclopedia II - Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Chabad-Lubavitch - Controversies
Chabad-Lubavitch - History of controversy.
Since its inception, Hasidism was the center of much controversy within the Jewish community. The founder of Hasidism, Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov was a populist preacher and Kabbalist virtually unknown to the accepted Rabbinate at the time. His quickly growing popularity and novel interpretations of the Torah and halakha (Jewish law) quickly caused a growing backlash by established Rabbis who called themselves mitnagdim (lit. opposers). Hasidim were accused ...
See also:Chabad-Lubavitch, Chabad-Lubavitch - The Leaders of Chabad, Chabad-Lubavitch - Origin of name, Chabad-Lubavitch - Chabad, Chabad-Lubavitch - Lubavitch, Chabad-Lubavitch - History of the movement, Chabad-Lubavitch - Chabad today, Chabad-Lubavitch - Emissaries, Chabad-Lubavitch - The Chabad House, Chabad-Lubavitch - Mitzvot campaigns, Chabad-Lubavitch - Outreach activities, Chabad-Lubavitch - Customs of Chabad, Chabad-Lubavitch - Influence on the Jewish world, Chabad-Lubavitch - Controversies, Chabad-Lubavitch - History of controversy, Chabad-Lubavitch - Controversy during the seventh Rebbe's life, Chabad-Lubavitch - Relationship between God the Rebbe and his followers, Chabad-Lubavitch - Various forms of messianism, Chabad-Lubavitch - References and further reading Read more here: » Chabad-Lubavitch: Encyclopedia II - Chabad-Lubavitch - Controversies |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Fast of the firstborn - Meaning of the fast In Judaism, there are essentially three potential purposes of fasting, and a combination of some or all of these could apply to any given fast. One purpose in fasting is the achievement of atonement for sins and omissions in Divine service. Fasting is not considered the primary means of acquiring atonement; rather, sincere regret for and rectification of wrongdoing is key (see Isaiah, 58:1-13).
Nevertheless, fasting is conducive to atonement, for it tends to precipitate contrition in the one who fasts (see Joel, 2:12-18). This is why ...
See also:Fast of the firstborn, Fast of the firstborn - Origins, Fast of the firstborn - Meaning of the fast, Fast of the firstborn - Qualifications for fasting, Fast of the firstborn - Breaking the fast, Fast of the firstborn - Duration of the fast, Fast of the firstborn - When Passover begins after Shabbat, Fast of the firstborn - Status of the fast, Fast of the firstborn - Modern practice, Fast of the firstborn - Recommended reading Read more here: » Fast of the firstborn: Encyclopedia II - Fast of the firstborn - Meaning of the fast |
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| | | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Jonathan Eybeschutz - Biography Eybeschutz's father was the rabbi in Ivančice (German: Eibenschütz, sometimes Eibeschutz), Moravia. On his father's death, Eybeschutz studied in the yeshiva of Meir Eisenstadt in Prostějov (Prossnitz), and then later in Holešov (Holleschau); he was a child prodigy in Talmud. He lived in Vienna for a short time. He then married Elkele Spira, daughter of Rabbi Isaac Spira, and they lived in Hamburg for two years with Mordecai ha-Kohen, Elkele's maternal grandfather. Eybeschutz settled in Prague in 1715 and became head of the yeshivah and a ...
See also:Jonathan Eybeschutz, Jonathan Eybeschutz - Biography, Jonathan Eybeschutz - Controversy, Jonathan Eybeschutz - Works Read more here: » Jonathan Eybeschutz: Encyclopedia II - Jonathan Eybeschutz - Biography |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Haredi Judaism - Present day
Haredi Judaism - Israel.
In Israel, home to the most numerically powerful Haredi population, the situation is different. There, as in the United States, the community has adopted a policy of isolationism, but at the same time, it has also struggled for inclusion in dominant society, perceiving itself as the true protector of the country's Jewish nature.
The issues date to the late nineteenth-early twentieth century, with the rise of Zionism. Until the Holocaust, the vast majority of Haredi Jews rejected Zi ...
See also:Haredi Judaism, Haredi Judaism - Practices and beliefs, Haredi Judaism - Views of halakha, Haredi Judaism - Lifestyle and family, Haredi Judaism - Dress, Haredi Judaism - History, Haredi Judaism - Modern origins, Haredi Judaism - Effects of the Holocaust, Haredi Judaism - Present day, Haredi Judaism - Israel, Haredi Judaism - United States, Haredi Judaism - United Kingdom, Haredi Judaism - Organizations, Haredi Judaism - Rabbinical leaders, Haredi Judaism - Surname, Haredi Judaism - External link Read more here: » Haredi Judaism: Encyclopedia II - Haredi Judaism - Present day |
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| | | | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Yitzchok Hutner - In the United States He was able to construct an intense curriculum and an environment that produced young Talmudic scholars who were viewed as being in the same league as their compatriots in Eastern Europe. In 1940, he established a post-high school yeshiva, Bet Midrash, with hundreds of students.
He viewed secular studies as essential in learning a profession for people to support themselves by eventually going to college and becoming professionals. Together with the dean of the Yeshiva Torah Vodaath, Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz a charter to set up ...
See also:Yitzchok Hutner, Yitzchok Hutner - Early years, Yitzchok Hutner - Travels and marriage, Yitzchok Hutner - In the United States, Yitzchok Hutner - Methodology, Yitzchok Hutner - Publications, Yitzchok Hutner - Mentor to others, Yitzchok Hutner - Final years Read more here: » Yitzchok Hutner: Encyclopedia II - Yitzchok Hutner - In the United States |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Religious conversion - Conversion to Judaism
Religious conversion - Procedure.
Jewish law guidelines for accepting new converts to Judaism are called "giur". Potential converts should desire conversion to Judaism for its own sake, and for no ulterior motives. A male convert needs to undergo a ritual circumcision, and there has to be a commitment to observe the 613 commandments and Jewish law. A convert must accept Jewish principles of faith, and reject the previous theology he or she had prior to the conversion. Ritual immersion in a small pool of wa ...
See also:Religious conversion, Religious conversion - Religious conversion in international law, Religious conversion - The convert/proselyte, Religious conversion - Conversion to Judaism, Religious conversion - Procedure, Religious conversion - Conversion to Judaism in history, Religious conversion - Relationship with converts, Religious conversion - Differences between Jewish and Christian views, Religious conversion - Conversion to Christianity, Religious conversion - Reception of baptized persons into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church, Religious conversion - Conversion of Catholics to Protestantism, Religious conversion - Conversion to Islam, Religious conversion - Conversion to religions of Indic origin, Religious conversion - Conversion to the Bahá'í Faith, Religious conversion - Conversion to new religious movements and cults, Religious conversion - Conversion to Scientology, Religious conversion - Prohibition of conversion, Religious conversion - Proselytism, Religious conversion - History, Religious conversion - Issues involving proselytism Read more here: » Religious conversion: Encyclopedia II - Religious conversion - Conversion to Judaism |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Jewish services - Shabbat services
Jewish services - Friday night services.
Shabbat services begin on Friday evening with the weekday Mincha (see above), followed in some communities by the Song of Songs, and then in most communities by the Kabbalat Shabbat, the mystical prelude to Shabbat services composed by 17th century Kabbalists. This Hebrew term literally means "Receiving the Sabbath".
It is, except for amongst many Italkim and Western Sephardim, composed of six psalms, 95 to 99, and 29, representing the six week-days. Next com ...
See also:Jewish services, Jewish services - The prayers and their origins, Jewish services - Backgrounds, Jewish services - Text and language, Jewish services - Quorum, Jewish services - Concentration, Jewish services - Weekday prayer services, Jewish services - Shacharit: morning prayers, Jewish services - Mincha: afternoon prayers, Jewish services - Ma'ariv or Arvit: evening prayers, Jewish services - Shabbat services, Jewish services - Friday night services, Jewish services - Saturday morning: Shacharit, Jewish services - Saturday morning additional service: Musaf, Jewish services - Saturday afternoon: Mincha, Jewish services - Saturday evening: Maariv, Jewish services - Services on Passover Shavuot and Sukkot, Jewish services - Related customs, Jewish services - Guide on etiquette for visitors Read more here: » Jewish services: Encyclopedia II - Jewish services - Shabbat services |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Daniel Lapin - Conservative Judeo-Christian values vs. liberalism
Daniel Lapin - Support for conservative Christians.
Both Lapin and Medved promote conservative political principles, inter-mixed with traditional religious observance. Lapin was one of the Jewish voices in support of Mel Gibson's movie The Passion of the Christ, and was a strong supporter of the efforts by Terri Schiavo's parents to keep their daughter alive. He is also a strong supporter of Pope Pius XII ...
See also:Daniel Lapin, Daniel Lapin - Background, Daniel Lapin - Pacific Jewish Center, Daniel Lapin - Radio show in Seattle, Daniel Lapin - Conservative Judeo-Christian values vs. liberalism, Daniel Lapin - Support for conservative Christians, Daniel Lapin - Defense of a Holocaust Denier, Daniel Lapin - Judaism is a non-proselytizing religion, Daniel Lapin - Opposition to Jewish liberalism, Daniel Lapin - Allies, Daniel Lapin - Wealth, Daniel Lapin - Relationship with Jack Abramoff, Daniel Lapin - Fake awards for Jack Abramoff, Daniel Lapin - Money laundering, Daniel Lapin - Writings Read more here: » Daniel Lapin: Encyclopedia II - Daniel Lapin - Conservative Judeo-Christian values vs. liberalism |
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| | | | | Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - Historical study Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the points of view of many different people. Yet, sketchy biographies of the Mishaic sages can often be constructed with historical detail from Talmudic and Midrashic sources.
Many modern historical scholars have focused on the timing and the formation the Mishnah. A vital question is whether it is comprised of sources which date from its editor's lifetime, and to what extent is it comprised of e ...
See also:Mishnah, Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah, Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah, Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages, Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation, Mishnah - Commentaries, Mishnah - Historical study Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia II - Mishnah - Historical study |
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