When Queen Margaret and Albrecht of Mecklenburg were battling for Scandinavian supremacy and Margaret's forces had besieged Stockholm, privateers named Victual Brothers acceded sea-war-activities and the shipping of goods to keep the city supplied with food. The name Victual Brothers is derivated from the Latin word "victualia" — meaning provisions — and refers to their first mission, which was to bring supplies to the besieged town of Stockholm. Victual Brothers were organised as a brotherhood or guild and attracted people ...

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Victual Brothers, Victual Brothers - Guild of the Victual Brothers, Victual Brothers - Likedeelers the successors of the Victual Brothers

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Data from Statistics Norway Bergen is a municipality and city in the county of Hordaland, Norway. Bergen is the second largest city in Norway. It is located on the south-western coast-line of Norway, between de syv fjell, "the seven mountains", according to folklore. Bergen is also known as the gateway to the fjords of Norway. Bergen Norway - History. Bergen was founded as a city by Olaf Kyrre in AD 1070, and considered to be Norway's capital until 1299, Toward the end of the thi ...

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• Bergen Norway - History
• Bergen Norway - Cityscape
• Bergen Norway - Administration
• Bergen Norway - Weather
• Bergen Norway - Universities and research
• Bergen Norway - Industry
• Bergen Norway - Communication
• Bergen Norway - Culture and sports
• Bergen Norway - Famous people from Bergen
• Bergen Norway - Twin cities

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Prior to the development of international law among European nations, there was no legal recourse for minor grievances. Privateering was a form of covert operation used to resolve these matters without open warfare. The government of a country provided a letter of marque and reprisal to a shipowner that allowed him to arm his ship and attack other ships sailing under a particular flag. In return he received a share of the seized cargo, while the rest went to the go ...

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Privateer, Privateer - Overview, Privateer - Privateers in American history, Privateer - Famous privateers

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The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre (Akko). When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them the district of Burze ...

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Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Quotes, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

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The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre. When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them the district of Burzenland i ...

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Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Quotes, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

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The earliest history of Visby is uncertain, but it is known to have been a centre of merchandice around 900 AD. In the 12th century the Visby Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Mary, was constructed. It was reshaped in the 13th century to its current appearance. Several other churches were also constructed in the ensuing centures. The city flourished thanks to the German Hanseatic League. The ringwall was likely begun in the 13th century. Around 1280 it was rebuilt to reach its current height, and getting the characteristic towers, although some towers were not constructed until the 15th century. The ...

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Visby, Visby - History, Visby - Sights, Visby - Gallery, Visby - Miscellaneous, Visby - Notable natives

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Early on Gotland became a commercial center and the town of Visby was the most important Hanseatic city in the Baltic Sea. The island had in late medieval time twenty things, each represented at the island-ting, called landsting, by its elected judge. New laws were decided at the landsting, which also took other decisions regarding the island as a whole. The city of Visby and rest of the island was governed separately and a civil war caused by conflicts between the German merchants in Visby and the trading peasants on the countryside ...

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Gotland, Gotland - Geography, Gotland - History, Gotland - Heraldry, Gotland - Culture, Gotland - Notable natives, Gotland - Dukes of Gotlandia

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The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre. When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them the district of Burzenland i ...

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Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

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The origins of the League are generally traced to the foundation of the new town of Lübeck in 1158/1159 after the capture of the area by Henry the Lion of Saxony. There had been exploratory trading adventures, raids and piracy throughout this area—the sailors of Gotland sailed up rivers as far away as Novgorod—but the scale of international economy in the Baltic area was insignificant before the Hanseatic League. German domination of trade in the Baltic was achieved with striking speed over the next century and Lübeck became a central node in all the sea trade that linked the ar ...

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Hanseatic League, Hanseatic League - History, Hanseatic League - Foundation, Hanseatic League - Expansion, Hanseatic League - Zenith, Hanseatic League - Downfall, Hanseatic League - The End, Hanseatic League - Lists of former Hanse cities, Hanseatic League - Members of the Hanseatic League, Hanseatic League - Counting Houses, Hanseatic League - Other cities with a Hanse community, Hanseatic League - External link

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Bergen was founded as a city by Olaf Kyrre in AD 1070, and considered to be Norway's capital until 1299, Toward the end of the thirteenth century, Bergen became one of the Hanseatic League's four most important bureaus. The reason for its importance was the trade in dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast, starting up around 1100. The German hanseatic merchants lived in their own separate quarter of town, where low German was spoken, enjoying exclusive rights to trade with the northern fishermen that each summer sailed to Bergen. Today, one still gets a feel of this at the quayside of Bergen called Bryggen, today on ...

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Bergen Norway, Bergen Norway - History, Bergen Norway - Cityscape, Bergen Norway - Administration, Bergen Norway - Weather, Bergen Norway - Universities and research, Bergen Norway - Industry, Bergen Norway - Communication, Bergen Norway - Culture and sports, Bergen Norway - Famous people from Bergen, Bergen Norway - Twin cities

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Bergen has an international airport, Bergen Airport, Flesland, with direct flights to many European cities. The Bergensbanen railway line runs east to Voss, Geilo, Hønefoss and Oslo. Public transportation is provided by Gaia Trafikk and Hardanger Sunnhordlandske Dampskipsselskap (HSD). Local transport to Arna is provided by Norges Statsbaner. There is also a funicular (Fløibanen) and an aerial tramway (Ulriksbanen). The tramsystem was closed in 1964, although a museum-line still operates on Møhlenpris. A modern tramway line connecting the city-centre ...

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Bergen, Norway, Bergen, Norway - History, Bergen, Norway - Cityscape, Bergen, Norway - Administration, Bergen, Norway - Weather, Bergen, Norway - Universities and research, Bergen, Norway - Industry, Bergen, Norway - Communication, Bergen, Norway - Culture and sports, Bergen, Norway - Famous people from Bergen, Bergen, Norway - Twin cities

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Bergen is also an important cultural centre in its region and in Norway, maybe best known for hosting the annual Bergen International Festival (Festspillene). Bergen is home of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra [7], which was founded in 1765 and is one of the world's oldest orchestral institutions. The orchestra performs regularly at the 1,500 seat Grieg Hall . Bergen was a European City of Culture in 2000. Other main cultural events includes Nattjazz ...

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Bergen, Norway, Bergen, Norway - History, Bergen, Norway - Cityscape, Bergen, Norway - Administration, Bergen, Norway - Weather, Bergen, Norway - Universities and research, Bergen, Norway - Industry, Bergen, Norway - Communication, Bergen, Norway - Culture and sports, Bergen, Norway - Famous people from Bergen, Bergen, Norway - Twin cities

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The University of Bergen [1] is known for its strong marine biology and geology (petroleum) research. Recently the university was awarded three national centers of excellence [2] in climate research [3], petroleum research [4] and medieval studies [5]. In December 2004, billionaire Trond Mohn donated 250 million NOK to the University as research funding. Only months later (April 2005), he added an additional NOK 50 million. Bergen is also home of the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH), a leading school of ...

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Bergen, Norway, Bergen, Norway - History, Bergen, Norway - Cityscape, Bergen, Norway - Administration, Bergen, Norway - Weather, Bergen, Norway - Universities and research, Bergen, Norway - Industry, Bergen, Norway - Communication, Bergen, Norway - Culture and sports, Bergen, Norway - Famous people from Bergen, Bergen, Norway - Twin cities

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Bergen was founded as a city by Olaf Kyrre in AD 1070, and considered to be Norway's capital until 1299, Toward the end of the thirteenth century, Bergen became one of the Hanseatic League's four most important bureaus. The reason for its importance was the trade in dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast, starting up around 1100. The German hanseatic merchants lived in their own separate quarter of town, where low German was spoken, enjoying exclusive rights to trade with the northern fishermen that each summer sailed to Bergen. Today, one still gets a feel of this at the quayside of Bergen called Bryggen, today o ...

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Bergen, Norway, Bergen, Norway - History, Bergen, Norway - Cityscape, Bergen, Norway - Administration, Bergen, Norway - Weather, Bergen, Norway - Universities and research, Bergen, Norway - Industry, Bergen, Norway - Communication, Bergen, Norway - Culture and sports, Bergen, Norway - Famous people from Bergen, Bergen, Norway - Twin cities

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The oldest part of the city is on the north side of the bay of Vågen. Here you find Bryggen, a number of old, wooden houses dating from the early 18th c., but still giving a medieval feel. The Saint Mary Church is the oldest church of Bergen, dating from around 1130. Two other churches, the Cathedral and the Korskirken church are also medieval, although modified later. The fortress of Bergenhus has a number of interesting buildings, notably the Haakonshallen royal hall from the 13th c., and the Rosenkrantz Tower, built around a ...

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Bergen, Norway, Bergen, Norway - History, Bergen, Norway - Cityscape, Bergen, Norway - Administration, Bergen, Norway - Weather, Bergen, Norway - Universities and research, Bergen, Norway - Industry, Bergen, Norway - Communication, Bergen, Norway - Culture and sports, Bergen, Norway - Famous people from Bergen, Bergen, Norway - Twin cities

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...

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Visby, Visby - History, Visby - Sights, Visby - Gallery, Visby - Miscellaneous, Visby - Notable natives

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Castle Marienburg in Malbork, Poland. Castle Marienburg in Malbork, Poland. Castle Marienburg in Malbork, Poland. Castle Marienburg in Malbork, Poland; inside the Grand Master's Palace. Castle in Golub-Dobrzyń, Poland. Castle in Alden Biesen in Bilzen, Belgium. Bran Castle in Bran, Romania Tower in Acre, Israel. ...

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Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

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Some affectionately call Visby the "city of roses and ruins" and natives to the island often just say "town". Whether it lives up to that distinction among other old Swedish cities is debatable. In August the tourist season is at its peak. In week 32 from Sunday to Sunday the annual Medieval Week (Medeltidsveckan) is held. During this time regularly dressed tourists are outnumbered by people dressed in Medieval costumes. The festival started in 1984. There are a variety of events: music, jesters, theater, a medieval market, jousting tournaments and much more. See the exte ...

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Visby, Visby - History, Visby - Sights, Visby - Gallery, Visby - Miscellaneous, Visby - Notable natives

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The medieval town of Visby has been entered as a site of the UNESCO World heritage program. An impressive feature of Visby is the fortress wall that surrounds the old city, dating from the time of the Hanseatic League. The inhabitants of Gotland traditionally speak their own language, known as Gutnish. The Gotlandic law (Guta lagh) was written down about 1220. Gotland is famous for its 92 medieval churches, most of which are restored and in active use. Traditional games of skill like Kubb, Pärk and ...

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Gotland, Gotland - Geography, Gotland - History, Gotland - Heraldry, Gotland - Culture, Gotland - Notable natives, Gotland - Dukes of Gotlandia

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Enslavement of pagan prisoners by the knights was likewise seen as perfectly acceptable, non-Christians not being considered to have the same rights as Christians. A description by an Austrian poet, Peter Suchenwirt, quoted by Ekdahl, [13] well illustrates these horrifying events, not so dissimilar, perhaps, to recent events in Bosnia Herzegovina: "Women and children were taken captive; What a jolly medley could be seen: Many a woman could be seen, Two children tied to her body, One behind and one in front; On a horse without spurs Barefo ...

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Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Quotes, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

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