The public disclosure of both secure key exchange and asymmetric key algorithms in 1976 by Diffie, Hellman, and Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman changed secure communications entirely. With the further development of high speed digital electronic communications (the Internet and its predecessors), a need became evident for ways in which users could securely communicate with each other, and as a further consequence of that, for ways in which users could be sure with whom they were actually interacting. The idea of cryptographically protected certificates binding ...

See also:

Public key infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Purpose and functions, Public key infrastructure - Typical use, Public key infrastructure - Alternatives, Public key infrastructure - Web Of Trust, Public key infrastructure - Simple Public Key Infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Robot Certificate Authorities, Public key infrastructure - History, Public key infrastructure - Usage examples, Public key infrastructure - A few PKI implementations

Read more here: » Public key infrastructure: Encyclopedia II - Public key infrastructure - History

In 1994 the Californian Gary Kremen (now the CEO of Grant Media, LLC) registered the domain with Network Solutions (NSI). He did not develop a site. In October 1995 NSI transferred the domain to Stephen M. Cohen. Cohen had been trying to gain control of the domain for some time by misrepresentation, using phone calls, e-mails and forged letters. He eventually persuaded an employee of NSI to change the ownership details, apparently through a fake fax, although this was not entirely clear during most of t ...

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Sex.com, Sex.com - History, Sex.com - VeriSign lawsuit, Sex.com - Sale to Escom

Read more here: » Sex.com: Encyclopedia II - Sex.com - History

Jamba! has drawn criticism for allegedly misleading customers in its service advertisements. In general, Jamba! services are sold as a subscription, despite advertising that seems to imply that customers are buying a one-off phone ringtone. The firm has drawn criticism for making it difficult to unsubscribe; for example, as of December, 2005, Jamba!'s German website FAQ does not mention the SMS co ...

See also:

Jamba!, Jamba! - Controversy, Jamba! - Jamba! characters

Read more here: » Jamba!: Encyclopedia II - Jamba! - Controversy

Network Solutions started as a technology consulting company in 1979, with approximately 30 employees, and focused its efforts on applications development. In 1992, Network Solutions was the sole bidder on a grant from the National Science Foundation to develop the domain name registration service for the Internet. After creating the domain name registration technology, Network Solutions became the first and only domain name registrar for the Internet, until 1999 when the domain name industry opened up to competition. Network Solutions was aquired by Science Applications International Inc. ...

See also:

Network Solutions, Network Solutions - History

Read more here: » Network Solutions: Encyclopedia II - Network Solutions - History

See also: Afghanistan timeline June 2002 June 2002 - June 27 2002. Accountancy scandals - The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has begun fraud action against WorldCom. Finance - The Euro approaches parity with the United States dollar. June 2002 - June 26 2002. Law - A federal court in San Francisco, California ruled that the Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional, because of its "under God" clause.

The NASDAQ 100 Trust Series 1 Exchange-traded fund trades under the symbol QQQQ. On December 1, 2004, it was moved from the American Stock Exchange where it had the symbol QQQ to the NASDAQ and given the new four letter code QQQQ. It is sometimes referred to as the "Quad Qs," "Cubes," or simply as "the Qs." Note: The NASDAQ-100 is a weighted average; that is, some companies affect the index value more than others. ...

See also:

NASDAQ-100, NASDAQ-100 - ETFs, NASDAQ-100 - Components

Read more here: » NASDAQ-100: Encyclopedia II - NASDAQ-100 - ETFs

Oversight of .au is conducted by .au Domain Administration (auDA). It is a not-for-profit organisation whose membership is derived from Internet organisation, industry members and interested individuals. The organisation operates under the consent of the Australian government which has legislative power to decide the operators of electronic addressing in the country. Policy for .au is devised by policy development panels. These panels are convened by auDA and combine public input with i ...

See also:

.au, .au - Operation of .au, .au - Second-level domains, .au - Third-level domains, .au - Historic second-level domains, .au - Other Australian domain names

Read more here: » .au: Encyclopedia II - .au - Operation of .au

When an application (such as a web browser) tries to find the IP address of a domain name, it doesn't necessarily follow all of the steps outlined in the Theory section above. We will first look at the concept of caching, then outline the operation of DNS in "the real world". Domain Name System - Caching and time to live. Because of the huge volume of requests generated by a system like the DNS, the designers wished to provide a mechanism to reduce the load on individual DNS servers. The mechanism d ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Actors, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - DNS in practice

In 1997, 17-year-old Swede Daniel Malmedahl recorded himself impersonating the sounds produced by internal combustion engines. He posted this on a website and caught the attention of a Swedish television researcher, who convinced Daniel to perform the sound live on air. After Daniel's television debut, recordings of his performance began appearing on peer to peer file sharing networks and various websites under the filename "2TAKTARE.MP3" ("Tvåt ...

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Crazy Frog, Crazy Frog - History, Crazy Frog - Description, Crazy Frog - Ringtone, Crazy Frog - Lyrics, Crazy Frog - Controversy, Crazy Frog - Single releases, Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog - Axel F, Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog - Popcorn, Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog - Jingle Bells/U Can't Touch This, Crazy Frog - Pondlife - Ring Ding Ding, Crazy Frog - Frog Must Die - Kill The Frog, Crazy Frog - L.O.C. - Ring Ding Ding Frog, Crazy Frog - Singles - Discography, Crazy Frog - Album releases, Crazy Frog - Crazy Hits, Crazy Frog - Video Games, Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog Racer, Crazy Frog - Merchandise, Crazy Frog - TV series, Crazy Frog - Tour

Read more here: » Crazy Frog: Encyclopedia II - Crazy Frog - History

A number of cities are located in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order): Campbell | Cupertino | Fremont | Los Altos | Los Gatos | Menlo Park | Mountain View | Milpitas | Newark | Palo Alto | Redwood City* | San Jose | Santa Clara | Saratoga | Sunnyvale | Union City *Although Redwood City is not part of the region traditionally recognized as Silicon Valley, it has recently become considered by many to be part of the region, because of its location immediately adjacent to Menlo Park and its high ...

See also:

Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley - Origin of the term, Silicon Valley - History, Silicon Valley - Notable companies, Silicon Valley - Universities, Silicon Valley - Cities, Silicon Valley - Other industrial valleys, Silicon Valley - Technology centers within the US, Silicon Valley - Technology centers internationally

Read more here: » Silicon Valley: Encyclopedia II - Silicon Valley - Cities

The term Silicon Valley was coined by journalist Don Hoefler in 1971. He used it as the title of a series of articles "Silicon Valley USA" in a weekly trade newspaper Electronic News which started with the January 11, 1971 issue. Silicon refers to the high concentration of semiconductor and computer-related industries in the area; Valley refers to the Santa Clara Valley. The term may also be applied to surrounding areas on both sides of San Francisco Bay into ...

See also:

Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley - Origin of the term, Silicon Valley - History, Silicon Valley - Notable companies, Silicon Valley - Universities, Silicon Valley - Cities, Silicon Valley - Other industrial valleys, Silicon Valley - Technology centers within the US, Silicon Valley - Technology centers internationally

Read more here: » Silicon Valley: Encyclopedia II - Silicon Valley - Origin of the term

Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley; among those, the following are in the Forbes 500: Adobe Systems | Advanced Micro Devices | Agilent Technologies | Altera | Apple Computer | Applied Materials | BEA Systems | Cadence Design Systems | Cisco Systems | DreamWorks Animation | eBay | Electronic Arts | Google | Hewlett-Packard | Intel | Intuit | Juniper Networks | Maxtor | National Semiconductor | Network Appliance | NVIDIA Corporation | Oracle Corporation | Siebel | Sun Microsystems | Symantec | Synopsys | Varian Medical Systems | Yahoo! Additional notable companies headquartered i ...

See also:

Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley - Origin of the term, Silicon Valley - History, Silicon Valley - Notable companies, Silicon Valley - Universities, Silicon Valley - Cities, Silicon Valley - Other industrial valleys, Silicon Valley - Technology centers within the US, Silicon Valley - Technology centers internationally

Read more here: » Silicon Valley: Encyclopedia II - Silicon Valley - Notable companies

Many investigators have voiced criticism of the methods used currently to control ownership of domains. Most commonly, critics claim abuse by monopolies or near-monopolies, such as VeriSign, Inc., and problems with assignment of top-level domains. The international body ICANN (the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) oversees the domain name industry. Domain ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - Politics

Various flavors of DNS software implement the DNS, including: BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Daemon) – full featured, most popular, de facto Internet standard djbdns (Daniel J. Bernstein's DNS) – composed of several small-footprint components DNSone - (Infoblox) MaraDNS - small-footprint IPControl (International Network Services) VitalQIP (Lucent Technologies) Adonis DNS Management Appliance (BlueCat Networks Inc) NSD (Name Server Daemon) – small footprint, UDP o ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - DNS software

The contract for ICANN came from the U.S. Department of Commerce and was "sole sourced", which means no-one else (such as the Open Root Server Confederation which was also formed at the time to bid on the contract) was able to submit a bid to perform the task. ICANN holds its periodic public meetings for the expressed purpose of staying in touch with its membership. Critics note that the locations of these meetings are often in countries with disproportionally small Internet access and far away from locations that the majority of the ...

See also:

ICANN, ICANN - Notable events in ICANN history, ICANN - Arguments about ICANN

Read more here: » ICANN: Encyclopedia II - ICANN - Arguments about ICANN

Most enterprise-scale PKI systems rely on certificate chains to establish a party's identity, as a certificate may have been issued by a certificate authority computer whose 'legitimacy' is established for such purposes by a certificate issued by a higher-level certificate authority, and so on. This produces a certificate hierarchy composed of, at a minimum, several computers, often more than one organization, and often assorted interoperating software packages from several sources. Standards are critical to PKI operation, and public standards are critical to PKIs intended for extensive operation. Much of the standar ...

See also:

Public key infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Purpose and functions, Public key infrastructure - Typical use, Public key infrastructure - Alternatives, Public key infrastructure - Web Of Trust, Public key infrastructure - Simple Public Key Infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Robot Certificate Authorities, Public key infrastructure - History, Public key infrastructure - Usage examples, Public key infrastructure - A few PKI implementations

Read more here: » Public key infrastructure: Encyclopedia II - Public key infrastructure - Typical use

Public key infrastructure - Web Of Trust. An alternative approach to the problem of authentication of public key information across time and space is the web of trust scheme, which uses self-signed certificates and third party attestations of those certificates. Examples of implementations of this approach are GPG (The GNU Privacy Guard), and PGP (Pretty Good Privacy). Because of PGP's (and clones') extensive use in email, the Web of Trust originally implemented by PGP is the most widely deployed bidirectional PKI existing at this writing (2004). Public key ...

See also:

Public key infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Purpose and functions, Public key infrastructure - Typical use, Public key infrastructure - Alternatives, Public key infrastructure - Web Of Trust, Public key infrastructure - Simple Public Key Infrastructure, Public key infrastructure - Robot Certificate Authorities, Public key infrastructure - History, Public key infrastructure - Usage examples, Public key infrastructure - A few PKI implementations

Read more here: » Public key infrastructure: Encyclopedia II - Public key infrastructure - Alternatives

As with C, obfuscated code competitions are a popular feature of Perl culture. The annual Obfuscated Perl contest makes an arch virtue of Perl's syntactic flexibility. The following program prints the text "Just another Perl / Unix hacker", using 32 concurrent processes coordinated by pipes. A complete explanation is available on the author's Web site. @P=split//,".URRUU\c8R";@d=split//,"\nrekcah xinU / lreP rehtona tsuJ";sub p{ @p{"r$p","u$p"}=(P,P);pipe"r$p","u$p";++$p;($q*=2)+=$f=!fork;map{$P=$P[$f^ord ($p{$_})&6];$p{$_}= ...

See also:

Perl, Perl - History, Perl - Future, Perl - The name Perl, Perl - The camel symbol, Perl - Philosophy, Perl - Usage, Perl - Syntax, Perl - Sample code, Perl - Data structures, Perl - Control structures, Perl - Subroutines, Perl - Regular expressions, Perl - Resources, Perl - Implementations, Perl - Database interfaces, Perl - CPAN, Perl - Availability, Perl - Supported platforms, Perl - License, Perl - Opinion, Perl - Pro, Perl - Con, Perl - Fun with Perl

Read more here: » Perl: Encyclopedia II - Perl - Fun with Perl

Domain Name System - Registrant. No one in the world really "owns" a domain name except the Network Information Centre (NIC), or domain name registry. Most of the NICs in the world receive an annual fee from a legal user in order for the legal user to utilise the domain name (i.e. a sort of a leasing agreement exists, subject to the registry's terms and conditions). Depending on the various naming convention of the registries, legal users b ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - Legal users of domains

The practice of using a name as a more human-legible abstraction of a machine's numerical address on the network predates even TCP/IP, all the way back to the ARPAnet era. Originally, each computer on the network retrieved a file called HOSTS.TXT from SRI (now SRI International) which mapped an address (eg. 192.0.34.166) to a name (eg. www.example.com.) The Hosts file still exists on most modern operating systems either by default or through configuration and allows users to specify an IP Address to use for a hostname without checking ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS

The domain name space is a tree of domain names. Each node or leaf in the tree is associated with resource records, which hold the information associated with the domain name. The tree is divided into zones. A zone is a collection of connected nodes that are authoritatively served by an authoritative DNS nameserver. (Note that a single nameserver can host several zones.) When a system administrator wants to let another administrator control a part of the domain name space within his or her zone of authority, he or ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory