VeriSign was founded in 1995 as a spin-off of the RSA Security certification services business. The new company received licenses to key cryptographic patents held by RSA and a time limited non-compete agreement. The new company served as a certificate authority (CA) — a role it still fulfills — and its initial mission was "providing trust for the Internet and Electronic Commerce through our Digital Authentication services and products." VeriSign now has more than 3,000,000 certificates in operation for everything from military to financ ...

See also:

VeriSign, VeriSign - History, VeriSign - Divisions, VeriSign - Controversies, VeriSign - Milestones

Read more here: » VeriSign: Encyclopedia II - VeriSign - History

The SSL protocol exchanges records; each record can be optionally compressed, encrypted and packed with a message authentication code (MAC). Each record has a content_type field that specifies which upper level protocol is being used. When the connection starts, the record level encapsulates another protocol, the handshake protocol, which has content_type 22. The client sends and receives several handshake structures: It sends a ClientHello message specifying the list of cipher suites, compress ...

See also:

Transport Layer Security, Transport Layer Security - Description, Transport Layer Security - How it works, Transport Layer Security - Applications, Transport Layer Security - History and development, Transport Layer Security - Early weak keys, Transport Layer Security - Standards, Transport Layer Security - TLS 1.1

Read more here: » Transport Layer Security: Encyclopedia II - Transport Layer Security - How it works

In 2004, the Germany based Jamba! group (ultimately owned by VeriSign) licensed the animation and sound for distribution as a mobile phone ringtone. Jamba! (trading under names such as Jamster!, RingtoneKing, and others) accompanied the release of the ringtone with a barrage of advertising. It soon became the most recognisable commercially available ringtone in the United Kingdom. Jamba! have earned an estimated £14 million from the ringtone ([1]), making it the most commercially successful ringtone of all time. Jamba! ...

See also:

Crazy Frog, Crazy Frog - History, Crazy Frog - Description, Crazy Frog - Ringtone, Crazy Frog - Lyrics, Crazy Frog - Controversy, Crazy Frog - Single releases, Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog - Axel F, Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog - Popcorn, Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog - Jingle Bells/U Can't Touch This, Crazy Frog - Pondlife - Ring Ding Ding, Crazy Frog - Frog Must Die - Kill The Frog, Crazy Frog - L.O.C. - Ring Ding Ding Frog, Crazy Frog - Singles - Discography, Crazy Frog - Album releases, Crazy Frog - Crazy Hits, Crazy Frog - Video Games, Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog Racer, Crazy Frog - Merchandise, Crazy Frog - TV series, Crazy Frog - Tour

Read more here: » Crazy Frog: Encyclopedia II - Crazy Frog - Ringtone

UA or ua may stand for: Ukraine (ISO country code) Astronomical unit Ua, the god of rain in Polynesian mythology UA, a Japanese singer Urbanized Area United Admins (A popular game-server administration and anti-cheat organization) United Airlines (IATA airline designator) United Artists, an American film studio user agent, a class of software in computer networks urinalysis University of Aberdeen University of Akron

Read more here: » UA: Encyclopedia - UA

Crazy Frog is the marketing title of a ring tone based on 'The Annoying Thing', a computer animation created by Erik Wernquist. Marketed by the ringtone provider Jamba! (known as Jamster! in some markets), the animation was originally created to accompany a sound effect produced by Daniel Malmedahl while attempting to imitate the sound of a two-stroke moped engine. The Crazy Frog spawned a worldwide hit single with a remix of "Axel F", which reached the number one spot in the UK, Australia and most of Europe. The album Crazy Frog P ...

Including:

• Crazy Frog - History
• Crazy Frog - Description
• Crazy Frog - Ringtone
• Crazy Frog - Lyrics
• Crazy Frog - Controversy
• Crazy Frog - Single releases
• Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog - Axel F
• Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog - Popcorn
• Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog - Jingle Bells/U Can't Touch This
• Crazy Frog - Pondlife - Ring Ding Ding
• Crazy Frog - Frog Must Die - Kill The Frog
• Crazy Frog - L.O.C. - Ring Ding Ding Frog
• Crazy Frog - Singles - Discography
• Crazy Frog - Album releases
• Crazy Frog - Crazy Hits
• Crazy Frog - Video Games
• Crazy Frog - Crazy Frog Racer
• Crazy Frog - Merchandise
• Crazy Frog - TV series
• Crazy Frog - Tour

Read more here: » Crazy Frog: Encyclopedia - Crazy Frog

Two-factor authentication (T-FA) is any authentication protocol that requires two independent ways to establish identity and privileges. This contrasts with traditional password authentication, which requires only one 'factor' (knowledge of a password) in order to gain access to a system. Three standard kinds of authentication 'factors' are recognized: 'Something you know', such as a password or PIN 'Something you have', such as a credit card or hardware token 'Something you are', such ...

Including:

• Two-factor authentication - Examples
• Two-factor authentication - Problems with T-FA
• Two-factor authentication - Tokens
• Two-factor authentication - Biometrics
• Two-factor authentication - The challenges of authentication
• Two-factor authentication - Password security
• Two-factor authentication - Software security

Read more here: » Two-factor authentication: Encyclopedia - Two-factor authentication

SSL provides endpoint authentication and communications privacy over the Internet using cryptography. In typical use, only the server is authenticated (i.e. its identity is ensured) while the client remains unauthenticated; mutual authentication requires public key infrastructure (or PKI) deployment to clients. The protocols allow client/server applications to communicate in a way designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery. SSL involves a number of basic phases: Peer negotiation for algorithm suppor ...

See also:

Transport Layer Security, Transport Layer Security - Description, Transport Layer Security - How it works, Transport Layer Security - Applications, Transport Layer Security - History and development, Transport Layer Security - Early weak keys, Transport Layer Security - Standards, Transport Layer Security - TLS 1.1

Read more here: » Transport Layer Security: Encyclopedia II - Transport Layer Security - Description

Developed by Netscape, SSL version 3.0 was released in 1996, which later served as a basis to develop TLS version 1.0, an IETF standard protocol first defined in RFC 2246. Visa, MasterCard, American Express and many leading financial institutions have endorsed SSL for commerce over the Internet. SSL operates in modular fashion: its authors designed it for extendability, with support for forwards and backwards compatibility and negotiation between peers. ...

See also:

Transport Layer Security, Transport Layer Security - Description, Transport Layer Security - How it works, Transport Layer Security - Applications, Transport Layer Security - History and development, Transport Layer Security - Early weak keys, Transport Layer Security - Standards, Transport Layer Security - TLS 1.1

Read more here: » Transport Layer Security: Encyclopedia II - Transport Layer Security - History and development

The first definition of TLS appeared in RFC 2246: "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0". Other RFCs subsequently extended TLS, including: RFC 2712: "Addition of Kerberos Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)". The 40-bit ciphersuites defined in this memo appear only for the purpose of documenting the fact that those ciphersuite codes have already been assigned. RFC 2817: "Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1", explains how to use the Upgrade mechanism in HTTP/1.1 to initiate Transport Layer Security (TLS) over an ...

See also:

Transport Layer Security, Transport Layer Security - Description, Transport Layer Security - How it works, Transport Layer Security - Applications, Transport Layer Security - History and development, Transport Layer Security - Early weak keys, Transport Layer Security - Standards, Transport Layer Security - TLS 1.1

Read more here: » Transport Layer Security: Encyclopedia II - Transport Layer Security - Standards

SSL runs on layers beneath application protocols such as HTTP, SMTP and NNTP and above the TCP transport protocol, which forms part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. While it can add security to any protocol that uses reliable connections (such as TCP), it is most commonly used with HTTP to form HTTPS. HTTPS is used to secure World Wide Web pages for applications such as electronic commerce. It uses pub ...

See also:

Transport Layer Security, Transport Layer Security - Description, Transport Layer Security - How it works, Transport Layer Security - Applications, Transport Layer Security - History and development, Transport Layer Security - Early weak keys, Transport Layer Security - Standards, Transport Layer Security - TLS 1.1

Read more here: » Transport Layer Security: Encyclopedia II - Transport Layer Security - Applications

As domain names became attractive to marketers, rather than just the technical audience for which they were originally intended, they began to be used in manners that in many cases did not fit in their intended structure. As originally planned, the structure of domain names followed a strict hierarchy in which the top level domain indicated the type of organization (commercial, governmental, etc.), and addresses would be nested down to third, fourth, or further levels to express complex structures, where, for instance, branches, departments, ...

See also:

Domain name, Domain name - Examples, Domain name - Top-level domains, Domain name - Official assignment, Domain name - Uses and abuses, Domain name - Generic domain names — problems arising out of unregulated name selection, Domain name - Unconventional domain names, Domain name - Commercial resale of domain names, Domain name - Caveat Emptor

Read more here: » Domain name: Encyclopedia II - Domain name - Uses and abuses

The overall structure of Perl derives broadly from the programming language C. Perl is a procedural programming language, with variables, expressions, assignment statements, brace-delimited code blocks, control structures, and subroutines. Perl also takes features from shell programming. All variables are marked with leading sigils. Sigils unambiguously identify variable names, allowing Perl to have a rich syntax. Importantly, sigils allow variables to be interpolated directly into strings. Like the Unix shells, Perl has many built-in functions for common tasks, like sorting, and f ...

See also:

Perl, Perl - History, Perl - Future, Perl - The name Perl, Perl - The camel symbol, Perl - Philosophy, Perl - Usage, Perl - Syntax, Perl - Sample code, Perl - Data structures, Perl - Control structures, Perl - Subroutines, Perl - Regular expressions, Perl - Resources, Perl - Implementations, Perl - Database interfaces, Perl - CPAN, Perl - Availability, Perl - Supported platforms, Perl - License, Perl - Opinion, Perl - Pro, Perl - Con, Perl - Fun with Perl

Read more here: » Perl: Encyclopedia II - Perl - Syntax

On March 14, 2002, in a public meeting in Accra, in Ghana, ICANN decided to reduce direct public ("at large") participation. One of a few publicly elected board members, Karl Auerbach, sued ICANN in Superior Court in California in order to see accounting records. The records were ultimately released to the public in August 2002. In September and October 2003 ICANN played a crucial role in the conflict over VeriSign and its "wildcard" DNS service Site Finder. After an open letter from ICANN issuing an ultimatum to VeriSig ...

See also:

ICANN, ICANN - Notable events in ICANN history, ICANN - Arguments about ICANN

Read more here: » ICANN: Encyclopedia II - ICANN - Notable events in ICANN history

Perl - Example Program. In Perl, the canonical "Hello world" program is: #!/usr/bin/perl print "Hello, world!\n"; The first line is the shebang, which tells the operating system where to find the Perl interpreter. The second line prints the string Hello, world! and a newline (like a person pressing 'Return' or 'Enter'). The shebang is the usual way to invoke the interpreter on Unix systems. Windows systems may rely on the shebang, or they may associate a .plSee also:

Perl, Perl - Overview, Perl - Language features, Perl - Applications, Perl - Implementation, Perl - Availability, Perl - Language structure, Perl - Example Program, Perl - Data types, Perl - Control structures, Perl - Subroutines, Perl - Regular expressions, Perl - Database interfaces, Perl - Language design, Perl - Opinion, Perl - Pro, Perl - Con, Perl - History, Perl - Future, Perl - CPAN, Perl - Name, Perl - The Camel Symbol, Perl - Fun with Perl

Read more here: » Perl: Encyclopedia II - Perl - Language structure

See Also: U.S. Presidential Election Iraq timeline Afghanistan timeline September 2003 California recall Hutton Inquiry Liberian crisis North Korea crisis Road map for peace Same-sex marriage SCO vs IBM War on Terrorism September 2003 - September 30 2003. Air France and KLM are completing their merger. Alitalia could be a part of the new big airline. [1] E ...

See also:

September 2003, September 2003 - Events, September 2003 - September 30 2003, September 2003 - September 29 2003, September 2003 - September 28 2003, September 2003 - September 27 2003, September 2003 - September 26 2003, September 2003 - September 25 2003, September 2003 - September 24 2003, September 2003 - September 23 2003, September 2003 - September 22 2003, September 2003 - September 21 2003, September 2003 - September 20 2003, September 2003 - September 19 2003, September 2003 - September 18 2003, September 2003 - September 17 2003, September 2003 - September 16 2003, September 2003 - September 15 2003, September 2003 - September 14 2003, September 2003 - September 13 2003, September 2003 - September 12 2003, September 2003 - September 11 2003, September 2003 - September 10 2003, September 2003 - September 9 2003, September 2003 - September 8 2003, September 2003 - September 7 2003, September 2003 - September 6 2003, September 2003 - September 5 2003, September 2003 - September 4 2003, September 2003 - September 3 2003, September 2003 - September 2 2003, September 2003 - Events by month

Read more here: » September 2003: Encyclopedia II - September 2003 - Events

Mark Shuttleworth - Thawte. In 1995, he founded Thawte, which specialised in digital certificates and Internet security. He sold Thawte in December 1999 to VeriSign, and subsequently formed HBD Venture Capital, a business incubator and venture capital provider, and the Shuttleworth Foundation, a non-profit organisation dedicated to social innovation which also funds educational and open source projects in South Africa, such as The Freedom Toaster. Mark S ...

See also:

Mark Shuttleworth, Mark Shuttleworth - Work, Mark Shuttleworth - Thawte, Mark Shuttleworth - Canonical and Ubuntu, Mark Shuttleworth - Footnote

Read more here: » Mark Shuttleworth: Encyclopedia II - Mark Shuttleworth - Work

When an application (such as a web browser) tries to find the IP address of a domain name, it doesn't necessarily follow all of the steps outlined in the Theory section above. We will first look at the concept of caching, then outline the operation of DNS in "the real world". Domain Name System - Caching and time to live. Because of the huge volume of requests generated by a system like the DNS, the designers wished to provide a mechanism to reduce the load on individual DNS servers. The mechanism d ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - DNS in practice

The San Francisco Bay area had long been a major site of US Navy work, and the site of their large research airfield at Moffett Field. A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett to serve the Navy. When the Navy moved most of its west-coast operations to San Diego, NASA took over portions of Moffett for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immed ...

See also:

Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley - Origin of the term, Silicon Valley - History, Silicon Valley - Notable companies, Silicon Valley - Universities, Silicon Valley - Cities, Silicon Valley - Other industrial valleys, Silicon Valley - Technology centers within the US, Silicon Valley - Technology centers internationally

Read more here: » Silicon Valley: Encyclopedia II - Silicon Valley - History

The NASDAQ 100 Trust Series 1 Exchange-traded fund trades under the symbol QQQQ. On December 1, 2004, it was moved from the American Stock Exchange where it had the symbol QQQ to the NASDAQ and given the new four letter code QQQQ. It is sometimes referred to as the "Quad Qs" or "Cubes". Note: The NASDAQ-100 is a weighted average; that is, some companies affect the index value more than others. ...

See also:

NASDAQ-100, NASDAQ-100 - ETFs, NASDAQ-100 - Components

Read more here: » NASDAQ-100: Encyclopedia II - NASDAQ-100 - ETFs

Deployment of T-FA tools such as smartcards and USB tokens appears to be increasing. More organizations are adding a layer of security to the desktop that requires users to physically possess a token, and have knowledge of a PIN or password in order to access company data. However, there are still some drawbacks to two-factor authentication - that are keeping the technology from widespread deployment - that are worth considering. Some consumers have difficulty keeping track of one more object in their life. Also many two factor systems are proprietary and protected by patents. The result is a substantial ...

See also:

Two-factor authentication, Two-factor authentication - Examples, Two-factor authentication - Problems with T-FA, Two-factor authentication - Tokens, Two-factor authentication - Biometrics, Two-factor authentication - The challenges of authentication, Two-factor authentication - Password security, Two-factor authentication - Software security

Read more here: » Two-factor authentication: Encyclopedia II - Two-factor authentication - Problems with T-FA