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varieties of Arabic | A Wisdom Archive on varieties of Arabic | | varieties of Arabic A selection of articles related to varieties of Arabic | |
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| | |  varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Egypt - Science
Egypt's cultural contributions have included great works of science dating from antiquity to modern times.
Culture of Egypt - Ptolemy.
Ptolemy is one of the most famous scientists associated with Egypt. Although he was born in Greece, he is famous for his work in Alexandria. Born Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος; c. 85 – c. 165),he was a Greek geographer, astronomer, and astrologer. He is consi ...
See also:Culture of Egypt, Culture of Egypt - Language, Culture of Egypt -
Literature, Culture of Egypt - Religion, Culture of Egypt - Visual art, Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in antiquity, Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in modern times, Culture of Egypt - Science, Culture of Egypt - Ptolemy, Culture of Egypt - Eratosthenes, Culture of Egypt - Library of Alexandria, Culture of Egypt - Ahmed Hasan Zewail, Culture of Egypt - Egyptology, Culture of Egypt - Music and dance, Culture of Egypt - Cuisine Read more here: » Culture of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Egypt - Science |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Arabic grammar - Verb As in many other Semitic languages, Arabic verb formation is based on a (usually) triconsonantal root, which is not a word in itself but contains the semantic core. The consonants k-t-b, for example, indicate 'write', q-r-ʼ indicate 're ...
See also:Arabic grammar, Arabic grammar - History, Arabic grammar - Phonology, Arabic grammar - Noun, Arabic grammar - State, Arabic grammar - Article, Arabic grammar - Inflection, Arabic grammar - Gender, Arabic grammar - Genitive construction Iḍāfa, Arabic grammar - Nisba, Arabic grammar - Pronoun, Arabic grammar - Personal pronouns, Arabic grammar - Enclitic pronouns, Arabic grammar - Demonstratives, Arabic grammar - Numerals, Arabic grammar - Cardinal numerals, Arabic grammar - Ordinal numerals, Arabic grammar - Verb, Arabic grammar - Perfect, Arabic grammar - Imperfect, Arabic grammar - Mood, Arabic grammar - Voice, Arabic grammar - Weak verbs, Arabic grammar - Stem formation, Arabic grammar - Participle, Arabic grammar - Infinitive, Arabic grammar - Syntax Read more here: » Arabic grammar: Encyclopedia II - Arabic grammar - Verb |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Sounds The phonemes below reflect the pronunciation of Standard Arabic.
Arabic language - Vowels.
Arabic has three vowels, with their long forms, plus two diphthongs: a [ɛ̈] (open e as in English bed, but centralised), i [ɪ], u [ʊ]; ā [æː], ī See also: Arabic language, Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic language - Arabic and Islam, Arabic language - Classification and related languages, Arabic language - Dialects, Arabic language - Sounds, Arabic language - Vowels, Arabic language - Consonants, Arabic language - Syllable stucture, Arabic language - Stress, Arabic language - Dialectal variations, Arabic language - Grammar, Arabic language - Writing system, Arabic language - Calligraphy, Arabic language - Transliteration Read more here: » Arabic language: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Sounds |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet The following table provides all of the Unicode characters for Arabic, and none of the supplementary letters used for other languages. The transliteration given is the widespread DIN 31635 standard, with some common alternatives. See the article Arabic transliteration for details and various other transliteration schemes.
Regarding pronunciation, the phonetic values given are those of the "standard" pronunciation of the fusha language as taught in universities. Actual pronunciation between the varieties of Arabic may vary widely. For more details concerning the pronu ...
See also:Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Sounds The phonemes below reflect the pronunciation of Standard Arabic.
Arabic language - Vowels.
Arabic has three vowels, with their long forms, plus two diphthongs: a [ɛ̈] (open e as in English bed, but centralised), i [ɪ], u [ʊ]; ā [æː], ī See also: Arabic language, Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic language - Arabic and Islam, Arabic language - Classification and related languages, Arabic language - Dialects, Arabic language - Sounds, Arabic language - Vowels, Arabic language - Consonants, Arabic language - Syllable structure, Arabic language - Stress, Arabic language - Dialectal variations, Arabic language - Grammar, Arabic language - Writing system, Arabic language - Calligraphy, Arabic language - Transliteration, Arabic language - Literature Read more here: » Arabic language: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Sounds |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Grammar See Arabic grammar
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See also:Arabic language, Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic language - Arabic and Islam, Arabic language - Classification and related languages, Arabic language - Dialects, Arabic language - Sounds, Arabic language - Vowels, Arabic language - Consonants, Arabic language - Syllable structure, Arabic language - Stress, Arabic language - Dialectal variations, Arabic language - Grammar, Arabic language - Writing system, Arabic language - Calligraphy, Arabic language - Transliteration, Arabic language - Literature Read more here: » Arabic language: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Grammar |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Egypt - Visual art
Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in antiquity.
The Egyptians were one of the first major civilizations to codify design elements in art. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Early Egyptian art is characterized by absence of linear perspective, which results in a seemingly flat space. These artists tended to create images based on what they knew, and not as much on what they see. Objects in these artworks generally do not decrease in size as they ...
See also:Culture of Egypt, Culture of Egypt - Language, Culture of Egypt -
Literature, Culture of Egypt - Religion, Culture of Egypt - Visual art, Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in antiquity, Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in modern times, Culture of Egypt - Science, Culture of Egypt - Ptolemy, Culture of Egypt - Eratosthenes, Culture of Egypt - Library of Alexandria, Culture of Egypt - Ahmed Hasan Zewail, Culture of Egypt - Egyptology, Culture of Egypt - Music and dance, Culture of Egypt - Cuisine Read more here: » Culture of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Egypt - Visual art |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Egypt - Religion Ancient Egyptian religion was a polytheistic system that saw the world as in conflict between forces of order and chaos. The Pharaoh, representative of order on Earth, was seen as divine and descended of the falcon god Horus. There was a strong cult of resurrection in the next life centered around the god Osiris.
Coptic Christianity became popular in the Roman and Byzantine periods, and Egypt was indeed one of the strongest early Christian communities. Today, Chris ...
See also:Culture of Egypt, Culture of Egypt - Language, Culture of Egypt -
Literature, Culture of Egypt - Religion, Culture of Egypt - Visual art, Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in antiquity, Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in modern times, Culture of Egypt - Science, Culture of Egypt - Ptolemy, Culture of Egypt - Eratosthenes, Culture of Egypt - Library of Alexandria, Culture of Egypt - Ahmed Hasan Zewail, Culture of Egypt - Egyptology, Culture of Egypt - Music and dance, Culture of Egypt - Cuisine Read more here: » Culture of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Egypt - Religion |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic The term "Arabic" may refer either to literary Arabic or Modern Standard Arabic or to the many localized varieties of Arabic commonly called "colloquial Arabic." Arabs consider literary Arabic as the standard language and tend to view everything else as mere dialects. Literary Arabic, al-luġatu-l-ʻarabiyyatu-l-fuṣḥā (Literally: "the most eloquent Arabic language" — See also:Arabic language, Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic language - Arabic and Islam, Arabic language - Classification and related languages, Arabic language - Dialects, Arabic language - Sounds, Arabic language - Vowels, Arabic language - Consonants, Arabic language - Syllable structure, Arabic language - Stress, Arabic language - Dialectal variations, Arabic language - Grammar, Arabic language - Writing system, Arabic language - Calligraphy, Arabic language - Transliteration, Arabic language - Literature Read more here: » Arabic language: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Egypt - Music and dance Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Arabic, African and Western influences.
As early as 4000 BC, ancient Egyptians were playing harps and flutes, as well as two indigenious instruments: the ney and the oud. However, there is no notation of Egyptian music before the 7th century AD, when Egypt became part of the Arab world. Percussion and vocal music became important at this time, which has remained an important part of Egyptian music today.
From the 1970s, Egyptian pop music has become increasingly listened to, as has folk music from Eg ...
See also:Culture of Egypt, Culture of Egypt - Language, Culture of Egypt -
Literature, Culture of Egypt - Religion, Culture of Egypt - Visual art, Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in antiquity, Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in modern times, Culture of Egypt - Science, Culture of Egypt - Ptolemy, Culture of Egypt - Eratosthenes, Culture of Egypt - Library of Alexandria, Culture of Egypt - Ahmed Hasan Zewail, Culture of Egypt - Egyptology, Culture of Egypt - Music and dance, Culture of Egypt - Cuisine Read more here: » Culture of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Egypt - Music and dance |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Writing system Main article: Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic script (which variety - Nabataean or Syriac - is a matter of scholarly dispute), to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of Coptic or Cyrillic script to Greek script. Traditionally, there were several differences between the Western (Maghrebi) and Eastern version of the alphabet—in particular, the fa and qaf had a dot underneath and a single dot above respectively in the Maghreb, and the order of the letters was slightly different ...
See also:Arabic language, Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic language - Arabic and Islam, Arabic language - Classification and related languages, Arabic language - Dialects, Arabic language - Sounds, Arabic language - Vowels, Arabic language - Consonants, Arabic language - Syllable structure, Arabic language - Stress, Arabic language - Dialectal variations, Arabic language - Grammar, Arabic language - Writing system, Arabic language - Calligraphy, Arabic language - Transliteration, Arabic language - Literature Read more here: » Arabic language: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Writing system |
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| | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Egypt -
LiteratureAncient Egyptian literature dates back to the Old Kingdom, in the third millennium BC. Religious literature is best known for its hymns to various gods and its mortuary texts. The oldest extant Egyptian literature are the Pyramid Texts: the mythology and rituals carved around the tombs of rulers. The later, secular literature of ancient Egypt includes the 'wisdom texts', forms of philosophical instruction. The Instruction of Ptahhotep, for example, is a collation of moral proverbs by an Egyptian administrator. The authors of the liter ...
See also:Culture of Egypt, Culture of Egypt - Language, Culture of Egypt -
Literature, Culture of Egypt - Religion, Culture of Egypt - Visual art, Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in antiquity, Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in modern times, Culture of Egypt - Science, Culture of Egypt - Ptolemy, Culture of Egypt - Eratosthenes, Culture of Egypt - Library of Alexandria, Culture of Egypt - Ahmed Hasan Zewail, Culture of Egypt - Egyptology, Culture of Egypt - Music and dance, Culture of Egypt - Cuisine Read more here: » Culture of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Egypt -
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Dialects See varieties of Arabic for main article
"Colloquial Arabic" is a collective term for the spoken languages or dialects of people throughout the Arab world, which, as mentioned, differ radically from the literary language. The main dialectal division is between the Maghreb dialects and those of the Middle East, followed by that between sedentary dialects and the much more conservative Bedouin dialects. Maltese, though descended from Arabic, is considered a separate language. Speakers of some of these dialects are unable to conve ...
See also:Arabic language, Arabic language - Literary and Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic language - Arabic and Islam, Arabic language - Classification and related languages, Arabic language - Dialects, Arabic language - Sounds, Arabic language - Vowels, Arabic language - Consonants, Arabic language - Syllable structure, Arabic language - Stress, Arabic language - Dialectal variations, Arabic language - Grammar, Arabic language - Writing system, Arabic language - Calligraphy, Arabic language - Transliteration, Arabic language - Literature Read more here: » Arabic language: Encyclopedia II - Arabic language - Dialects |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Arabic grammar - Syntax In Arabic, word order is less important than in English, and more stylistic then semantic. Verbs often start sentences and sometimes come after the subject.
<Verb><Subject><Object>
<Subject><Verb><Object>
The first one is classified as the default word order. The second one is used when putting greater attention to the subject, this usually happens when the answer to the question is the subject. However in the vernacular, the default word order is <Subject><Verb ...
See also:Arabic grammar, Arabic grammar - History, Arabic grammar - Phonology, Arabic grammar - Noun, Arabic grammar - State, Arabic grammar - Article, Arabic grammar - Inflection, Arabic grammar - Gender, Arabic grammar - Genitive construction Iḍāfa, Arabic grammar - Nisba, Arabic grammar - Pronoun, Arabic grammar - Personal pronouns, Arabic grammar - Enclitic pronouns, Arabic grammar - Demonstratives, Arabic grammar - Numerals, Arabic grammar - Cardinal numerals, Arabic grammar - Ordinal numerals, Arabic grammar - Verb, Arabic grammar - Perfect, Arabic grammar - Imperfect, Arabic grammar - Mood, Arabic grammar - Voice, Arabic grammar - Weak verbs, Arabic grammar - Stem formation, Arabic grammar - Participle, Arabic grammar - Infinitive, Arabic grammar - Syntax Read more here: » Arabic grammar: Encyclopedia II - Arabic grammar - Syntax |
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| | | | varieties of Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Numerals There are two kinds of numerals used in Arabic writing; standard numerals and "East Arab" numerals, used in Iran, Pakistan and India. In Arabic, these numbers are referred to as "Indian numbers" (أرقام هندية arqām hindiyyah). In most of present-day North Africa, the usual We ...
See also:Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Numerals |
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