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validity, Validity, Validity - Example, soundness
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO validity | | | | | | | |  validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Improving IQWhile a large amount of one's IQ is predetermined by genetic factors, the environment can play a role as well. IQ can be improved to a certain extent through reading and application. Improvement in diet and regular exercise can help certain cognitive functions, and getting a little extra sleep can help as well. Depression and stress reduce IQ somewhat, so removal of these factors might also help.
Drugs designed to improve cognitive fu ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ Main article: brain size and intelligence
Modern studies using MRI imaging have shown that brain size correlates with IQ by a factor of roughly .35 to .40. In 1991, Willerman et al. used data from 40 White American university students and reported a correlation coefficient of .35. Other studies done on samples of Caucasians show similar results, with Andreasen et al (1993) determining a correlation of .38, while Raz et al (1993) obtained a figure of .43 and Wickett et al (1994) obtained a figure of .40. The correlation b ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor Main article: General intelligence factor
Modern IQ tests produce scores for different areas (e.g., language fluency, three-dimensional thinking, etc.), with the summary score calculated from subtest scores. Individual subtest scores tend to correlate with one another, even when seemingly disparate in content. Analyses of an individual's scores on the subtests of a single IQ test or the scores from a variety of different IQ tests (e.g., Stanford-Binet, WISC-R, Raven's Progressive Matrices and others) will reveal that they all m ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Distribution IQ scores are expressed as a number normalized so that the average IQ in an age group is 100. In other words, an individual scoring 115 is above average when compared to people in the same age group. It is common practice to standardize so that the standard deviation (σ) of scores is 15. (The Stanford Binet IQ test uses a standard deviation of 16.) Tests are designed so that the distribution of IQ scores is Gaussian; that is, it follows a bell curve. A difference has been documented between the IQ score distributions of left-handed and right-handed test subjects; the distribution in left-handed people ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Distribution |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - History Alfred Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon scale in 1905, which used testing to identify students who could benefit from extra help in school. Their assumption was that lower scores indicated the need for more teaching, not an inability to learn. This interpretation is still held by some modern experts.
Notably, Binet himself made no claim that his test properly measured intelligence. He stated in his paper New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals that
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See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - History |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Social construct? Some maintain that IQ is a social construct invented by the privileged classes, used to maintain their privilege. Others maintain that intelligence, measured by IQ or g, reflects a real ability, is a useful tool in performing life tasks and has a biological reality.
The social-construct and real-ability interpretations for IQ differences can be distinguished because they make opposite predictions about what would happen if people were given equal opportunities. The social explanation predicts that equal treatment will eliminate ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Social construct? |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect Main article: Flynn effect
Worldwide, IQ scores appear to be slowly rising, a trend known as the Flynn effect. However, tests are only renormalized occasionally to obtain mean scores of 100, for example WISC-R (1974), WISC-III (1991) and WISC-IV (2003). Hence it is difficult to compare IQ scores measured years apart.
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See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests While IQ is sometimes treated as an end unto itself, scholarly work on IQ focuses to a large extent on IQ's validity, that is, the degree to which IQ predicts outcomes such as job performance, social pathologies, or academic achievement. Different IQ tests differ in their validity for various outcomes.
Tests also differ in their g-loading, which is the degree to which the test score reflects general mental ability rather than a specific skill or "group factor" such as verbal ability, spatial visualization, or mathematical reaso ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ Main article: Sex and intelligence
Most IQ tests are designed so that the average IQs of males and females are equal. However, men tend to score their highest in the parts of the test that cover spatial and quantitative abilities, and women generally score their highest in the verbal sections. Some research has indicated that the variance in men's IQ scores is greater than the variance among women's, as seen in other cognitive test scores. This would mean that men are more likely ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Practical validity Evidence for the practical validity of IQ comes from examining the correlation between IQ scores and life outcomes.
Research shows that intelligence plays an important role in many valued life outcomes. In addition to academic success, intelligence correlates with job performance (see below), socioeconomic advancement (e.g., level of education, occupation, and income), and "social pathology" (e.g., adult criminality, poverty, unemployment, dependence on welfare, children outside of marriage). Recent work has demonstrated links between ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Practical validity |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ Main article: Religiousness and intelligence
Some studies claim a correlation between higher IQ, SAT scores, GPA and degree of religious belief. While most of the research indicates a negative correlation between IQ and religiosity [5].
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See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ Persons with a higher IQ have generally lower adult morbidity and mortality. This may be because they better avoid injury and take better care of their own health. It also decreases the risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, severe depression, and schizophrenia. On the other hand, it increases the risk of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder [6].
Research in Scotland has shown that a 15-point lower IQ meant people had a fifth less chance of seeing their 76th birthday, while those with a 30-point disadvantage were 37% less li ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ |
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| | | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Integrity in modern ethics There exists however a more formal study of the term integrity and its meaning in modern ethics. It is often understood not only as a refusal to engage in behavior that evades responsibility, but as an understanding of different modes or styles in which some discourse takes place, and which aims at the discovery of some truth.
Integrity - The Law.
An adversarial process, for instance, has a certain type of integrity, in which those engaged in it commit not only to advance the case for "their own" si ...
See also:Integrity, Integrity - Popular views of Integrity, Integrity - Mensuration, Integrity - Integrity in the Religious Society of Friends, Integrity - Integrity in modern ethics, Integrity - The Law, Integrity - Mathematics, Integrity - Cryptography, Integrity - Science, Integrity - Other Integrities Read more here: » Integrity: Encyclopedia II - Integrity in modern ethics |
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